Titan: discovery of carbon monoxide in its atmosphere

The 3-0 rotation-vibration band of carbon monoxide in the near-infrared spectrum of Titan has been identified, and a reflecting layer model mixing ratio of carbon monoxide to molecular nitrogen of 6 x 10(-5) has been determined. This result supports the probable detection of carbon dioxide by Samuelson and his co-workers and strengthens possible analogies between the atmosphere of Titan and conditions on primitive Earth.     

Carbon monoxide in rainwater

Concentrations of carbon monoxide in rainwater collected at widely diverse locations show up to a 200-fold supersaturation relative to the partial pressure of the gas in the atmosphere. These results indicate the existence of an additional natural source of carbon monoxide not heretofore considered. Production of carbon monoxide in clouds is tentatively attributed to the photochemical oxidation of organic matter or the slight dissociation of carbon dioxide induced by electrical discharges, or both. Methane concentrations measured in the same rainwater show that the partitioning of this gas, unlike that of carbon monoxide, is very close to a state of equilibrium.     

Carbon monoxide measurements in the troposphere

During the second flight of the space shuttle, the measurement of air pollution from satellites (MAPS) experiment in the OSTA-1 payload acquired approximately 35 hours of radiometric measurements of the carbon monoxide mixing ratio in the middle troposphere, upper troposphere, and lower stratosphere. A gas filter radiometer operating in the 4.67-micrometer band was used to acquire the data over the region from 38 degrees N to 38 degrees S during both daytime and nighttime. The performance of the measurement system was excellent. The data reduced to date indicate the presence of significant gradients in the middle tropospheric carbon monoxide mixing ratio with both latitude and longitude over the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Middle East. On the basis of comparisons with directly measured values, the accuracy of the measurements is approximately 15 percent. Comparisons of data taken on successive orbits over the same geographic region indicate that the repeatability of the measurements is approximately 5 percent.     

Carbon monoxide balance in nature

Consideration of the steady-state equations for stable carbon monoxide and for radioactive carbon monoxide in the troposphere leads to the conclusion that carbon monoxide is produced at a rate of 5x10(15) grams per year, a value some 25 times greater than the rate of carbon monoxide production from combustion. The concomitant residence time for carbon monoxide is 0.1 year, in agreement with a previous estimate of Weinstock. Hydroxyl radicals are shown to account for both the production of this large amount of carbon monoxide by methane oxidation and for its removal by carbon monoxide oxidation. The average concentration of hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere required to achieve this effect is 2.3x10(6) molecules per cubic centimeter, with a daytime concentration of twice that. Levy and McConnell, McElroy, and Wofsy have deduced concentrations of hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere of the same magnitude from purely photochemical considerations, in support of this model.     

Carbon monoxide in green plants

Green plants grown in a closed, illuminated system liberate small quantities of carbon monoxide. Similarly, finely divided powder and chlorophyll extracts of green plants, when illuminated in an environment of oxygen and water, will yield small quantities of carbon monoxide as well as certain aldehydes. The component of the light spectrum which is absorbed in photosynthesis (480 to 680 mmicro) was found to be responsible for the CO and aldehyde phenomena.     

一氧化碳:植物气体信号分子的新成员

一氧化碳(carbon monoxide,CO)是植物中新发现的气体信号分子,在植物体内主要由血红素加氧酶(heme oxygenase,HO)催化产生,并应答多种激素处理和环境胁迫因子对植物的刺激。最近的研究表明,CO参与植物不定根、侧根及根毛的发育,并在植物耐受盐害、渗透、重金属、紫外辐射和营养元素缺乏等非生物胁迫中起重要的调节作用。本文综述了植物中CO的产生及其结合物、生理功能及信号作用的研究新进展,并介绍了CO与激素及其他信号分子之间的互作关系。     

Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide consumption in polluted air: the carbon monoxide-hydroperoxyl reaction

A recent laboratory measurement of the ratio of the rate constant for the reaction CO + HO (2) --> C0(2) + OH relative to that for H + HO(2) --> 2OH indicates that the former reaction is probably faster than CO + OH --> CO(2) + H. On this basis a simple analysis is given showing that the calculated lifetime of nitric oxide in polluted atmospheres would be appreciably longer than that estimated on the assumption that the carbon monoxide-hydroperoxyl reaction may be neglected. A fast carbon monoxide-hydroperoxyl reaction implies that the cyclic consumption of carbon monoxide (an atmospheric sink) could occur even with no nitric oxide present.     

Carbon monoxide on jupiter and implications for atmospheric convection

A study of the equilibrium and disequilibrium thermochemistry of the recently discovered carbon monoxide on Jupiter suggests that the presence of this gas in the visible atmosphere is a direct result of very rapid upward mixing from levels in the deep atmosphere where the temperature is about 1100 degrees K and where carbon monoxide is thermodynamically much more stable. As a consequence the observed carbon monoxide mixing ratio is a sensitive function of the vertical eddy mixing coefficient. We infer a value for this latter coefficient which is about three to four orders of magnitude greater than that in the earth's troposphere. This result directly supports existing structural and dynamical theories implying very rapid convection in the deep Jovian atmosphere, driven by an internal heat source.     

Carbon monoxide and air pollution from automobile emissions in New York City

Local business-day traffic determines the diurnal carbon monoxide concentrations at individual sites in Manhattan. Concentrations during the day can be predicted from readings taken in early morning.     

Supra-canonical 26Al/27Al and the residence time of CAIs in the solar protoplanetary disk

The canonical initial 26Al/27Al ratio of 4.5 x 10(-5) has been a fiducial marker for the beginning of the solar system. Laser ablation and whole-rock multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry magnesium isotope analyses of calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) from CV3 meteorites demonstrate that some CAIs had initial 26Al/27Al values at least 25% greater than canonical and that the canonical initial 26Al/27Al cannot mark the beginning of solar system formation. Using rates of Mg diffusion in minerals, we find that the canonical initial 26Al/27Al is instead the culmination of thousands of brief high-temperature events incurred by CAIs during a 10(5)-year residence time in the solar protoplanetary disk.     

Atmospheric residence time of CH3Br estimated from the junge spatial variability relation

The atmospheric residence time for methyl bromide (CH3Br) has been estimated as 0.8 +/- 0.1 years from its empirical spatial variability relative to C2H6, C2Cl4, CHCl3, and CH3Cl. This evaluation of the atmospheric residence time, based on Junge's 1963 general proposal, provides an estimate for CH3Br that is independent of source and sink estimates. Methyl bromide from combined natural and anthropogenic sources furnishes about half of the bromine that enters the stratosphere, where it plays an important role in ozone destruction. This residence time is consistent with the 0.7-year value recently calculated for CH3Br from the combined strength estimates for its known significant sinks.     

Carbon dioxide activation at the Ni,Fe-cluster of anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase

Anaerobic CO dehydrogenases catalyze the reversible oxidation of CO to CO2 at a complex Ni-, Fe-, and S-containing metal center called cluster C. We report crystal structures of CO dehydrogenase II from Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans in three different states. In a reduced state, exogenous CO2 supplied in solution is bound and reductively activated by cluster C. In the intermediate structure, CO2 acts as a bridging ligand between Ni and the asymmetrically coordinated Fe, where it completes the square-planar coordination of the Ni ion. It replaces a water/hydroxo ligand bound to the Fe ion in the other two states. The structures define the mechanism of CO oxidation and CO2 reduction at the Ni-Fe site of cluster C.     

象山港海洋牧场规划区选址评估的数值模拟研究：水动力条件和颗粒物滞留时间

应用成熟的海洋数值模式ECOMsi (Estuarine Coastal Ocean Modelsemiimplicit)用于评估宁波象山港海洋牧场规划海域（白石山中央山铜山西北侧）的水动力条件,并耦合一个拉格朗日质点追踪模块研究了规划区海域水体和颗粒物在象山港内的滞留时间。结果表明,海洋牧场规划区底层流速基本符合小于0.8 m/s的最高流速限制,综合考虑规划区附近的水深条件,建议将人工鱼礁投放区设定在规划区西北侧海图水深6～10 m的范围内,可使表底层最大流速分别限制在1.2 m/s和0.6 m/s以下。海洋牧场规划区内释放的质点追踪结果表明,90%左右的颗粒物质在象山港狭湾内的存留时间大于2个月。以海洋牧场核心区周边5 km和10 km范围为判定依据时,质点释放后前30 d,离开海洋牧场核心区的质点比例增长较快,30 d后,基本达到稳定。质点释放1个月到2个月时间内,位于核心区5 km范围内的质点维持在30%～40%左右,位于核心区10 km范围内的质点则维持在80%左右。