Colloidosomes: selectively permeable capsules composed of colloidal particles

We present an approach to fabricate solid capsules with precise control of size, permeability, mechanical strength, and compatibility. The capsules are fabricated by the self-assembly of colloidal particles onto the interface of emulsion droplets. After the particles are locked together to form elastic shells, the emulsion droplets are transferred to a fresh continuous-phase fluid that is the same as that inside the droplets. The resultant structures, which we call "colloidosomes," are hollow, elastic shells whose permeability and elasticity can be precisely controlled. The generality and robustness of these structures and their potential for cellular immunoisolation are demonstrated by the use of a variety of solvents, particles, and contents.     

Novel Colloidal Interactions in Anisotropic Fluids

Small water droplets dispersed in a nematic liquid crystal exhibit a novel class of colloidal interactions, arising from the orientational elastic energy of the anisotropic host fluid. These interactions include a short-range repulsion and a long-range dipolar attraction, and they lead to the formation of anisotropic chainlike structures by the colloidal particles. The repulsive interaction can lead to novel mechanisms for colloid stabilization.     

磁场中电解质内胶态粒子的电荷分布

为了探求磁处理技术防垢的机理，应用电学与统计力学的理论和数学分析的方法。对电解质内胶态粒子周围的电荷分布进行了研究，计算了磁场对这种电荷分布的影响，给出了在温度较高及稀溶液情况下磁场对胶态粒子周围电荷分布影响的公式。认为电解质内的胶态粒子周围带有一层离子电荷，其厚度取决于温度与离子的浓度。当离子浓度离子大时，离子层变薄，促使胶粒之间发生凝聚；当温度增高时，离子层变厚，阻碍胶粒之间发生凝聚。当电解质     

Two-dimensional nematic colloidal crystals self-assembled by topological defects

The ability to generate regular spatial arrangements of particles is an important technological and fundamental aspect of colloidal science. We showed that colloidal particles confined to a few-micrometer-thick layer of a nematic liquid crystal form two-dimensional crystal structures that are bound by topological defects. Two basic crystalline structures were observed, depending on the ordering of the liquid crystal around the particle. Colloids inducing quadrupolar order crystallize into weakly bound two-dimensional ordered structure, where the particle interaction is mediated by the sharing of localized topological defects. Colloids inducing dipolar order are strongly bound into antiferroelectric-like two-dimensional crystallites of dipolar colloidal chains. Self-assembly by topological defects could be applied to other systems with similar symmetry.     

Field-Induced Layering of Colloidal Crystals

An electrohydrodynamic methodology has been developed that makes possible the precise assembly of two- and three-dimensional colloidal crystals on electrode surfaces. Electrophoretically deposited colloidal particles were observed to move toward one another over very large distances (greater than five particle diameters) to form two-dimensional colloidal crystals for both micrometer- and nanometer-size particles. This coalescence of particles with the same charge is opposite to what is expected from electrostatic considerations and appears to result from electrohydrodynamic fluid flow arising from an ionic current flowing through the solution. The ability to modulate this "lateral attraction" between particles, by adjusting field strength or frequency, facilitates the reversible formation of two-dimensional fluid and crystalline colloidal states on the electrode surface. Further manipulation allows controlled structures to be assembled.     

Fast drop movements resulting from the phase change on a gradient surface

The movement of liquid drops on a surface with a radial surface tension gradient is described here. When saturated steam passes over a colder hydrophobic substrate, numerous water droplets nucleate and grow by coalescence with the surrounding drops. The merging droplets exhibit two-dimensional random motion somewhat like the Brownian movements of colloidal particles. When a surface tension gradient is designed into the substrate surface, the random movements of droplets are biased toward the more wettable side of the surface. Powered by the energies of coalescence and collimated by the forces of the chemical gradient, small drops (0.1 to 0.3 millimeter) display speeds that are hundreds to thousands of times faster than those of typical Marangoni flows. This effect has implications for passively enhancing heat transfer in heat exchangers and heat pipes.     

Single-file diffusion of colloids in one-dimensional channels

Single-file diffusion, prevalent in many processes, refers to the restricted motion of interacting particles in narrow micropores with the mutual passage excluded. A single-filing system was developed by confining colloidal spheres in one-dimensional circular channels of micrometer scale. Optical video microscopy study shows evidence that the particle self-diffusion is non-Fickian for long periods of time. In particular, the distribution of particle displacement is a Gaussian function.     

Dense packing and symmetry in small clusters of microspheres

When small numbers of colloidal microspheres are attached to the surfaces of liquid emulsion droplets, removing fluid from the droplets leads to packings of spheres that minimize the second moment of the mass distribution. The structures of the packings range from sphere doublets, triangles, and tetrahedra to exotic polyhedra not found in infinite lattice packings, molecules, or minimum-potential energy clusters. The emulsion system presents a route to produce new colloidal structures and a means to study how different physical constraints affect symmetry in small parcels of matter.     

Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Colloidal Platinum Nanoparticles

The shapes and sizes of platinum nanoparticles were controlled by changes in the ratio of the concentration of the capping polymer material to the concentration of the platinum cations used in the reductive synthesis of colloidal particles in solution at room temperature. Tetrahedral, cubic, irregular-prismatic, icosahedral, and cubo-octahedral particle shapes were observed, whose distribution was dependent on the concentration ratio of the capping polymer material to the platinum cation. Controlling the shape of platinum nanoparticles is potentially important in the field of catalysis.     

阴天条件下河北地区大气气溶胶粒子分布特征分析

利用2007年春季在河北省中南部地区2架次飞机探测资料,分析了该地区阴天情况下大气气溶胶粒子浓度和谱的分布特征。结果表明,南支槽和华北低涡天气系统下气溶胶粒子浓度随高度的增加总的趋势是减小的,但如果高空有卷层云存在时,出现随高度增加而增加的现象。逆温层底存在气溶胶和云滴的明显累积。受复杂天气系统的影响,气溶胶粒子谱由于上升气流或乱流的扰动,呈多峰型分布。     

Surfactant-mediated two-dimensional crystallization of colloidal crystals

Colloidal particles can form unexpected two-dimensional ordered colloidal crystals when they interact with surfactants of the opposite charge. Coulomb interactions lead to self-limited adsorption of the particles on the surface of vesicles formed by the surfactants. The adsorbed particles form ordered but fluid rafts on the vesicle surfaces, and these ultimately form robust two-dimensional crystals. This use of attractive Coulomb interaction between colloidal particles and surfactant structures offers a potential new route to self-assembly of ordered colloidal structures.     

Imaging the microscopic structure of shear thinning and thickening colloidal suspensions

The viscosity of colloidal suspensions varies with shear rate, an important effect encountered in many natural and industrial processes. Although this non-Newtonian behavior is believed to arise from the arrangement of suspended particles and their mutual interactions, microscopic particle dynamics are difficult to measure. By combining fast confocal microscopy with simultaneous force measurements, we systematically investigate a suspension's structure as it transitions through regimes of different flow signatures. Our measurements of the microscopic single-particle dynamics show that shear thinning results from the decreased relative contribution of entropic forces and that shear thickening arises from particle clustering induced by hydrodynamic lubrication forces. This combination of techniques illustrates an approach that complements current methods for determining the microscopic origins of non-Newtonian flow behavior in complex fluids.     

Three-dimensional direct imaging of structural relaxation near the colloidal glass transition

Confocal microscopy was used to directly observe three-dimensional dynamics of particles in colloidal supercooled fluids and colloidal glasses. The fastest particles moved cooperatively; connected clusters of these mobile particles could be identified; and the cluster size distribution, structure, and dynamics were investigated. The characteristic cluster size grew markedly in the supercooled fluid as the glass transition was approached, in agreement with computer simulations; at the glass transition, however, there was a sudden drop in their size. The clusters of fast-moving particles were largest near the alpha-relaxation time scale for supercooled colloidal fluids, but were also present, albeit with a markedly different nature, at shorter beta-relaxation time scales, in both supercooled fluid and glass colloidal phases.     

猪瘟胶体金快速诊断试纸条的研制

采用柠檬酸钠还原法制备胶体颗粒,用猪瘟(CSF)抗体标记纯化,并包被在玻璃纤维膜上,另外将纯化的CSF抗体和羊抗鼠抗体包被在硝酸纤维膜上,组装成CSF快速检测条,对猪瘟病毒进行检测.结果表明:使用所研制的CSF快速检测条检测收集的70份待检样品,共检出猪瘟阳性病例26例,而经病毒分离鉴定阳性病例有28例,阳性符合率达92.8%;将5份阳性猪瘟病毒稀释后用试纸条和ELISA方法进行敏感性实验,结果表明,诊断试纸条的敏感性较高,用试纸条对鸽新城疫病毒、鸡减蛋综合症病毒、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒、猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合症病毒进行检测,无交叉反应.     

石油胶体性质的研究进展

针对石油工业发展进程中原油品质变差、沥青质易于絮凝析出,进而影响原油开采、储运和加工等生产过程的问题,从石油胶体模型、胶体稳定性和胶粒尺寸等方面概述了国内外有关石油胶体性质的研究成果。自石油胶体学说诞生以来,不但得到了小角X射线散射和小角中子散射等实验结果的验证,而且相继建立了不同分散相和分散介质的胶体模型;胶体稳定性的表征方法主要有滴扩散法、光学仪器法、声共振法、粘度法、电导率法;影响石油中沥青质稳定存在的主要因素包括:胶质的含量、形状和尺寸,沥青质的数量和化学结构,添加剂的化学结构;测定沥青质胶粒尺寸的方法主要有3类:散射法、流体力学参数法、光电显微分析法。添加适宜的化学剂能够缓解沥青质的絮凝沉积,提高石油资源的利用率。     

Colloidal jamming at interfaces: a route to fluid-bicontinuous gels

Colloidal particles or nanoparticles, with equal affinity for two fluids, are known to adsorb irreversibly to the fluid-fluid interface. We present large-scale computer simulations of the demixing of a binary solvent containing such particles. The newly formed interface sequesters the colloidal particles; as the interface coarsens, the particles are forced into close contact by interfacial tension. Coarsening is markedly curtailed, and the jammed colloidal layer seemingly enters a glassy state, creating a multiply connected, solidlike film in three dimensions. The resulting gel contains percolating domains of both fluids, with possible uses as, for example, a microreaction medium.     

PHASE TRANSITIONS: Y's and Ends

The mechanism by which colloidal suspensions containing particles with magnetic or electric dipole moments phase separate has long remained obscure. Pincus highlights the report by Tlusty and Safran, who have found that a mechanism derived from polymer physics is applicable to this problem because the suspended colloidal particles form polymerlike chains. A wide range of seemingly different systems, from biopolymers to inorganic ceramic networks, may ultimately be described within a general model.     

番鸭(Cairina moschata)甲状腺的显微与亚微结构

番鸭甲状腺实质由大小不一、近似球形的滤泡组成,其上皮细胞呈低立方形至扁平形.电镜下的滤泡上皮细胞,胞质内存在多量由被吞饮的胶状质与溶酶体相结合的胶质滴,线粒体外围有以核糖体规律排列的粗面内质网,网腔内多被低密度的无定形内容物所扩大.番鸭甲状腺实质存在滤泡旁细胞(C细胞).经Ehrlich苏木素染色的滤泡旁细胞呈球形、体积大、染色较浅,单个散在或2个并列位于滤泡外围的结缔组织内,不与滤泡腔接触,可明显与滤泡上皮细胞相区别.     

紫色土无机胶体与土壤肥力

对云南、贵州和安徽等地的紫色土无机胶体 (<0 0 0 2mm粘粒 )的含量状况和矿物学组成特征作了初步探讨 ,它们的共同特点是 :紫色土 <0 0 0 2mm胶粒含量均小于贵州的对照土壤———黄壤的胶体含量 ;紫色土含较多 2∶1型黏土矿物和间层型矿物质、含较少的 1∶1型黏土矿物和胶粒中含较多石英。对照土壤———黄壤则主要含 1∶1型黏土矿物和石英。并且分析了无机胶体与土壤肥力的关系。