芒果疮痂病及其防治

芒果疮痂病及其防治何胜强郭青（广东南海动植物检疫局,５２８２００）（广东省南海商检局,５２８２００芒果（ＭａｎｇｉｆｅｒａｅｉｎｄｉｃａＬ．）是著名的热带水果,其味甜美,营养丰富,商品价值高,全世界适生地区广泛种植,我国广东、广西、福建、四川攀西以及...     

西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

为明确西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌的种类和生物学特性,分别采用常规组织分离法和土壤混悬液分离法从宁夏、陕西和甘肃3个省区采集的29份疮痂病发病薯块和8份发病地块土壤中进行病原菌分离,并利用形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析对病原菌进行鉴定。结果表明,从发病薯块和发病土壤中共分离到50株链霉菌Streptomyces spp.,通过回接法验证获得6株马铃薯疮痂病致病菌株。6株致病菌株的培养特性和形态特征差别较大;其中菌株G4-1、G9和SYN13不能以果糖和木糖为单一碳源,菌株SYNT3不能以棉子糖为单一碳源;除菌株NLG4-1外,其余5株菌株均能在络氨酸琼脂培养基上产生黑色素。经16S rDNA序列分析,菌株G4-1、G9与疮痂病链霉菌S. scabiei的相似率分别达99.47%和99.34%,菌株NLG4-1、SYNT3与S. enissocaesilis的相似率分别达97.90%和98.18%,菌株GBH2与加利利链霉菌S. galilaeus的相似率达99.93%,菌株SYN13与S. turgidiscabies的相似率达97.56%,表明西北地区马铃薯疮痂病病原菌至少存在4个种。     

马铃薯疮痂病菌致病相关基因的克隆及表达

 A pathogenic-related gene nec1 was cloned in Streptomyces scabies CPS-1, potato scab strain. Analysis results showed that the length of open reading frame(ORF) for nec1 gene was 666 bp, and the GC content was 54.2%. Sequence alignment indicated that a 650 bp up-stream sequence shared 91% similarity with IS 256 family transposase nucleotide sequences by BLASTn searches against GenBank. The segments obtained by PCR amplification were digested by enzymes SphⅠand SacⅠ, and linked to the expression vector pIJ702. The recombinants were transformed into nonpathogenicity strain Streptomyces lividans 66 TK24. Bioas-say results suggested that the transformants possessed the same symptoms as pathogenic strain on potato tuber slices and radish seedlings, which implied that nec1 gene was associated with the pathogenicity of S. scabies CPS-1.     

义乌市马铃薯疮痂病发生原因及防控措施

马铃薯疮痂病已成为威胁义乌市马铃薯生产的最主要病害。当田间有大量病原菌存在时,该病的发生程度与土壤酸碱度、土壤湿度、品种抗性等因素密切相关。选用抗病品种、水旱轮作、施用酸性肥料、调节土壤酸碱度、利用太阳能杀灭土壤病菌,块茎生长期间保持土壤湿度、选用无病种薯并进行消毒、防治好地下害虫等防控措施,可有效地抑制疮痂病的发生。     

柑桔疮痂病的危害及其防治

柑桔疮痂病（Ｓｃａｂｏｆｃｉｔｒｕｓ）俗称“癞头疤”、疥疙疤、钉子果,是柑桔重要病害之一。由半知菌亚门的一种真菌引起的病害。其病原菌为柑桔痂园孢（ＳｐｈａｃｅｌｏｍａｆａｗｃｅｔｉＪｅｎｋｉｎｓ）。我国各柑桔产区均有发生,尤以温带桔区发生严重。一、...     

黑龙江省部分地区马铃薯疮痂病菌种类及致病性鉴定

为明确黑龙江省马铃薯疮痂病病原菌的种类及其特征,2012-2013年从黑龙江省克山县、绥化市、哈尔滨市、杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县采集具有疮痂病病斑的马铃薯块茎,从中分离纯化病原菌,根据16SrRNA基因的差异采用分子手段对所分离的菌株进行种类和致病性鉴定,并对txtAB阳性菌株采用萝卜幼苗法或马铃薯致病性试验测定其致病性。共分离出74株菌株,鉴定出致病性菌株26株,其中Streptomyces scabies或S.europaeiscabiei 21株,S.turgidiscabies 3株和S.acidiscabies 2株。所有的致病性菌株中共有4种致病岛基因型,即nec1+/tomA+、nec1-/tomA+、nec1+/tomA-和nec1-/tomA。     

柑桔天牛及疮痂病的防治

一、柑桔天牛柑桔天牛幼虫蛀食树干及根部,是柑桔产区的重要害虫,有褐天牛和星天牛两种。其主要区别是：成虫颜色褐天牛为黑褐色;星天牛为漆黑色,鞘翅上有白色小斑,触角第３～１１节基部为蓝白色。褐天牛卵产于树皮表面,幼虫蛀食主干与主枝;而星天牛卵产于基部表层下,幼虫蛀食树干基部（根茎）和根部。褐天牛主要为害柑桔类果树,星天牛除为害柑桔外,还为害其它果树,桑树及风景林木等。防治方法：合川果农王安云、蒋友才等采取捕杀成虫,清除虫卵和幼虫等措施,达到较好的防治效果。（１）捕杀成虫。针对成虫生活习性,进行人工捕…     

云南省马铃薯疮痂病致病链霉菌种类组成研究

 为明确云南省马铃薯疮痂病病原菌(Streptomyces spp.)的种类及其生物学特征,自2013年从云南省13个马铃薯主产区采集疮痂病病样,共分离到200株链霉菌,通过温室盆栽致病性试验筛选出67株致病菌。通过形态学、生理生化指标、致病性测定及16S rDNA序列分析对获得的菌株进行鉴定。结果显示,引起云南地区马铃薯疮痂病的病原为10种链霉菌,分别为S. caviscabies、S. anulatus、S. scabies、S. turgidiscabies、S. acidiscabies、S. europaeiscabiei、S. luridiscabiei、S. enissocaesilis、S. griseus和S. aureofaciens。其中S. enissocaesilis和 S. anulatus为优势种群,S. caviscabies、S. anulatus和S. luridiscabiei为国内首次报道的病原菌。因此,认为云南省马铃薯疮痂病菌种类复杂多样。     

番茄疮痂病的发生和防治

番茄细菌性疮痂病又称斑点病,分布于全世界６０多个国家,９０年代初在我国不断蔓延,现已成为番茄上一个重要病害。近二年,该病在偃师市危害严重,影响生产很大。一、症状该病主要危害番茄叶片及果实,近地面老叶先发病,逐渐向上部叶片发展,发病初期在叶背面形成水渍状暗绿色小斑,逐渐扩展成圆形或连接成不规则黄色病斑,病斑表面粗糙不平,周围有黄色晕圈,后期叶片干枯质脆。茎部感病先在茎沟处出现褪绿色水渍状小斑点,扩展后形成长椭圆形黑褐色病斑,裂开后呈疮痂状。果实上主要危害着色前的幼果和青果,果面先出现褪绿色斑点,后…     

拮抗链霉菌防治马铃薯疮痂病的大田试验研究

 本文报道了利用拮抗链霉菌防治马铃薯疮痂病的大田试验研究。拮抗链霉菌接种在0.8公顷的病田中。不同接种量和接种方法均显著地影响防治效果。3年的试验表明:拮抗菌系以蛭石接种形式防效优于种薯浸泡。一般情况下,连续2年接种或高接种量的防效优于1年或低接种量的防效。不同菌系的防效差异明显,单个拮抗菌的防效优于2个拮抗菌混合使用的效果。甜玉米和大豆轮作结合拮抗菌显著降低了马铃薯疮痂病的危害。     

Detection and characterization of Streptomyces causing potato common scab in Western Europe

A PCR-based diagnostic method was developed for direct detection from tuber lesions of pathogenic Streptomyces causing common scab of potato. Primers were designed to amplify a fragment of the txtAB ( txtA and txtB ) genes, which are pathogenicity determinants in the main pathogenic Streptomyces species. The method was evaluated on 84 naturally infected potato samples, comprising 19 potato cultivars, harvested in the years from 2000 to 2004 in the Netherlands, the UK, France, Germany and Spain. Pathogenic Streptomyces in tuber lesions were detected by PCR in 70 samples and were also successfully isolated from these 70 samples. All pathogenic isolates showed the basic general phenotypic traits of the S. scabiei phenetic cluster. RFLP analysis of amplified rRNA sequences, together with carbon source utilization and repetitive BOX profiles, allowed most isolates to be assigned to S. europaeiscabiei , which emerged as the main cause of potato common scab in Western Europe.     

Distribution and characterization of Streptomyces species causing potato common scab in Germany

Field‐grown potatoes showing scab infections were sampled in two successive years and analysed for prevailing Streptomyces strains. In 2008 and 2009, 293 Streptomyces isolates were collected in Germany and analysed for morphology, pathogenicity and strain type. Isolates varied in mycelium colour, sporulation and pigmentation. Based on their morphology, no clear differentiation of species was possible. At the genetic level, sampled isolates, as well as a number of type strains from culture collections, were characterized by PCR using 16S rRNA‐specific primers and PCR‐RFLP of the 16S–23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with Hpy99I. Using this fingerprinting approach, Streptomyces species could be differentiated genotypically. The data from this study show that diversity among scab‐causing species in Germany is much higher than previously thought. Isolates belonged to various Streptomyces spp. previously associated with common scab. This is apparently the first report of pathogenic strains of S. europaeiscabiei, S. stelliscabiei, S. acidiscabiei, S. turgidiscabiei and S. bottropensis within Germany. Streptomyces europaeiscabiei was the predominant species found. Other scab‐causing species were identified, but their local distribution was uneven. For most of the isolates, the presence of the txtAB gene was demonstrated, indicating pathogenicity. This analysis is one of the first reports to examine the distribution of common scab‐causing species in Germany.     

马铃薯疮痂病拮抗菌JYC1217的鉴定及其生防促生特性

为获得防治马铃薯疮痂病的优良微生物资源,从健康马铃薯根际土壤中分离获得菌株JYC1217,采用平板对峙培养法和抑菌圈法测定其抑菌活性,结合形态学特征、生理生化特性和分子生物学方法对该菌株进行鉴定,并测定该菌株的生防能力、促生能力及对马铃薯疮痂病的防效。结果显示,菌株JYC1217及其培养液均能显著抑制酸性疮痂链霉菌Streptomyces acidiscabies和肿痂链霉菌S. turgidiscabies的生长;经鉴定菌株JYC1217为多黏类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa;该菌株对马铃薯疮痂病的相对防效为35.12%,对晚疫病菌Phytophthora infestans和早疫病菌Alternaria alternata有抑制作用,抑制率分别为62.96%和64.24%;该菌株能产生β-1,3葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶、蛋白酶和嗜铁素,还可形成复杂生物膜结构,具有固氮、产1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶特性,能显著提高马铃薯叶片内苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性;该菌株能溶解磷酸钙、大豆卵磷脂和碳酸镁,可显著增加马铃薯株高、叶绿素相对含量、茎粗和单株产量,表明菌株JYC1217是一株生防促生性状优良的生防菌,具有良好的开发应用潜力。     

马铃薯粉痂病综合防治技术初探

近年来,粉痂病已成为云南省马铃薯生产上的重要病害之一,但目前还没有有效防治粉痂病的药剂和措施。本试验于2005年对云南省马铃薯粉痂病的综合防治技术进行了大田试验和温室盆栽试验。结果表明:在大田试验和温室盆栽试验中,品种会-2对马铃薯粉痂病均表现较高的抗性,在播种穴中施用适量的豆饼进行处理均能较好地防止粉痂病的发生,其他处理的防治效果则不明显。     

Differences in host range, pathogenicity to potato cultivars and response to soil temperature among Streptomyces species causing common and netted scab in France

The pathogenicity and ecology of some isolates representative of the four main Streptomyces species ( S. scabies , S. europaeiscabiei , S. stelliscabiei and S. reticuliscabiei ) identified as pathogenic to potato tubers were investigated. Three pathogenicity groups could be distinguished. Group 1 included all isolates of S. scabies , S. europaeiscabiei and S. stelliscabiei from common scab lesions of potato and other susceptible root crops. All these produced similar symptoms and were pathogenic to potato, carrot and radish. Group 2 included all isolates from S. reticuliscabiei netted scab lesions; they were pathogenic to both tubers and roots of only a few potato cultivars, and did not infect carrot or radish. Group 3 included three isolates of S. europaeiscabiei from netted scab lesions on cv. Bintje, which produced either common or netted scab symptoms depending on the potato cultivar or plant species. In an experiment on a few isolates from each of the three groups, held at various soil temperature regimes, the three from group 1 were most pathogenic at higher temperatures (20°C or 20/30°C), the two from group 2 were most pathogenic at a lower temperature (17°C). The group 3 isolate caused netted scab symptoms on susceptible cultivars at low temperatures (≤ 20°C) and deep-pitted lesions at higher temperatures. Since the groups identified differ in ecological requirements, it is important to adapt the control methods to the pathogenic species present in the soil.     

马铃薯镰刀菌干腐病研究进展及防控手段

马铃薯是世界第四大粮食作物。马铃薯干腐病是一种重要的马铃薯收获后真菌病害,在我国各马铃薯产区内广泛发生,导致马铃薯块茎的商品薯率大幅下降,对马铃薯的产量造成严重经济损失。本文针对马铃薯干腐病的症状、发生与危害、病原菌种类以及综合防控手段进行综述,以期为病害的研究及防治提供参考。     

生物有机肥GSJ-1对马铃薯土壤疮痂病病原菌分布影响及生防效果研究

为了确定生物有机肥 GSJ －1对连作马铃薯土壤疮痂病病原菌分布影响及对马铃薯疮痂病的防治效果,本试验进行了土壤疮痂病病原菌含量测定、马铃薯疮痂病病情田间调查。结果表明,连作土壤疮痂病病原菌在盛花期之前向根际富集,盛花期之后向匍匐茎和薯块富集。施用生物有机肥 GSJ －1显著降低了土壤疮痂病病原菌含量,比对照下降了19．6％～74．9％,且改变了土壤中疮痂病病原菌原有的分布规律：从连作处理的根际多于非根际改变为生物有机肥 GSJ －1处理的根际少于非根际,且对疮痂病的防效达到47．2％。