四大家鱼幼鱼下行行为及流场偏好研究

四大家鱼是我国典型的江河半洄游性鱼类,其幼鱼具有摄食、育肥等下行洄游需求。本文以四大家鱼中的青、草、鲢、鳙幼鱼（体长5-10 cm）为研究对象,开展四大家鱼幼鱼下行过程中应用水力条件的行为响应及流场偏好研究。在进口流速为0.2 m/s时,分析同一水流环境下鱼的运动行为,四大家鱼幼鱼多表现为主动下行行为,鳙幼鱼的直接下行例最高（达88.5%）,青、鲢幼鱼的直接下行率分别为60.0%和56.2%,草幼鱼发生延迟下行的概率大于直接下行（直接下行率为43.8%）。此外,试验鱼对不同流速范围的选择存在差异性,四大家鱼幼鱼在同一水力环境条件下的下行行为选择存在一定的规律性,分析得到青、草、鲢、鳙幼鱼的共同偏好流速为0.228~0.454 m/s,共同偏好紊动能范围0.0014~0.0023 m2/s2。上述偏好范围将为鱼类下行通道的设计与评价提供研究支撑。     

三峡水库正常运行期间四大家鱼的时空分布特征

调查三峡水库正常运行期(2011-2015年)库区干流5个江段(秭归、巫山、云阳、涪陵、江津)的鱼类资源,对库区干流四大家鱼的时空分布特征进行研究,并探讨三峡库区四大家鱼受上游水电开发以及库区其他因素影响的情况,旨在为三峡库区四大家鱼保护措施的提出提供基础数据支撑。研究结果表明:四大家鱼在渔获物中的数量百分比从2011年的3.52%下降到2015年的1.86%,而重量百分比则先从2011年的13.47%迅速上升到2012年的28.06%,然后波动下降到2015年的24.30%,其中鲢、鳙、草鱼均在数量百分比上呈现波动下降趋势,而在重量百分比上则均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;5年间,四大家鱼的主要分布区域逐渐从涪陵至秭归江段转移到云阳和秭归江段,其中鲢、鳙、草鱼的主要分布区域均从云阳至秭归江段转移到云阳和秭归江段。三峡库区四大家鱼群体面临的主要问题是金沙江梯级水电站运行对其产卵活动的影响以及库区普遍的过度捕捞。     

西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场时空变化及其与表温的关系

阿根廷滑柔鱼(Illex argentinus)是西南大西洋重要的经济性头足类,也是中国大陆鱿钓渔业重要的捕捞对象,掌握其渔场时空分布特性及其与海洋环境之间的关系是合理开发、有效管理资源的基础。本文根据2000²010年中国大陆鱿钓渔业在西南大西洋39°2010年中国大陆鱿钓渔业在西南大西洋39°⁵1°S、57°51°S、57°⁶7°W海域的生产统计数据,对西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼中心渔场时空分布及与海洋表层温度(sea surface temperature,SST)的关系进行了研究。结果表明,167°W海域的生产统计数据,对西南大西洋阿根廷滑柔鱼中心渔场时空分布及与海洋表层温度(sea surface temperature,SST)的关系进行了研究。结果表明,1⁵月间,阿根廷滑柔鱼产量及作业次数在纬度方向由南向北逐渐递增,经度方向上由西向东逐渐递增。不同年份间,阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场重心纬度方向上存在显著性差异,而经度方向分布则不存在显著性差异。相关性分析表明,15月间,阿根廷滑柔鱼产量及作业次数在纬度方向由南向北逐渐递增,经度方向上由西向东逐渐递增。不同年份间,阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场重心纬度方向上存在显著性差异,而经度方向分布则不存在显著性差异。相关性分析表明,1⁵月阿根廷滑柔鱼渔场重心纬度、经度的变化与SST之间存在显著相关性,并且渔场重心均随着SST的升高呈现向南和向西移动的趋势。     

竖缝式鱼道桩柱结构过鱼效果探索

竖缝式鱼道作为一种协助鱼类洄游上溯从而缓解提升河流连通性 的设施得到广泛的应用,但是多数鱼道的实际过鱼效能并不理想,尤其 是鱼道的池室结构尚具有一定的提升空间。本研究通过数值模拟和对照性过鱼试验对池室内部未增加和4种方式增加桩柱的池室水流结构进行了比较分析。结果表明在鱼道主流中间增设桩柱结构,可以有效减小回流区面积,减幅达49%;并减小竖缝处紊动能,最大紊动能减小18%;增加鱼类上溯路线分布,提高了池室空间利用率更高 。分析两种结构的上溯轨迹发现,齐口裂腹鱼多选择回流区外侧上溯,避免进入回流区中心,多选择较高的水力应变与紊动能区域调整作为上溯方向 ,且上溯路线中偏好较低水力因子区域上溯,上溯偏好流速范围0.01~0.09m/s,紊动能范围0.001~0.008m2/s2,水力应变范围0.2~3.0s-1     

赣江中游四大家鱼遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术对赣江中游四大家鱼的遗传多样性进行分析,青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piceus)、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)分别扩增出47、74、55、59个位点,其中多态性位点数分别为33、50、29、30,多态性位点比例分别为70.21%、67.57%、52.73%、51.72%。青鱼的Nei’s基因多样性和Shannon信息指数分别为0.2606和0.3846,草鱼为0.2391和0.3560,鲢为0.1858和0.2769,鳙为0.1908和0.2827。结果显示,赣江四大家鱼群体均存在一定的遗传变异空间,其遗传多样性相对较丰富。     

基于流态的方形圆弧角养殖池进水系统优化数值研究

为研究进水系统优化对方形圆弧角养殖池内流场特性的影响,实验运用计算流体动力学仿真技术(CFD)构建方形圆弧角养殖池的三维数值湍流模型,单管进水系统设置在养殖池弧壁的中间位置(以下称弧壁单管),并主要对不同进径比(参数C/B,射流管中心位置到养殖池壁的水平距离C与养殖池短边边长B之比)和不同射流角度对养殖池系统内的流场特性开展研究。结果显示,不同进径比条件下,随射流角度增加养殖池水体平均速度均呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且最优射流角度不同。进径比为0.01且射流角度为45°时,养殖池内部流场平均流速最高。进径比为0.03时,最优射流角度为30°。当C/B=0.05～0.13时且射流角度为25°时,水体平均速度最高且流场均匀性较好。进径比C/B=0.07～0.09、射流角度为25°时,养殖池内部流态总体上优于其他工况。研究表明,养殖池流场特性与进水系统进径比和射流角度密切相关。研究结果可为工厂化循环水养殖进水系统设计和优化养殖池系统的流场特性提供理论依据。     

东太平洋赤道海域茎柔鱼主要生物学特性比较研究

根据中国远洋鱿钓船于2018年2—4月在东太平洋赤道(110°W～114°W、2°40'S～2°N)作业期间现场取样的1200尾茎柔鱼(Dosidicusgigas)样本进行研究,利用频率分布法分析了2—4月胴长、体重、性腺成熟度和摄食等级的分布,并通过拟合求出了胴长-体重的关系和初次性成熟胴长。根据采样海域的遥感温度,讨论了茎柔鱼不同月份雌雄个体生长的差异。结果显示, 2—4月雄性茎柔鱼优势胴长依次为26～28 cm (19.33%)、30～32 cm (26.46%)、28～30 cm (31.82%),雌性分别为24～26 cm (16.8%)、28～30 cm (24.95%)、26～28 cm (21.79%); 2—4月雌雄茎柔鱼优势体重均依次为400～600 g (28%、20.67%)、600～800 g (29.14%、28.25%)、600～800 g (25.64%、31.82%)。协方差表明3月雌性茎柔鱼与同月雄性茎柔鱼以及2月、4月的雌性茎柔鱼生长模式均存在显著性差异(P_30.01, P_(2-3)0.01,P_(3-4)0.05)。2—4月雌、雄性茎柔鱼摄食等级均以1～2级为主,高摄食等级占比逐月降低。雄性茎柔鱼性腺发育均以Ⅱ期为主,性成熟比例逐月升高,初次性成熟胴长为32.72cm;雌性性腺发育缓慢,各月发育均以Ⅰ期为主,未成熟比例占97%以上,茎柔鱼胴长和体重随性腺等级的提高呈逐级增长状态。综合判断雄性茎柔鱼性成熟比雌性早,性成熟雄性个体或因交配正在离开赤道海域开始向美洲沿岸洄游。     

长江中游洪湖江段四大家鱼早期资源及生态调度影响

为了解长江洪湖江段四大家鱼早期资源状况及生态调度对其繁殖活动的影响,本研究于2014—2016年每年的5—7月,对该江段四大家鱼早期资源组成比例、资源量及水文指标等状况开展了调查,共采集四大家鱼卵56粒,鱼苗74815尾,其中鲢卵、苗分别占四大家鱼总捕捞数量的69.6%和75.7%。2014—2016年,估算通过洪湖江段的四大家鱼卵径流量分别为1.11×10⁸粒、0.95×10⁸粒和0.94×10⁸粒,鱼苗径流量分别为7.63×10⁸尾、15.36×10⁸尾和27.64×10⁸尾。Pearson相关性分析显示,四大家鱼苗密度与流量、水温和水位呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。GAM模型显示,四大家鱼苗密度在水温18.1～26.6℃范围内,呈现先上升后略微下降的趋势,并与流量呈显著正线性关系。相比20世纪90年代,洪湖江段四大家鱼资源量有所下降,但产卵场分布位置没有发生明显的变动。生态调度对洪湖江段四大家鱼繁殖活动有一定的促进效果,但效果弱于离坝较近的宜...     

不同工艺提取鳀蛋白质原料对黄颡鱼生长性能和生理健康的影响

为了比较不同生产工艺得到的酶解鳀鱼浆(HFP)、鳀鱼溶浆(SW)、酶解鳀鱼溶浆(HSW)、低温烘干鳀鱼粉(L-FM)和常规烘干鳀鱼粉(H-FM)在饲料中的应用效果。以初始体质量为(17.69±0.09) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼为养殖对象,以30%的秘鲁超级蒸汽鱼粉(FM组)为对照,在实验日粮中分别添加酶解鳀鱼浆、鳀鱼溶浆、酶解鳀鱼溶浆、低温烘干鳀鱼粉和常规烘干鳀鱼粉,经过8周池塘网箱养殖实验,比较5种不同生产工艺得到的鳀鱼蛋白质原料对黄颡鱼生长性能的影响。结果显示,(1)与FM组相比,L-FM和H-FM组的特定生长率(SGR)和饲料系数(FCR)均无显著差异;(2)以FM组为对照,HFP25实验组的SGR降低了3.30%,FCR升高了5.36%,无显著差异,而HFP45和HFP65组的SGR分别降低了10.99%、20.33%,FCR分别升高了21.43%、41.96%,差异显著,并且随着日粮中HFP添加量的增加,SGR、蛋白沉积率(PRR)和脂肪沉积率(FRR)均呈现下降趋势,差异显著;(3)HFP45、SW和HSW 3组实验饲料的结果中,HFP具有最高的SGR,而SW的SGR最低,差异不显...     

瓦氏黄颡鱼鱼种的驯养试验

用颗粒饲料驯化养殖瓦氏黄颡鱼鱼种,夏花鱼种的放养密度为10450尾/667m2,其中瓦氏黄颡鱼、鲢、鳙和鲫的鱼种分别放养10000、200、200和50尾。经132d饲养,平均单产为691.9kg/667m2,其中瓦氏黄颡鱼589.1kg,平均规格60.3g,成活率97.7%;鲢39.3kg,平均规格213.1g,成活率92.3%;鳙49.3kg,平均规格257.5g,成活率95.8%;鲫14.2kg,平均规格316.5g,成活率90.0%。平均每667m2池塘投喂颗粒饲料1400kg,平均饲料系数2.32(其中瓦氏黄颡鱼饲料系数为2.38)。     

主养草鱼池塘三种混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较

为进一步提高我国广大池塘养鱼的产品质量、经济效益和改善其生态环境。本试验在武汉新洲973项目实验基地9个陆基鱼池中进行了三种不同混养模式鱼类生长和效益的比较研究,每种模式设3个重复。模式Ⅰ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙和高背鲫;模式Ⅱ中放养草鱼、鲢、鳙、匙吻鲟和高背鲫;模式Ⅲ中放养草鱼、鲢和高背鲫。 结果表明：通过122d的养殖试验,模式Ⅱ中草鱼的生长不仅显著高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ（P<0.05）,而且其经济效益模式Ⅱ同样高于模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ。     

Mouth size and predicted food size preferences of larvae of three cyprinid fish species

Mouth size was examined in larvae and juveniles of three cyprinid fish species: grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Rich.) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Rich.). A linear relationship was found between mouth size and the total length of fish, from the initial exogenous feeding stage up to 20–30 mm. Based on the mouth size, the size of the prey which could be consumed was calculated assuming 45° of mouth opening for optimum prey width and 90° for maximum prey width. Food particle size considered to be suitable for commencement of feeding amounted to 50–90 μm for silver carp larvae, 90–150 μm for grass carp larvae and 150–270 μm for bighead carp larvae. These criteria can be applied to moving rotifiers and nauplii as well as to the motionless particles of compound, dry diets.     

The use of synthetic LH-RH analogue to spawn Chinese carps *

Abstract. The synthetic LH-RH analogue, des-GLY¹⁰[D-Ala⁶] LRH ethylamide was shown to be effective for induced spawning of Chinese carps. Ovulation was induced in 23 of 34 female grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., receiving a single injection of synthetic LH-RH analogue. Spawning success was 92% for 3-year and older fish at optimum temperatures (22–26°C). Reduced spawning success was noted for 2-year-old female fish, and when temperature exceeded 27°C. No mortality of study fish was observed following a single injection. Hybrid carp, grass carp x bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilis Val., and grass carp x silver carp, Hypophthal-michthys molitrix Val., were produced using synthetic LH-RH analogue. Male grass carp, bighead carp and silver carp exhibiting pearl organs were stimulated to produce milt regardless of the presence or absence of free flowing milt at the time of injection. The potential importance of synthetic LH-RH analogue in fish culture and mechanisms of hormonal action are briefly discussed.     

Fresh liver powder: A new starter diet for the larvae of a cyprinid fish

Fresh liver slices were shock-frozen in liquid nitrogen at −196°C, then powdered in a kitchen-mixer at the boiling temperature of the liquid nitrogen. The powdered liver was given to the larvae of a cyprinid hybrid fish (bighead carp × silver carp) in open-flow containers at 26–27°C. During the 3 weeks of feeding, growth and survival of the larvae were comparable with those of sibs fed living zooplankton.     

Relative growth,survival and harvestability of bighead carp,silver carp,and their reciprocal hybrids

Growth and survival in the primary rearing phase (42 days) for bighead carp, silver carp, bighead × silver carp (BHC × SC), and silver × bighead carp (SC × BHC) in ponds and concrete tanks stocked at 370 500 fry/ha were studied. Mean survival for fishes in ponds was 93%, that in tanks was 73%. Yields among all fishes averaged 338 kg/ha. The growth rates of fishes in ponds were similar; in tanks, silver carp grew faster than the bighead carp.Growth, survival, and harvestability by seine during the secondary rearing phase (60-day duration) for the same groups of fish were studied. Fingerlings (0.9 g mean weight) were stocked in earthen ponds at 49 400 fish/ha and 98 800 fish/ha. Mean survival of fishes at low stocking rate was 77%, similar to that (71%) for the high stocking rate. Fish yields were similar at the low stocking rate. At the high rate, the BHC × SC yield (846 kg/ha) was greater than the SC × BHC yield (582 kg/ha). The BHC × SC and SC × BHC had greater mean weights at low stocking rate than at high stocking rate. The mean weights for bighead carp were similar at both rates. Bighead carp and the reciprocal hybrids were more easily harvested by seine than silver carp.     

盐碱地池塘鱼鳖混养育成模式的研究

在盐碱地池塘中,研究了五种不同鱼鳖混养育成养殖模式,以其成活率、增重率、出池平均规格、饵料系数、饵料成本、每667m2纯利润和投入产出比等指标进行综合评定,结果表明:模式Ⅰ、模式Ⅱ和模式Ⅲ是盐碱地池塘较好的鱼鳖混养育成模式,模式Ⅳ和模式Ⅴ相对较差;在盐碱地池塘中,可采取中华鳖与滤食性鱼类鲢、鳙鱼混养的模式,也可采取中华鳖与鲢鱼、鳙鱼、草鱼一起混养的模式;在本研究条件下,中华鳖的适宜放养密度为4 500~7 500只/hm2,鲢鱼可放养2 250~3 900尾/hm2,鳙鱼可放养450~600尾/hm2,草鱼可放养3 000尾/hm2。     

松浦镜鲤与长丰鲢食用鱼混养试验

2012年5-10月,在面积为0.19hm2的试验池1中放养体质量160g的松浦镜鲤（Cyprinus carpio Songpu）117,700尾·hm^-2,混养体质量160g的长丰鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）春片、乌子头和鳙（Aristichthys no-bilis）夏花鱼种。在面积为0.19hm2的试验池2中放养体质量149.5g的松浦镜鲤3,450尾·hm^-2,只混养鲢和鳙夏花,采用常规饲养方法。2012年10月2日,试验池1平均每hm2产鱼21,025.5kg,其中松浦镜鲤平均全长34.3cm,体质量1425g,产量18,294.0kg;长丰鲢春片平均体质量674g,平均产量1,816.5kg,长丰鲢夏花平均全长18.6cm,体质量112.4g,平均产量592.5kg;鳙夏花平均全长达12.1cm,体质量39.9g,平均产量322.5kg。试验池2平均每hm2产鱼3,069.0kg,其中松浦镜鲤平均全长35.0cm,体质量1225g,平均产量2,766.0kg;鲢夏花平均全长达11.3cm,体质量24.9g,平均产量130.5kg;鳙夏花平均全长达11.1cm,体质量35.1g,平均产量172.5kg。试验表明,高密度养殖的松浦镜鲤产量显著高于密度低时,长丰鲢夏花的出池体质量是普通鲢的4.5倍,特殊生长率（6.27%·d^-1）是普通鲢（3.5%·d^-1）的1.79倍。文中还讨论了松浦镜鲤养殖池的水质和技术特点。     

Growth of Triploid and Diploid Bighead Carp,Hypophthalmichthys nobilis

Growth of second-year triploid and diploid bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, was compared in a 189- to 190-day yield trial; the fish were grown separately in 0.04-ha earthen ponds at 625/ha and were also grown communally in 0.05-ha earthen ponds at 640ha. When grown communally, bighead carp were polycultured with channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (7,50Oha), and grass carp, Cienopharyngodon idella (40/ha); when they were grown separately, they were polycultured with grass carp at 501ha. When cultured separately, diploids were longer (526 vs 499 mm) and heavier (1,645 vs 1,427 g) than the triploids at harvest, but the differences were not significant (P 5 0.05). When cultured communally, the diploids were significantly longer (519 vs 485 mm) and heavier (1,621 vs 1,321 g) than their triploid counterparts at harvest. Ploidy of all bighead carp was determined after fish were harvested, and 7.9% of the presumed triploids that were stocked separately were actually diploids. Growth of the triploids appeared to be acceptable for commercial use where diploid bighead carp are banned. The efficiency of producing triploid bighead carp must be improved if they are to be cultured in states where bighead carp are illegal.     

涨渡湖渔业资源及鱼类多样性状况研究

武汉市新洲区涨渡湖渔业生产是以人工投放、天然生长为主,鱼类资源自然增殖为辅的粗放型管理模式进行。1992~2004年捕捞产量变幅范围为(3.69~50.61)×104kg,其中有9个年份变幅在10×104kg以上;产品收入变幅范围为(2.77~201.77)×104元,其中有6个年份变幅在50×104元以上。目前涨渡湖鱼类共有47种,与历史最高种数比较,下降了38.2%。渔获物组成中,放养鱼类占80%以上,人工放养是目前涨渡湖鱼类补充群体的主要来源;鱼类年龄结构简单,主要经济鱼类低龄化趋势严重;主要品种鲢、鳙的生长速度慢于同类湖泊。江湖隔绝和长期的人工增养殖生产作业方式,是导致涨渡湖鱼类区系逐渐简单化,鱼类多样性下降的重要原因。     

Ammonia nitrogen excretion in Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed practical diets: the effects of water temperature

To understand the actual production of fish culture about the utilization of dietary protein and excreta impact on the environment between mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), the study to investigate the effect of temperatures (19 ± 0.5°C, 24 ± 0.5°C and 29 ± 0.5°C) on ammonia‐N excretion in mandarin fish and grass carp under fed and fasted states was conducted. These two species were fed a practical diet containing 325.2 g kg^?1 crude protein at 3% body weight per day. The ammonia‐N excretion rate was significantly increased when temperature increased from 19 to 29°C, and a linear relationship between ammonia‐N excretion rate and temperature. The maximum ammonia‐N excretion levels of mandarin fish and grass carp were observed at 4–8 h and 2–4 h after feeding, respectively, and the minimum values for both species were observed at 24 h after feeding. Under the feeding condition, mandarin fish had a lower ammonia‐N excretion level compared to grass carp at 24°C and 29°C. The average amount of ammonia‐N excreted by mandarin fish at 24 h is significantly higher than grass carp under fasting conditions, except 19 ± 0.5°C. These results indicated that mandarin fish might make better use of protein at higher temperature than grass carp when fed practical diets in commercial production. These results of this study suggested that mandarin fish had a lower ammonia‐N excretion level compared with grass carp, making a less contribution to environmental loading in an intensive fish culture.