大理市草地贪夜蛾发生为害及其自然感染绿僵菌调查

2019—2020年,草地贪夜蛾对大理市湾桥镇玉米生产造成严重影响。为此,笔者通过2年的系统调查,初步明确草地贪夜蛾在田间玉米上的生物学特性及发生为害特点。同时发现绿僵菌在11月上、中旬,田间自然条件下可侵染草地贪夜蛾幼虫,自然感染率达75%,可进一步开发利用。     

2019年江苏省草地贪夜蛾发生及为害情况调查

为掌握草地贪夜蛾在江苏省的发生及为害情况,在开展系统监测和田间调查的基础上,对2019年草地贪夜蛾在江苏省的发生动态及玉米受害情况进行了总结.结果表明,2019年5月入侵江苏苏南地区后,逐步向北扩散,6-7月是其主要扩散期.2019年江苏省玉米受草地贪夜蛾为害面积约3 440.3 hm2.其中,夏玉米发生面积最大、占7...     

云南省德宏州发现3种草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生蜂

重大迁飞性害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)自2019年1月入侵我国以来,已对我国粮食安全构成重大威胁。为加速对我国草地贪夜蛾寄生性天敌资源的发掘与防治潜能的评估,我们于2019年9月-11月对云南省德宏州玉米和小麦上草地贪夜蛾的寄生性天敌开展田间调查并对采集到的天敌进行分子鉴定。共发现3种草地贪夜蛾幼虫寄生蜂,分别为斯氏侧沟茧蜂Microplitis similis Lyle、半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum Hellen和斜纹夜蛾长距姬小蜂Euplectrus laphygmae Ferrière,田间最高自然寄生率分别为12.00%、22.30%和5.33%。另外,田间调查发现在玉米和大豆上斯氏侧沟茧蜂还可寄生与草地贪夜蛾同属的斜纹夜蛾S.litura幼虫;在大豆和杂草上斜纹夜蛾长距姬小蜂可寄生甜菜夜蛾S.exigua幼虫。本研究将为今后开展草地贪夜蛾天敌昆虫的保护和利用提供重要参考。     

草地贪夜蛾对云南德宏玉米经济损失评估及防治措施调查

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda自2019年1月入侵我国云南以来,快速蔓延为害,严重威胁我国的玉米生产和粮食安全。本研究基于云南省德宏州351份玉米农户调查数据,利用以直接经济损失和防治费用为基础的经济损失评估模型,估算了2019年草地贪夜蛾对德宏州玉米生产造成的经济损失,并分析了农户实际采用的防治措施。结果表明,2019年草地贪夜蛾对德宏州玉米生产造成的经济损失约为1 399.29万元,其中,玉米产量变化造成的直接经济损失约为366.51万元,农户防治投入增加和政府宣传、培训和防治等费用支出约为1 032.78万元。本研究不但为了解草地贪夜蛾对我国不同地区作物生产造成的经济损失提供例证,也为因地制宜地制定草地贪夜蛾防治策略提供科学依据。     

草地贪夜蛾对我国玉米产业的潜在经济损失评估

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,又称秋黏虫,起源于美洲。自2019年1月入侵我国云南以来,目前已扩散至我国25个省、市(区)。目前在我国发现的草地贪夜蛾主要为害玉米,本研究在收集了草地贪夜蛾的为害及防治情况,玉米的产量、面积、价格等相关数据的基础上,利用随机模型@RISK分别预测了其在防治与不防治场景下对我国玉米产业的潜在经济损失。结果表明,在不防治场景下,草地贪夜蛾对我国玉米的潜在经济损失总量的90%置信区间为375.68亿～3 283.45亿元,投入防治后可挽回的潜在经济损失90%置信区间为254.78亿～2 918.93亿元。因此,为保护我国玉米种植业的安全生产,应加强田间防治来降低其对我国玉米产业造成的潜在经济损失。     

草地贪夜蛾测报调查技术初探

2019年1月,联合国粮农组织全球预警的重大害虫草地贪夜蛾侵入我国云南并为害冬玉米。本文基于我国云南草地贪夜蛾发生分布现状和田间为害特征,提出了草地贪夜蛾成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹等不同虫态的种群监测方法,系统介绍了田间调查技术。同时,建议深入研究草地贪夜蛾区域性发生规律、推广自动化和智能化种群监测技术、制定草地贪夜蛾测报技术规范,旨在提高对草地贪夜蛾的监测预报水平。     

草地贪夜蛾与玉米灌浆期3种常见夜蛾科害虫的形态特征比较

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith)是全球预警的一种重大迁飞性农业害虫。2019年1月入侵我国,目前已扩散蔓延至我国24个省份。田间调查发现,在玉米灌浆期,草地贪夜蛾与黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)、劳氏黏虫Leucania loreyi(Duponchel)和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)等夜蛾科害虫常常混合发生,且形态相近,容易混淆,给调查和测报工作带来很大困难。本文详细描述了草地贪夜蛾卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的外部形态特征,比较了其与黏虫、劳氏黏虫和棉铃虫4个虫态在形态特征上的差别,以期为玉米灌浆期草地贪夜蛾的准确鉴别和田间调查提供依据,并为其精准测报奠定基础。     

云南省玉溪市草地贪夜蛾发生动态及特点

云南省玉溪市是我国草地贪夜蛾周年繁殖区。在2019—2021年,利用田间调查、性诱、高空灯诱等手段,对玉溪市草地贪夜蛾发生动态进行了调查。结果表明,草地贪夜蛾主要为害玉米,零星为害甘蔗、小麦、皇竹草;草地贪夜蛾在玉溪市可周年发生,在夏、秋季出现成虫诱捕高峰,2020、2021年发生程度轻于2019年;草地贪夜蛾成虫以夜间活动为主,18:00至翌日4:00成虫诱集量占24h总诱集量的82.55%,在19:00—20:00和23:00至翌日2:00各具1个诱集量高峰。     

草地贪夜蛾在湖北的越冬研究初探

湖北省位于我国中部,承接南北,区位优势十分明显。草地贪夜蛾在湖北省广大区域能否越冬直接影响翌年当地甚至华北草地贪夜蛾发生的早期预测、预警及防治策略的制定。为探明草地贪夜蛾在湖北的越冬规律,本研究采用室内低温试验,冬季室外越冬模拟试验及冬季田间调查等方法,初步明确了草地贪夜蛾在湖北的越冬情况。结果表明:经35 d的7℃低温胁迫,草地贪夜蛾幼虫、蛹、成虫均死亡;2019年12月15日-2020年3月1日在湖北省襄阳、武汉两地室外越冬模拟试验表明,2020年2月1日,即放虫后第47天两地均未发现存活虫体;2019年12月中旬-2020年4月中旬,湖北襄阳、武汉、通山田间生境调查表明,只有2019年12月15日在襄阳发现1头草地贪夜蛾5龄活体幼虫,其他各地均未发现存活虫体或诱捕到成虫。经过室内低温试验、室外越冬模拟试验及田间越冬调查,初步认为2019年-2020年冬季草地贪夜蛾在湖北大部分地区不能越冬。     

两种草地贪夜蛾卵寄生蜂的田间寄生作用调查

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith)为新入侵我国的重大害虫,对我国农业生产造成了巨大的威胁.为挖掘、评估及利用广西地区草地贪夜蛾的寄生蜂天敌资源,于2019年8月至10月、2020年8月在南宁市玉米产区进行了草地贪夜蛾寄生蜂的调查.共发现夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus(...     

玉米与不同植物间作模式的生态服务价值评估

为探究适宜山东省东营市玉米种植的高效间作模式，设置玉米-辣椒（4行∶5行）、玉米-大豆（4行∶6行）、玉米-花生（4行∶6行）和玉米-天人菊（4行∶6行）4种间作模式，以单作玉米作为对照组，基于农田生态系统服务功能价值理论，通过初级产品经济价值和人工及生产资料等投入成本来估算各间作模式的经济效益，并结合生态系统的控害能力、物种丰富度和土壤营养指标来综合评估各间作模式的生态服务价值。结果表明，相较于单作玉米模式，玉米-大豆和玉米-花生间作模式的经济效益分别增加了48.44%和13.02%；玉米-辣椒和玉米-大豆间作模式的虫害发生量显著减少了50.00%和68.75%，同时物种丰富度分别提高了32.21%和33.13%；玉米-大豆和玉米-花生间作模式的土壤有机质积累量分别显著提高了150.04%和131.49%。综合评估结果表明玉米-大豆间作的经济价值和土壤调节能力最优，玉米-天人菊间作的物种丰富度最高，其生态涵养能力最佳，可针对东营市玉米产业的不同需求选择适宜的间作模式。     

玉米大豆间作对玉米主要病虫害发生及其产量的影响

为明确玉米大豆间作模式对玉米主要病虫害发生及其产量的影响,利用2017-2018年2年的田间小区试验及2019年的大田试验,在作物生长期对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis、东方黏虫Mythimna seperata和玉米大斑病等主要病虫害发生情况进行调查和统计分析,并于收获期对间作作物产量进行测定.结果...     

肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响

为探究肥料减施下玉米-大豆间作对作物产量和昆虫群落组成及多样性的影响,在玉米、大豆单作及二者间作下施以标准肥料750 kg/hm~2和减半肥料375 kg/hm~2,于作物生长期调查田间昆虫群落组成及多样性,并在收获期对玉米和大豆进行测产。结果表明:与单作玉米相比,间作玉米在施用标准肥料下的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著增加78.33%、85.35%和38.71%,而在施用减半肥料下则分别显著增加90.91%、135.73%和33.33%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使单作玉米百株籽粒重显著降低22.45%。与单作大豆相比,在施用标准肥料下,间作大豆的百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低49.47%和11.54%,在施用减半肥料下,间作大豆的百株生物量、百株籽粒重和千粒重分别显著降低73.94%、50.51%和17.39%;相同种植模式下,与施用标准肥料相比,减半肥料使大豆在单作和间作下的百株籽粒重分别显著降低65.02%和65.73%,使间作下大豆的百株生物量和千粒重分别显著降低73.14%和17.39%。与单作相比,间作均显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米和大豆害虫群落的物种数、多样性指数和均匀度指数,还显著降低了标准肥料和减半肥料处理下玉米天敌昆虫群落的物种数和优势度指数以及大豆天敌昆虫群落的物种数和均匀度指数。表明玉米-大豆间作能有效提高玉米产量,降低虫害发生,但对大豆生产不利,而间作条件下减施肥料对玉米产量的影响更小。建议在田间生产中可将夏玉米和大豆间作种植,更有利于通过生态学方法控制田间害虫发生和增加作物总体产量。     

玉米抗粗缩病遗传及分子标记研究

Maize rough dwarf disease caused by Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is transmitted by planthopper in China. Identification and development of resistant hybrids are complicated because of the inconsistencies in viral disease pressure every year. Marker-assisted selection can provide means for main-taining virus resistance alleles even in the absence of disease. In this paper a F₂ segregation population was constructed to identity the molecular markers linked to the resistance gene using a cross between a resistant and a susceptible parents (Qi319×Ye107). Fifteen-day-old seedlings of F₂ population were exposed to small brown planthoppers carrying RBSDV for 3 days in specific inoculation chamber. The inoculated plants were transplanted to screenhouse after removing the insects completely. In plant maturity stage the disease resistance of all the individuals were visually assessed. The results showed that 17, 8, 11, 51 and 122 plants were scaled from 0-4 respectively, in which 0 means no symptoms and 4 represents highly susceptible. Chi-square test demonstrated that the segregation ratio of phenotype was 1∶15 (resistant: susceptible) or 1∶6∶9 (resistant∶moderate∶susceptible) in the F₂ population, indicating RBSDV resistance of maize was controlled by two recessive genes. The F₂ individuals DNA were extracted and 261 SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers derived from maize genome ten chromosomes were selected from maize GDB database to construct genetic linkage map. The linkage map consisted of 71 polymorphic SSR markers, spanning a genetic distance of 996.6 cM with an average interval of 14.0 cM between adjacent markers. The resistant and susceptible gene pools were set up for BSA (bulked segregant analysis) and 6 polymorphism markers were obtained with BSA-SSR method between the two pools. The F₂individuals were further analyzed with 6 polymorphism markers. Chi-square test showed that phi 051, umc1407 and umc1432, mapped on chromosome 7 and 10, exhibited segregation distortion significantly and very significantly in susceptible individuals. These three SSR markers were identified as potential markers linked to the resistant loci.     

Physio-biochemical and nutrient constituents of peanut plants under bentazone herbicide for broad-leaved weed control and water regimes in dry land areas

The abundance of broad-leaved weeds in peanut fields represents the handicap in weed management programs, since limited specific herbicides can be recommended to control them. Moreover, the physio-biochemical constituents and nutritional status in peanut plants as affected by available herbicides, i.e., bentazone under water stress conditions are not well known. Therefore, field trials were conducted during the growing seasons in 2016 and 2017 to investigate the interactional impact of irrigation levels (I₅₀, I₇₅ and I₁₀₀, representing irrigation by 50%, 75% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration, respectively) and weed control practices (bentazone, bentazone+hoeing once, hoeing twice and weedy check as control) on dominant broad-leaved weeds as well as peanut physiological and agronomic traits. Result indicated that the efficiency of weed control for each weeded treatment under I₅₀ significantly equaled with its counterpart under I₇₅ or I₁₀₀. Bentazone+hoeing once diminished weed biomass by 89.3% and enhanced chlorophyll content of peanut plants by 51.2%. Bentazone relatively caused a reduction in carotenoides. Hoeing twice and bentazone+hoeing once under I₁₀₀ in both growing seasons as well as hoeing twice under I₇₅ in 2017 were the superior combinations for boosting pod yield of peanut plants. Treatment of bentazone+hoeing once and I₇₅ recorded the lowest reduction in N utilization percentage and the highest increase in potassium utilization percentage of peanut plants. Eliminating weeds enhanced water use efficiency by 37.8%, 49.6% and 34.7% under I₅₀, I₇₅ and I₁₀₀, respectively. In conclusion, peanut seems to be tolerant to bentazone at moderate water supply, thus it can be safely used in controlling the associated broad-leaved weeds.     

Interactive effects of deficit irrigation and vermicompost on yield,quality, and irrigation water use efficiency of greenhouse cucumber

Water scarcity is the most significant barrier to agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions. Deficit irrigation is an effective solution for managing agricultural water in these regions. The use of additives such as vermicompost (VC) to improve soil characteristics and increase yield is a popular practice. Despite this, there is still a lack of understanding of the interaction between irrigation water and VC on various crops. This study aimed to investigate the interaction effect of irrigation water and VC on greenhouse cucumber yield, yield components, quality, and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). The trials were done in a split-plot design in three replicates in a semi-arid region of southeastern Iran in 2018 and 2019. Three levels of VC in the experiments, i.e., 10 (V₁), 15 (V₂), and 20 t/hm² (V₃), and three levels of irrigation water, i.e., 50% (I₁), 75% (I₂), and 100% (I₃) of crop water requirement were used. The results showed that the amount of irrigation water, VC, and their interaction significantly affected cucumber yield, yield components, quality, and IWUE in both years. Reducing the amount of irrigation water and VC application rates reduced the weight, diameter, length, and cucumber yield. The maximum yield (175 t/hm²) was recorded in full irrigation using 20 t/hm² of VC, while the minimum yield (98 t/hm²) was found in I₁V₁ treatment. The maximum and minimum values of IWUE were recorded for I₁V₃ and I₃V₁ treatments as 36.07 and 19.93 kg/(m³?hm²), respectively. Moreover, reducing irrigation amount decreased chlorophyll a and b, but increased vitamin C. However, the maximum carbohydrate and protein contents were obtained in mild water-stressed conditions (I₂). Although adding VC positively influenced the value of quality traits, no significant difference was observed between V₂ and V₃ treatments. Based on the results, adding VC under full irrigation conditions leads to enhanced yield and IWUE. However, in the case of applying deficit irrigation, adding VC up to a certain level (15 t/hm²) increases yield and IWUE, after which the yield begins to decline. Because of the salinity of VC, using a suitable amount of it is a key point to maximize IWUE and yield when applying a deficit irrigation regime.     

玉米-大豆间作对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

为绿色防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,通过生命表研究玉米和大豆对草地贪夜蛾生长发育和繁殖能力的影响,同时室内测定草地贪夜蛾幼虫和成虫对玉米及大豆的产卵选择性和取食趋向性,并通过室内和田间小区试验研究玉米-大豆间作对草地贪夜蛾种群发生的影响。结果显示,取食大豆后草地贪夜蛾可以完成生活史,但与取食玉米相比,取食大豆会导致草地贪夜蛾发育迟缓,存活率降低,成虫期缩短,繁殖力下降和产卵天数减少;取食玉米的草地贪夜蛾种群的内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增殖率均显著高于取食大豆的草地贪夜蛾种群,取食玉米的草地贪夜蛾种群的平均世代周期低于取食大豆的种群,但两者间差异不显著。与大豆相比,草地贪夜蛾幼虫和成虫均对玉米有明显的趋性。当玉米与大豆按照2∶2比例间作时,植株上的草地贪夜蛾着卵率为65.31%,显著低于玉米单作的着卵率。当大豆包围玉米和玉米与大豆按照2∶2比例间作时,玉米的被害率分别为86.67%和85.56%,均显著低于玉米单作的被害率。表明玉米与大豆按适度比例间作可以显著降低草地贪夜蛾的发生和为害。     

甜玉米与木薯间套作对二斑叶螨的生态调控效果

为生态调控我国木薯主产区主要外来入侵害虫二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae,以甜玉米YT29和食用木薯品种SC9 （抗虫）及工业原料木薯品种SC205 （感虫）为供试材料,系统开展甜玉米与这2种木薯间套种对二斑叶螨调控效果的研究。结果表明,二斑叶螨对SC9表现出非适宜性,而对YT29和SC205表现出适宜性。取食SC9的二斑叶螨各虫态发育历期均显著长于取食YT29和SC205的,幼螨-后若螨死亡率显著高于取食YT29和SC205的,雌、雄成螨寿命显著短于取食YT29和SC205的,单雌产卵量、卵孵化率和雌性百分率均显著低于取食YT29和SC205的,但取食YT29和取食SC205的二斑叶螨的发育和繁殖之间无显著差异。4/YT29-2/SC9间套作模式对二斑叶螨的生态调控效果最好,不仅3年螨害指数显著低于SC9单作、 SC205单作及2/YT29-2/SC205间套作模式,而且其3年平均产量达39.1 t/hm²,显著高于SC9单作 （32.1 t/hm²）、 4/YT29-2/SC205间套作模式（20.5 t/hm²）和SC205单作（12.0 t/hm²）的平均产量。表明甜玉米与抗虫木薯品种间套作模式具有调控虫害、增产的作用,可以在我国木薯种植区大面积推广应用。     

甘蔗间作玉米对亚洲玉米螟发生为害的控制作用

为明确甘蔗间作玉米对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)发生和为害的控制作用,于2012—2013年在云南省元江县甘蔗种植区设置甘蔗间作玉米小区,采用目测法和马氏网法系统调查了该生境下亚洲玉米螟卵块密度与卵粒密度、蛀孔密度与百秆虫量、寄生性天敌昆虫种类及其种群动态。结果表明:与甘蔗间作种植的玉米上亚洲玉米螟落卵量、蛀孔密度、百秆虫量均明显低于单作玉米田,2012和2013年,间作玉米上百株卵块数比单作玉米分别减少了29.32%和35.73%,每卵块所含的卵粒数分别减少了34.22%和51.02%,百秆玉米蛀孔数分别减少了42.53%和31.25%,百秆虫量分别降低了58.18%和52.73%。间作田中亚洲玉米螟的3种主要寄生蜂螟蛉绒茧蜂Apanteles ruficrus、黄眶离缘姬蜂Trathala flavoorbitalis和大螟钝唇姬蜂Eriborus terebrans的种群密度显著高于单作玉米田,而数量较少的广大腿小蜂Brachymeria lasus及广黑点瘤姬蜂Xanthopimpla punctata种群密度在间作与单作田间无显著差异。表明甘蔗间作玉米对亚洲玉米螟的发生为害具有明显的控制作用,可用于亚洲玉米螟的生态控制。     

Ecophysiological characteristics of four maize hybrids and Abutilon theophrasti

Combining empirical research with simulation modelling may improve our understanding of the dynamics of crop:weed competition and for testing hypotheses on the importance of specific traits for enhancing crop performance in mixtures. Two field experiments were conducted to quantify and compare estimates of traits important for radiation interception and utilization in four maize hybrids and Abutilon theophrasti grown in monoculture. Early leaf area growth rate did not vary among maize hybrids within a year, but varied among years. The response of CO₂ assimilation rate to absorbed radiation and leaf nitrogen content did not differ among hybrids. Abutilon theophrasti and two old maize hybrids partitioned more new biomass to stem relative to reproductive organs than newer hybrids. Old hybrids had greater specific leaf area during the period of most rapid growth, grew taller, and leaf area was distributed higher in their canopy. Extinction coefficients for diffuse radiation did not differ among hybrids or between years. Results suggest that these four maize hybrids may differ in their ability to intercept incident radiation, which may influence their ability to compete for light.