小麦花药培养的基因型差异与杂交组合配制

选用216个不同基因型F1进行花药培养，研究分析不同基因型的花药培养力反应规律，结果表明，不同基因型的花药培养力差异很大，高培养力及低培养基因型各占1／4左右，而中培养力基因型占1／2左右，不花培育种中的桥梁亲本选择问题进行了分析，筛选出具有高培养力和高度，优质基因的花培桥梁亲本。     

小麦花药培养的基因型效应及优良基因型筛选

为进一步提高小麦花药培养的效率,从而加快花培育种的进程,对140份不同基因型的小麦亲本及其杂种F1和F3代进行花药培养,并对各世代不同基因型小麦的花药培养力进行研究。结果表明：小麦不同基因型及亲本的花药愈伤组织诱导率在2.89%~41.25%之间,平均为3.55%,绿苗分化率在0%~70.00%之间,平均为33.05%;114份不同基因型小麦F1代杂种材料中,有107份材料能够诱导出愈伤组织,愈伤组织诱导率最低为0%,最高为76.25%,平均为11.59%,绿苗分化率在0%~160.00%之间,平均为29.20%;F3代材料均能诱导出愈伤组织,愈伤诱导率在4.58%~80.83%之间,平均为16.39%,绿苗分化率在0%~71.43%之间,平均为34.99%。因此,不同基因型小麦材料的愈伤组织诱导率、绿苗分化率和绿苗产率在各材料间差异很大。依据高培养力组合亲本组配的规律,筛选到可作为桥梁亲本的材料（品种）有：‘宁春4号’、Jinghong No.2、‘鉴63’、Chuanmai 18、Synthderiv.29589、S111、D-27、‘晋匽746-9’和K6-39等。     

小麦定向育种中的亲本选配法

本文结合中国部分冬小麦品种的性状资料,提出定向育种中亲本选配的一种方法。从考察的品种数量性状主成分分析结果来看,第一主成分所对应的特征向量决定性状是与产量有关的单株粒重、千粒重、每穗粒数等性状,并进行了聚类分析,用以着重探讨以产量为主要目标的育种优势分析;第二、三主成分所对应的特征向量决定性状与株高和穗     

小麦产量的基因型×环境互作效应分析

品种稳定性取决于品种的基因型×环境互作,互作越大品种越不稳定。自Mooers(1921)用线性回归分析GE(品种×环境)互作,30年代Immer(1934)等,又首次用联合方差分析法,分析作物品种区域试验品种适应性以来,作物GE互作问题,是评价品种在不同环境条件下适应性的中心,1936年Finlay等引用回归系数(bi)     

杂种小麦生长发育及产量结构分析

杂种小麦生长发育及产量结构分析张艳敏，李晋生，王勤，黄瑞恒（河北省粮油作物所石家庄０５００３１）本文以常规小麦为对照，初步探讨化杀杂种小麦的生长发育特点及其源库关系的进一步协调问题。１材料与方法试验于１９９１～１９９２年度在石家庄河北省粮油作物所试验...     

距离分析方法在小麦亲本选配中的应用研究

作者对距离分析方法在小麦亲本选配中的应用问题做了系统研究,本文是这一研究的总结报告。结果表明:1.遗传距离与杂种优势的关系受试验材料的影响。从聚类结果来看,在小麦育种中选择类间亲本进行杂交要优于类内亲本间的杂交。2.就性状选用方法而言,广义遗传力法要优于常规法和权重法。3.距离分析所反映的遗传差异不同于亲缘差     

分次施肥对不同基因型玉米生长发育和产量的影响

研究了分次施肥对玉米的株高、秃顶长度、果穗长度、果穗重量和产量的影响。试验表明。分次施肥对玉米的秃顶长度、果穗长度、果穗重量以及产量均有影响。玉米品种间差异影响大于分次施肥的影响。     

小麦茎质系数的基因型差异及与产量性状关系的初步研究

利用11个不同的小麦基因型,对茎质系数的基因型差异及其与产量性状的关系进行了初步研究.结果表明茎质系数在小麦基因型间存在极显著差异,与单茎草重、穗粒数、千粒重、穗粒重呈极显著的正相关,与穗数、经济系数呈极显著的负相关,重穗型品种的茎质系数极显著地高于多穗型品种,但其经济系数、子粒产量/草产量(库源比)极显著地低于多穗型品种,选育中间型品种可以实现高产与抗倒的有机结合.     

Aneuploid Analysis of Anther Culture Response in Wheat

Genetic stocks of Triticum aestivum including the disomic, 8 ditelosomic and 3 nullisomic-tetrasomic ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat lines were employed to ascertain the chromosomal arm locations of the genes acting on the production of embryos from micro-spores and on the regeneration capacity (green and albina) of the microspore-derived embryos. All these aneuploid lines differed significantly from the parental line ‘Chinese Spring’ for embryo production. Our results confirmed or in most cases established that genes affecting embryo production are located on several chromosomal arms: IBS, 1BL, 3AS, 3AL, 5AS, SAL, 5BS, 5BL, 7DS, 7DL. Whereas most of the chromosomal arms stimulate the production of embryos from the microspores, IBS and 1BL reduce it. The results of plant production from microspore-derived embryos suggest that the genes increasing regeneration ability are located on CS5A chromosome and are likely associated to a gene increasing green plant frequency. On the contrary, the 1BL arm increases the albina frequency.     

冬小麦常用亲本以及配组一代花药培养力的研究

对３００个冬小麦常用亲本和它们的部分Ｆ１后代花药培养力的研究表明，愈伤组织诱导率和绿苗分化率都是可遗传性状。它们受不同的遗传基因控制，具有各自的遗传特性。杂种１代的愈伤组织诱导率具有明显的加性效应和杂种优势，而绿苗分化率则介于双亲之间。     

基因型对陆地棉花药离体培养反应的影响

对２７种棉花基因型的花药在离体培养中的反应进行了比较,结果表明：所有的基因型在合适的培养条件下均能高频率地形成愈伤组织,但不同基因型间愈伤组织诱导率和诱导量不同;再生植株的花药比原始亲本的花药易诱导出愈伤组织;品种间杂种表现出部分优势,但不明显。本试验中,仅鲁棉６号和Ｓｉｏｋｒａ１－３两个品种诱导获得了胚性愈伤组织、胚状体和再生植株,且二者之间也存在着差别。从基因型在棉花花药培养中的效应、外界调控对棉花不同基因型花药培养效果的影响、棉花花药培养与体细胞培养基因型差异的比较等三个方面进行了讨论,提出了棉花花药培养愈伤组织诱导和植株再生是受两套遗传基因控制的遗传性状,并提出了棉花组织培养植株再生的阈值问题     

Components of Response in Barley Anther Culture

Anther culture response with 17 widely-grown varieties and one model variety of barley was studied with one replication from field-grown donor plants and one replication from a growth-chamber. Plants were regenerated from all 18 varieties and green plants were obtained from 16 of them. On average, 1.6 green plants were obtained per 100 cultured anthers from all the material. Estimated variance components for the formation of embryos/callus from the anthers were dominated by the effects of the genotypes and interactions between plant material and environments which together accounted for 60.1 and 17.0 % of the total variation respectively, while environments were nonsignificant for this character. Plant regeneration from embryos/callus were not significantly influenced by either genotype or environments. Components of variance for green plant formation were dominated by the effects of the genotypes, accounting for 73.2 % of the total variation, and a smaller effect from environments accounting for 11.2% of the total variation. Main effects from genotypes on the percentage of green regenerants divided 7 varieties into two distinct groups, indicating that major genetic factors were involved. The genetic basis for green plant regeneration seems different from that governing embryo formation. The results are discussed with respect to the possible prediction of anther culture response for new barley hybrids, as a means for directing the use of barley anther culture towards material that responds well.     

小麦花培材料适宜接种密度研究

为了使小麦花培育种顺利开展,提高优质小麦花培育种的成功率,摸索了各试验材料适宜的接种密度。采用8种不同优质麦材料（品种、组合）在相同体积培养基里进行接种试验。结果表明,各试验材料适宜的接种密度不尽相同,其中‘石4185’ 、‘周麦16号’ 和‘F129号’最佳的接种密度分别为100~120枚/瓶,90~115枚/瓶,74~115枚/瓶。各试验材料愈伤组织诱导率从高到低依次为‘石4185’、‘周麦16号’、‘F129号’、‘邯6172’、‘F1166号’、‘F1167号’、‘F123号’、‘藁优8901’。研究表明,除了‘邯6172’,‘石4185’、‘周麦16号’和‘F129号’这3个材料与其他材料的愈伤组织诱导率有显著差异可以用作花培研究而其他材料则不建议做深入的花培研究。     

Effect of Cultivar, Incubation Temperature, and Stage of Microspore Development on Anther Culture in Wheat and Triticale

Effects of incubation temperature and developmental stage of microspores on polyhaploid production in three wheat cultivars‘Pavon 76′, ‘Kitt’, and ‘Chris’ and one triticale cultivar, ‘T81′, were studied using a one-step medium. Calli failing to differentiate on the one-step medium were placed on a medium containing 1 mg/l indole-3-acctic acid (IAA) and 2 mg/1 6-furfurylaminopunne (KIN). Anthers containing either early- or late-uninucleate microspores were incubated in dark at 26, 28 or 32°C lor 3 days prior to transfer to 26°C. Averaged over temperatures and microspore stages, frequency of calli and green plantlets were 8.9 % and 3.4 %, respectively, for wheat cultivar‘Pavon 76′, 8.4 % and 1.6 % for cultivar ‘Kitt’, 4.5 % and 0.25 % for cultivar ‘Chris’, and 2.9 % and 0.12 % for the triticale cultivar‘T81′. However, cultivar-by-developmental-stage interaction was significant for frequency of callus induction. Temperature had no significant effects on callus induction and plantlet regeneration. Anthers containing early-unmucleate microspores produced no polyhaploids.     

大麦花药培养力的遗传模式分析

用轮回式部分双列杂交法对大麦花药离体培养力进行基因型差异及配合力分析。结果表明, 花药愈伤组织诱导率的基因型差异显著;一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力（SCA）是相互独立的, 且其方差均达极显著水平;遗传的差异既包含加性效应,也包括显性效应,但加性效应更为重要。因而针对花药愈伤组织诱导率而言,GCA效应是首要的,在GCA效应高的基础上,选配SCA效应高的组合,通过杂交可以选育出花药愈伤组织诱导率高的基因型。     

Studies of the Genetic Relationship between Anther Culture and Somatic Tissue Culture Abilities in Wheat

A population of thirty-eight doubled haploid lines, developed from the F₁ between two wheat parents differing in anther culture and somatic tissue culture responses, ‘was used to examine the genetical control of responses to these in vitro systems. During anther culture genetic variation between lines was exhibited for frequencies of callus induction., embryo production and embryo regeneration rates. In addition the relative frequencies of green and albino plants was shown to be genotype dependent. However, there was no correlation, between the frequencies of embryo production and the regeneration rate of those embryos suggesting an independent genetic control of these two components. Transgressive segregation for performance was observed for all components indicating that at least two genes are involved in the response of each, and lines for improved performance, combining high ernoryo production rates and good regeneration capacity were identified. No genetic variation for frequencies of callus induction from immature embryos was observed in this cross. However, genetic variation for the regeneration frequencies of plants was observed. Lines with an improved tissue culture response over the two parents were identified. There was no correlation between the performance of lines in anther culture and somatic tissue culture, indicating separate genetical control, and lines with alternative levels of response to the two systems were identified.