Fission Product Gamma Activity with Northerly Winds and with Southerly Winds

The gamma ray activity of particulate matter filtered from air samples of northerly winds and of southerly winds has been studied during the period October 1961 to May 1963 with a scintillation spectrometer. It was found that the gamma activity at 0.75, 0.49, and 0.145 Mev was greater when the wind was southerly than when the wind was northerly during the months December through May; the opposite was true from June through September. The gamma ray activity was least during the summer of 1962, the decrease being more pronounced for southerly winds than for northerly winds. These results can be accounted for by modifying the Brewer-Dobson theory of stratospheric circulation so that during most of the year stratospheric debris first reaches the ground south of latitude 40 degrees N. No diurnal effect on the gamma ray activity of the samples could be detected.     

营口海陆风对比分析

利用2010年4~11月份营口市海上灯船自动站、团山岸基自动站和西炮台自动站的逐时平均最大风速资料,从风向、季节和天气系统等方面,对营口海陆风进行分析。结果表明,营口地区多南到西南风和东北到北风,陆地风力一般在5级以下,出现7级大风,海面风力大多在6级以下,出现9级大风。一般来说,春、夏、秋季海陆东风风力均较小;春季海陆风力相当或大1级;夏季多偏南风,偏北风偏小,海面风力比陆地大1~2级;秋季海面风力比陆地大1~2级。不同影响系统下海面大风,主要考虑偏南大风和偏北大风。偏南大风有海上高压后部低压前部类和东北地形槽类;偏北大风有冷锋类和南来气旋类。海面大风多出现在夜间尤其是后半夜。陆地大风多出现在白天,大多在午后出现最大风力。     

基于环流形势及地面要素分析不同类型沙尘特征

应用2006—2015年地面观测资料、micaps常规天气图资料对辽宁西部锦州地区偏南大风和偏北大风型沙尘天气的环流形势及地面要素特征进行对比分析。结果表明,锦州市沙尘天气以扬沙为主,根据风向可分为偏南大风型和偏北大风型,偏北大风型沙尘发生时均受冷空气东移南下影响,850 hPa锋区迅速东移南压,偏北风风速20 m/s以上,冷平流显著;偏南大风型500 h Pa锦州地区受高空槽前西南气流或中纬度较为平直的偏西气流控制,850 hPa受温度脊控制,暖平流明显,对流层低层干燥且升温显著,风力加大,大气层结为中性或弱不稳定;偏南大风型沙尘风力和相对湿度明显大于偏北大风型,伴随强烈的正变温和负变压,偏北大风型以负变温和正变压为主。     

角倍蚜虫夏寄生盐肤木物候期的观察研究

角倍蚜虫夏寄主盐肤木物候期观察研究结果表明：坡向对物候期影响较大，不同坡向盐肤木的萌芽、展叶、开花、结实、落叶等物候现象存在一定程度的差异，出现最早的是南坡，最迟的基本上是北坡．福建南平适宜引种放养角倍蚜虫的展叶期是３月下旬至４月上旬；展叶早、速度快、历期短的是南坡，历期仅１０天，于３月底结束；历期较长的是东坡，约２０天，展叶盛期可持续到４月上旬；放养排序为：南坡＞山凹＞西坡＞北坡＞东坡．     

Roadrunners: activity of captive individuals

Two roadrunners, Geococcyx californianus, readily accepted an activity wheel as an outlet for locomotor activity. The birds were strictly diurnal and tended to be most active per unit of time in the predusk hours. There was less activity on partly overcast days than on clear days. Dim light and darkness were strongly inhibitory, even during daytime hours; bright light was stimulatory, even during nighttime hours. These findings appear to open the way for quantitative comparative studies of the influences of environmental factors on the activity of cursorial birds.     

Behavioral Observations on Introduced Hu Sheep in Henan Province,China

Hu Sheep is a local sheep breed in the plain of Taihu,China.Due to the natural conditions in Taihu and human domestication,Hu Sheep is gradually featured with high adaptability,fast growth rate,early maturity and high productivity,which make them to be a unique and rare breed of sheep.In the present study,an experiment was conducted by means of instantaneous scan sampling,focal animal sampling and all-occurrence sampling to learn about Hu Sheep's behavior and activity pattern under certain feeding management and ecological condition.The result showed that the activity time budgets for several behaviors were different between rams and ewes,with respect to feeding (rams 30.60％ vs.ewes 33.23％),ruminating (33.43％ vs.35.30％);sleeping (19.92％ vs.13.69％),standing (4.13％ vs.5.26％),moving (8.10％ vs.7.46％),and other behaviors (3.86％ vs.5.06％).A circadian activity rhythm was shown in some behaviors;e.g.,total feeding time was greater in the daytime than at night,whereas resting time showed the opposite tendency.Moving mostly occurred in the daytime,and ruminating mainly occurred at night.Additionally,feeding activity occurred 32.22 times per day in rams and 31.73 times per day in ewes,whereas ruminating activity after feeding occurred 19.83 times per day in rams and 24.34 times per day in ewes.For each food bolus,the average ruminating time was 51.22 s in rams and 49.52 s in ewes,with 68.22 bouts of rumination per day in rams and 57.35 bouts of rumination in ewes.By conducting the experiment,we studied and grasped the local Hu Sheep's main behavior and regularity which are of great significance on improving the feeding management and reducing diseases.     

北京松山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物分布规律

利用红外相机对北京松山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物分布规律进行调查。于2013年11月至2014年11月,在20个位点布设红外相机,拍摄到有效照片1 558张,共鉴定出物种35种,其中兽类12种、鸟类23种。兽类中拍摄率最高的前4种分别为岩松鼠、猪獾、狗獾、豹猫,鸟类中拍摄率最高的前4种分别为雉鸡、红嘴蓝鹊、斑鸫、紫啸鸫。拍摄到危险野生动物野猪9次,且多在傍晚和夜间,基本不会对白天活动的游客安全构成威胁,但对露营的游客构成潜在危险。红外相机在不同海拔区间以及不同月份的拍摄率不同,低海拔拍摄率高于中海拔和高海拔拍摄率;9月份拍摄率最高,达到53.64%,12月份最低,为3.71%。另外,不同野生动物在每日不同时间段的出现频率不同。表明野生动物在旅游路线周边的空间和时间上具有一定分布规律。本研究对红外相机监测旅游线路周边野生动物资源的实际意义进行了讨论,同时有助于保障松山国家级自然保护区的旅游安全,提高防控预警能力。      

Celestial rotation: its importance in the development of migratory orientation

Three groups of indigo buntings were hand-raised in various conditions of visual isolation from celestial cues. When they had been prevented from viewing the night sky prior to the autumn migration season, birds tested under planetarium skies were unable to select the normal migration direction. By contrast, when they had been exposed as juveniles to a normal, rotating, planetarium sky, individuals displayed typical southerly directional preferences. The third group was exposed to an incorrect planetarium sky in which the stars rotated about a fictitious axis. When tested during the autumn, these birds took up the "correct" migration direction relative to the new axis of rotation. These results fail to support the hypothesis of a "genetic star map." They suggest, instead, a maturation process in which stellar cues come to be associated with a directional reference system provided by the axis of celestial rotation.     

云南古茶园与常规茶园小气候特征比较研究

对单一种植的常规茶园和天然林下的古茶园茶叶萌芽期小气候观测资料的对比分析表明：古茶园由于有高大树木的遮蔽，减弱了阳光的直接照射，其冠顶光照强度远小于常规茶园和旷地；并且造成古茶园昼间的树冠附近热力效应呈现负值，降低了茶树近旁气温；而夜间的热力效应呈现正值，起到保持茶树近旁的气温的作用．常规茶园由于没有其他树木的遮蔽，其光照强度与旷地接近，导致白天茶树近旁气温高于旷地，而夜间低于旷地，显示了不同种植方法对茶树近旁气温的影响是十分显著的．水汽压常规茶园昼问高于古茶园，而夜晚低于古茶园；相对湿度则是昼间常规茶园低于古茶园，夜晚高于古茶园．由此可知，古茶园光照较弱、昼间平均气温低、夜间平均气温高，日较差较小，湿度适中，适合于茶树生长，有利于茶树体内物质的形成和积累，导致茶叶品质的提高，乃是古茶园能够长期维持较好品质的原因之一．     

1963～2012年长春市极端气温事件变化特征

利用1963 ～2012年长春市的最高和最低气温资料,采用百分位阈值法确定暖日、暖夜和冷日、冷夜的标准,采用非参数Z统计量检验法、线性倾向估计法和M-K突变检测方法,研究长春市50年的极端气温事件的变化特征.结果表明,长春市的暖日和暖夜呈现上升的变化趋势,上升速率分别为1.44和5.50个/10a;而冷日和冷夜则呈现减少的趋势,减少的速率分别为1.61和5.35个/10a;同时夜间增暖幅度大于白天;极端温度变化的阶段性特征明显,近50年的暖日和冷日、冷夜存在突变.秋季的暖日增加最为显著,春季次之;夏季的暖夜增加最为显著,冬季次之;而冷日和冷夜的减少主要存在于春季和冬季;四季的气温均在变暖,其中以春季、冬季变暖最明显;2月暖日的增加和冷日、冷夜的减少最为明显,暖夜则在6月变化最显著.     

潮汐对长江口南支刀鲚仔稚鱼垂直分布及昼夜变化的影响

为了探讨潮汐对长江口南支刀鲚仔稚鱼的垂直分布及昼夜变化的影响,2017年5—9月在长江口南支的南北纵向断面设立2个站位点,采用大型仔稚鱼网(口径1.3 m,网目0.5 mm)在每月大潮期间依据潮汐(涨潮采样4次和退潮采样4次)逆流进行昼夜、表中层水平拖网,共拖网160次,采集刀鲚仔稚鱼369尾,发育阶段由前弯曲期仔鱼到稚鱼。表层刀鲚仔稚鱼平均密度(0.851尾/100 m~3)大于中层(0.145尾/100 m~3)。涨潮时前弯曲期仔鱼和弯曲期仔鱼密度,表层大于中层,白天大于夜间;退潮时表层大于中层,白天大于夜间。后弯曲期仔鱼的平均密度白天小于夜间,涨潮小于退潮;稚鱼白天涨潮的平均密度表层为0,中层为0.14尾/100 m~3,白天退潮表层为0.14尾/100 m~3,中层为0。研究结果表明:在涨潮和退潮时,前弯曲期和弯曲期仔鱼表层分布大于中层,后弯曲期仔鱼和稚鱼趋于中层分布;后弯曲期仔鱼和稚鱼白天涨潮时趋于中层,白天退潮时又趋于表层,夜间分布大于白天。     

干旱且无昼夜温差条件下玉米叶片Ψ_w、Ψ_s、Ψ_p和叶片伸长速度的变化

以盆栽玉米（掖单４号）幼苗为材料，在土壤缓慢干旱但无昼夜温差条件下，研究了叶片Ψｗ、Ψｓ、Ψｐ和叶片伸长速度的昼夜变化。结果表明干旱条件下，白天叶片伸长速度大于夜间叶片伸长速度；白天叶基部Ψｐ值高于夜间Ψｐ值；白天叶基部的高Ψｐ_值是Ψｓ值增加（即渗透调节作用）所致。Ψｐ值较高是白天叶片伸长速度较高的重要原因。     

伊普吕肉兔血浆生长激素(GH)水平及其影响因素研究

选用4月龄伊普吕肉兔12只,雌雄各半,分别于白天(13:00)、夜晚(0:00)、饥饿24h、热应激(38℃,15min)状态下经耳缘静脉采血,以放射免疫分析法检测生长激素(GH)水平.试验结果显示,该品种兔血浆GH水平白天((0.80±0.08)μg/L)高于夜晚((0.73±0.05)μg/L);应激((0.93±...     

非对称连跨式节能温室的温度性能分析

分析了非对称连跨式节能温室内温度的空间分布及季节性的变化趋势。从南北向上看,夜晚温差为1~2℃,白天高温区在北墙和距北墙6 m、12~14 m处,低温区在距北墙8~10 m处;从东西向上看,夜晚温差为2~3℃,白天高温区在距东部40~50 m处,而阴天变化较小;从垂直差异上看,夜晚温度极差平均为0.2℃,白天温度极差随着高度的增加而增大。非对称连跨式节能温室夏季比露地延长60 d,冬季比露地缩短60 d,可实现长季节栽培。     

松花湖山地温湿度特征分析研究

通过对松花湖山地小气候的观测分析表明,初夏时期,山地的日平均气温显著低于市区,彼此的差异在白天更加明显,山地气温日较差比市区小;山地气温随高度升高而降低,气温递减率平均为0.74℃/100m;在一天之内,气温随高度升高而降低的情况有双波型的规律。山地相对湿度随高度升高而增加,山地各高度的日平均相对湿度明显高于市区,这种白天差异更明显。一日之内水汽压的差异,白天山地高于市区,夜间低于市区,水汽压随高度升高而降低。     

华航一号和华航八号与原品种剑叶光合产物输出的比较

空间诱变水稻新品种华航一号和新品系华航八号与各自的原品种相比，灌浆期剑叶都表现出ATP酶活性较高；细胞质果糖-1，6-二磷酸酯酶(FBP酶)活性较低；白天蔗糖积累较少，淀粉积累较多；夜间光合产物输出的总量较多．水稻千粒质量和单穗质量与剑叶上午淀粉积累呈正相关，与剑叶夜间光合产物总量下降呈正相关，与剑叶上午蔗糖积累呈负相关．     

田岙沙滩碎波带仔稚鱼群落结构的昼夜变化

为了探明田岙沙滩碎波带仔稚鱼群落结构的昼夜变化规律,2010年10月-2011年9月每月用小型拖网(1 m×4 m,网目1 mm)在田岙沙滩进行昼夜调查。全年共采集到仔稚、幼鱼484尾,隶属于22科33种,其中海洋鱼类14种,河口鱼类11种,洄游鱼类6种,淡水鱼类2种。(Liza haematocheila)为最优势种,占仔稚鱼总个体数的29.5%。仔稚鱼白天的CPUE和种类数显著高于夜间(P<0.01)。仔稚鱼丰度在6:00-8:00和14:00-18:00两个时间段较高,种类数在6:00-8:00和12:00-18:00两个时间段较多。研究结果表明:仔稚鱼白天倾向于在碎波带浅水区活动,夜间选择碎波带浅水区生活的可能性不大。研究亮点:本研究首次对沙滩碎波带浅水区的鱼类早期资源进行了昼夜调查,得出了该水域仔稚鱼群落结构的昼夜变化规律和移动模式,为鱼类早期发育阶段的行为学研究和渔业早期资源的利用提供基础科学依据。     

半刺厚唇鱼的耗氧率与窒息点

采用封闭式流水装置,测定2种不同规格半刺厚唇鱼Acrossocheilius hemispinus的耗氧率与窒息点。结果表明:半刺厚唇鱼的耗氧率和窒息点均与体质量呈负相关,即大规格试验鱼的耗氧率和窒息点均低于小规格试验鱼;不同规格半刺厚唇鱼的耗氧率存在明显的昼夜节律变化,属于"昼伏夜出型"。综合半刺厚唇鱼的耗氧率、耗氧率昼夜变化节律及窒息点表现,在人工养殖过程中,建议饲料投喂的适宜时间为9:00~11:00和17:00~19:00,同时注意确保养殖水体中溶氧充足。     

The appearance of sustained equatorial surface westerlies during the 1982 pacific warm event

In June 1982 a band of anomalous southerly surface wind, extending from the equator as far south as the Tasman Sea, formed east of Australia (150 degrees E to 160 degrees E). This flow crossed the equator just before the appearance of sustained westerly winds on the equator somewhat west of the date line. Because these westerly winds induced the initial strong equatorial warming of the ocean east of the date line during the 1982 El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event, the southerly jet appears to be an important atmospheric component leading to the onset of the vigorous phase of this event. Some historical evidence suggests that anomalous southerly winds in the same region occurred prior to the appearance of sustained equatorial westerly winds in the major ENSO events of 1957, 1965, and 1972.     

西平麦区蚜虫发病规律及防治措施研究

为了防治小麦蚜虫。通过"三密"(行距为20 cm)、"三稀"(行距为35 cm)播种方式和夜间、白天防除的对比试验研究蚜虫的防治措施。蚜虫危害程度与播种密度、施药时期和时间有关。稀行能抑制蚜虫的大量繁殖,减少打药次数;密植使农田中的空气湿度增加,利于蚜虫的繁殖。在有翅蚜刚刚来临时打药,防治效果好;白天打药对蚜虫的防治效果没有夜晚好。采用有翅蚜夜间综合防除技术,可以减少施药量和施药次数。