板栗壳对水中Cu2＋吸附性能的研究

【目的】研究食品加工剩余物板栗壳对水中Cu2+的吸附性能,为其用于含铜废水的处理提供理论依据。【方法】研究吸附质溶液pH、Cu2+质量浓度、吸附剂用量、粒径、吸附温度和时间对板栗壳吸附Cu2+效果的影响,探讨吸剂和吸附剂循环利用次数对解吸和再生的影响;并采用穿透曲线和洗脱曲线对动态吸附进行了分析。【结果】吸附质溶液pH值为6、Cu2+起始质量浓度为20 mg/L、吸附剂粒径为0.25 mm时的吸附效果较好,该吸附为放热过程,升高温度虽然可以加快吸附进程,但却降低了吸附量和去除率。Na+和Ca2+对Cu2+的解吸置换能力较弱,0.1mol/L HCl可使96.1%的Cu2+得以解吸回收。通过Thomas模型预测,在固定床柱吸附条件下饱和吸附量为10.94mg/g。【结论】板栗壳对水中Cu2+的吸附性能较好,因而具有很好的应用前景。     

核桃壳对水中Fe3+吸附性能的研究

利用核桃壳研究其对水中Fe3+的吸附性能及吸附质溶液pH、Fe3+质量浓度、核桃壳用量、粒径、吸附温度和时间(吸附动力学)对核桃壳吸附Fe3+效果的影响.结果表明:吸附质溶液pH值为3,Fe3+起始质量浓度为50mg·L-1、吸附剂粒径为0.15 mm时的吸附效果最佳;二级动力学模型能很好的描述核桃壳对水溶液中Fe3+...     

如何防止西瓜幼苗带壳出土

西瓜幼苗出土时，连同种皮一起带出地面，致使子叶不能及时伸展的现象称为“带壳出土”（瓜农称之为“带帽”）。西瓜幼苗带壳出土，轻者影响子叶的光合作用，严重时子叶黄化、枯萎或形成“高脚苗”，对培育壮苗极为不利。     

Electron solvation in two dimensions

Ultrafast two-photon photoemission has been used to study electron solvation at two-dimensional metal/polar-adsorbate interfaces. The molecular motion that causes the excess electron solvation is manifested as a dynamic shift in the electronic energy. Although the initially excited electron is delocalized in the plane of the interface, interactions with the adsorbate can lead to its localization. A method for determining the spatial extent of the localized electron in the plane of the interface has been developed. This spatial extent was measured to be on the order of a single adsorbate molecule.     

NaCl对杉木中水分子扩散影响的机理研究

【目的】NaCl的存在会改变木材中水分子的扩散行为,使水分子"易进入"或"难扩散",从而影响了木材的吸湿性和平衡含水率。研究其影响机理对含盐木质文物的保护具有重要意义。【方法】以杉木为研究对象,制作了不同含盐率的杉木试件,开展吸湿与干燥试验,探究盐分对杉木中水分扩散的宏观影响规律;建立了杉木的分子模型,采用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法分别研究了水分子进入含盐与不含盐两种模型的过程,以及水分子在两种模型中的扩散行为。通过平衡构型、相对浓度分布等参数分析水分子进入两种模型结果的差异;通过均方位移、吸附能、径向分布函数、氢键等参数分析两种模型中的水分子与纤维素分子、半纤维素分子、木质素分子等杉木主要组成成分之间的相互作用关系,定性解释了盐分影响杉木中水分扩散的微观机理。【结果】试验结果表明杉木试件的吸湿速率随着含盐率的升高而增大;在含水率低于80%范围内,干燥速率随含盐率的升高而减小。MD模拟结果表明,水分子更容易进入含有NaCl的杉木分子模型中,但NaCl会抑制水分子在杉木分子模型中的扩散。模型中各分子之间的相互作用分析结果显示,NaCl与水分子间有很强的吸附作用,但会降低水分子与杉木之间作...     

Organic molecules and water in the planet formation region of young circumstellar disks

The chemical composition of protoplanetary disks is expected to hold clues to the physical and chemical processes that influence the formation of planetary systems. However, characterizing the gas composition in the planet formation region of disks has been a challenge to date. We report here that the protoplanetary disk within 3 astronomical units of AA Tauri possesses a rich molecular emission spectrum in the mid-infrared, indicating a high abundance of simple organic molecules (HCN, C2H2, and CO2), water vapor, and OH. These results suggest that water is abundant throughout the inner disk and that the disk supports an active organic chemistry.     

Dynamics of soil water content under different tillage systems in agro-pastural eco-zone

The dynamics of soil water content under different tillage systems was studied throughout the growing period of oat (Avena sativa L.). The treatments included tillage system (zero tillage, minimum tillage, and conventional tillage), residue cover (with and without cover), and crop rotation (continuous cropping and crop rotation). The results indicated that soil water content and crop water use efficiency were improved under zero tillage with cover. When crop stubble was removed, soil water content under zero tillage was reduced, especially in the surface soil layer. Compared to conventional tillage, minimum tillage increased soil water content and its storage, either with cover or without cover. For all the three tillage treatments, soil water content with cover was significantly higher than that of without cover. Furthermore, soil water content and crop water use efficiency under crop rotation was consistently higher than continuous cropping. Therefore, it is concluded that minimum tillage with cover is the optimum management system in this area. At present, however, a combination of crop rotation and minimum tillage is a viable option, since there are not enough crop residues available for cover of land. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2007, 27(6): 2523–2530 [译自: 生态学报]     

Rotation and solvation of ammonium ion

From nitrogen-15 spin-lattice relaxation times and nuclear Overhauser enhancements, the rotational correlation time (c) for (15)NH(4)(+) was determined in a series of solvents. Values of (c) range from 0.46 to 20 picoseconds. The solvent dependence of (c) cannot be explained in terms of solvent polarity, molecular dipole moment, solvent basicity, solvent dielectric relaxation, or solvent viscosity. The rapid rotation and the variation with solvent can be accounted for by a model that involves hydrogen bonding of an NH proton to more than one solvent molecule in a disordered solvation environment.     

Chitin in sea anemone shells

Chitin, which is widely distributed among life forms, is well documented in the coelenterate class Hydrozoa and is contained in one member of class Scyphozoa. In class Anthozoa, hard corals synthesize it but soft corals do not. Chitin was identified by infrared spectrophotometry in the trochoid shell of the actinian Stylobates. It constitutes 1.7 percent of the shell by weight, the rest probably being protein. The ability of sea anemones to synthesize chitin is there by confirmed.     

不同菱角壳提取物抑制肺癌A549细胞生长的研究

目的研究不同菱壳水和乙醇提取物的抗癌活性。方法采用Folin比色法测定不同品种菱壳提取物中多酚的含量,通过MTT法测定二角菱壳、四角菱壳的水提取物、醇提取物对肺癌A549细胞生长抑制作用。结果四角菱壳多酚含量高于二角菱壳,醇提物多酚含量高于水提物;二角菱壳醇提取物对肺癌A549细胞的抑制率高于水提物,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);四角菱壳水提物对抑制率高于二角菱壳水提物肺癌A549细胞的生长,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论菱角壳提取物对肺癌A549细胞生长具有较强的抑制作用,且菱角壳的醇提取物优于水提取物,四菱角壳优于二角菱壳。     

子午岭林区土地退化/恢复过程中土壤水稳性团聚体的动态变化

【目的】揭示子午岭林区土地退化/恢复过程中土壤质量演变及其与土壤侵蚀的关系。【方法】采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对陕西省富县任家台林场子午岭林区土地退化/恢复过程中,土壤水稳性团聚体和有机质的动态变化规律进行了系统研究。【结果】土地退化过程中,土壤中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量减少;土地恢复过程中,土壤中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量增加;土壤有机质含量随开垦/恢复年限的增加而减小/增大;土壤有机质含量与>0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量之间存在着显著的正相关关系;土壤水稳性团聚体平均质量直径随着土壤中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量或退耕年限的增加而增大。【结论】土地开垦,土壤水稳性团聚体含量减少,土壤结构稳定性被破坏,调控能力减弱;土地恢复,土壤水稳性团聚体含量增加,平均质量直径增大,稳定性增强,土壤结构得到改善。     

Direct determination of ionic solvation from neutron diffraction

Much information on ionic solvation in electrolyte solutions has been inferred from macroscopic thermodynamic and transport properties and from spectroscopy. These ion-water interactions can now be probed directly and unambiguously by neutron diffraction. Such measurements have been done with neodymium trichloride solutions in heavy water that are identical in every respect except the isotopic state of the neodymium ions; these experiments yield in a straightforward manner the distribution of oxygen and deuterium atoms from the water molecules in the first hydration sphere of the neodymium ion. Each ion is surrounded by 8.6 oxygen atoms at a distance of 2.48 angstroms and 16.7 deuterium atoms at 3.13 angstroms indicating a well-defined first hydration sphere of water molecules, the deuterium atoms pointing away from the cation.     

云南省红河流域浮游植物多样性及水质季节动态研究

【目的】了解云南省红河流域浮游植物多样性及水质季节动态.【方法】以云南省红河流域为例,连续2a采用定点实地调查和水质采样相结合的方法研究了不同季节(春季、夏季、秋季和冬季)水质变化(全氮TN、全磷TP、生物耗氧量BOD5和化学耗氧量CODcr)及浮游植物多样性分布状况.【结果】(1)红河流域主要浮游植物种类为绿藻门和硅藻门,不同浮游植物细胞密度和丰度随季节均呈现一致的变化规律,夏季和秋季显著高于春季和冬季,局部有所波动.(2)红河流域浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)、Pielou均匀度指数(JP)、Margalef种类丰富度指数(S)随季节呈"V"字型变化规律,在春季和冬季达到最高,夏季和秋季较低;不同指数所判定的污染类型不相一致.(3)红河流域水质季节性变化较为明显,水体透明度、水温、pH,TN,TP,BOD5和CODcr质量浓度呈一致的变化规律,在夏季和秋季最高,春季和冬季较低.(4)应用灰关联分析评价红河流域水质类别,呈现不同季节水质与《标准》中的Ⅰ类水质的关联度最大,分别为0.725,0.836,0.814,0.781,在不同季节里水质等级均为Ⅰ类.【结论】不同季节红河流域浮游植物多样性均与水体透明度呈极显著的负相关(P0.01),影响春季和冬季浮游植物多样性的主要因素为TN质量浓度、TP质量浓度,影响夏季和秋季浮游植物多样性的主要因素为TN质量浓度、TP质量浓度、BOD5浓度和CODcr浓度.综合分析表明:红河流域春季和冬季水质状况较好,夏季和秋季水质状况较差.     

Quantum solvation of carbonyl sulfide with helium atoms

High-resolution infrared and microwave spectra of He(N)-carbonyl sulfide (He(N)-OCS) clusters with N ranging from 2 to 8 have been detected and unambiguously assigned. The spectra show the formation of a solvation layer beginning with an equatorial "donut" of five helium atoms around the OCS molecule. The cluster moment of inertia increases as a function of N and overshoots the liquid droplet limit for N > 5, implying that even atoms in the first solvation shell are decoupled from the OCS rotation in helium nanodroplets. To the extent that this is due to superfluidity, the results directly explore the microscopic evolution of a phenomenon that is formally macroscopic in nature.     

Linear response breakdown in solvation dynamics induced by atomic electron-transfer reactions

The linear response (LR) approximation, which predicts identical relaxation rates from all nonequilibrium initial conditions that relax to the same equilibrium state, underlies dominant models of how solvation influences chemical reactivity. We experimentally tested the validity of LR for the solvation that accompanies partial electron transfer to and from a monatomic solute in solution. We photochemically prepared the species with stoichiometry Na0 in liquid tetrahydrofuran by both adding an electron to Na+ and removing an electron from Na-. Because atoms lack nuclear degrees of freedom, ultrafast changes in the Na0 absorption spectrum reflected the solvation that began from our two initial nonequilibrium conditions. We found that the solvation of Na0 occurs more rapidly from Na+ than Na-, constituting a breakdown of LR. This indicates that Marcus theory would fail to describe electron-transfer processes for this and related chemical systems.     

花生壳在穴盘育苗中的应用研究

以不同的花生壳、草炭、膨化鸡粪配方作为穴盘育苗的基质成分，对几种常见花卉进行育苗试验，结果表明，花生壳可作为穴盘育苗的替代基质，在生产中替代草炭、蛭石、椰子皮或珍珠岩，体积比以草炭：花生壳：膨化鸡粪＝5：4：1的配方为最优，其次为体积比草炭：花生壳＝1：2较好。     

Siliceous tablets in the larval shells of apatitic discinid brachiopods

The marine bivalved Brachiopoda are abundant throughout the geological record and have apatitic (CaPO4-rich) or calcitic (CaCO3-rich) shells. Vesicles covering the larval valves of living apatitic-shelled discinids contain tablets of silica. The tablets are cemented into close-packed mosaics by spherular apatite in glycosaminoglycans. They are usually lost as vesicles degrade but leave imprints on the underlying apatitic shell. Similar imprints ornament larval surfaces of some of the earliest Paleozoic apatitic-shelled brachiopods and may also be indicators of siliceous biomineralization.     

红花尔基樟子松林国家级自然保护区松鼠的种群动态

[目的]研究松鼠种群动态特征及其对食物因素的响应机制。[方法]2007～2012春、秋季分别在红花尔基樟子松林国家级自然保护区用样线法开展松鼠种群调查,同时收集樟子松结实量数据。[结果]樟子松结实量对松鼠春季种群密度有显著影响。红花尔基保护区松鼠的种群密度处于持续下降中。[结论]食物资源变化对松鼠的种群密度有显著影响,需要对松鼠种群密度动态开展持续的监测和研究。     

不同因素对牡蛎壳吸附尿素的性能及缓释性的影响

采用紫外可见分光光度计法,在吸附温度、吸附时间、pH等不同参数条件下测定了牡蛎壳粉对尿素的吸附率及吸附后的缓释度。单因素试验结果表明：牡蛎壳粉对尿素吸附性较好的最佳吸附参数是,吸附温度为45℃、吸附时间为3 h、pH为8.5、牡蛎壳粉活化温度为700℃、活化时间为2 h;在最佳吸附参数条件下,牡蛎壳粉对尿素的最大吸附量为35.7 g/kg;牡蛎壳粉吸附尿素后其缓释性较好,25℃下静水中28 d内缓释度小于80%,尿素释放期约为35 d,释放期内日平均释放率较平稳。     

不同因素对牡蛎壳吸附尿素的性能及缓释性的影响

采用紫外可见分光光度计法,在吸附温度、吸附时间、pH等不同参数条件下测定了牡蛎壳粉对尿素的吸附率及吸附后的缓释度。单因素试验结果表明:牡蛎壳粉对尿素吸附性较好的最佳吸附参数是,吸附温度为45℃、吸附时间为3 h、pH为8.5、牡蛎壳粉活化温度为700℃、活化时间为2 h;在最佳吸附参数条件下,牡蛎壳粉对尿素的最大吸附量为35.7 g/kg;牡蛎壳粉吸附尿素后其缓释性较好,25℃下静水中28 d内缓释度小于80%,尿素释放期约为35 d,释放期内日平均释放率较平稳。