渔山列岛潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构

于2009年3月的大潮期间对渔山列岛潮间带布设5个断面,进行大型底栖动物调查。结果表明,该海域潮间带采集到大型底栖动物90种,其中腔肠动物3种,多毛类11种,软体动物45种,甲壳类19种,棘皮动物6种,其它6种。潮间带大型底栖动物总平均生物量5307.06g/m2,总平均丰度为2323.20ind/m2。在各类群底栖动...     

浙江六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的群落特征研究

分析了浙江六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性指数等群落特征.3个断面采获的大型底栖动物共有19种,其中软体动物10种,节肢动物6种,脊索动物2种,环节动物1种;总平均生物量为(470.77±314.32)g/m2, 总平均密度为(480±248)个/m2.在各类底栖动物中,平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位.大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为1.97～2.14、1.45～1.67和0.83～0.95,平均值分别为(2.06±0.08)、(1.53±0.12)和(0.90±0.06).ABC曲线分析表明,底栖动物群落已受到一定程度的污染扰动.     

浙江6个列岛潮间带大型底栖动物分类多样性

为揭示浙江6个重要列岛(嵊泗列岛、中街山列岛、渔山列岛、台州列岛、洞头列岛、南麂列岛)潮间带大型底栖动物分类多样性和更好地养护大型底栖动物资源。根据调查文献,按中国海洋生物名录构建大型底栖动物种类名录,对大型底栖动物物种数、分类多样性指数、G-F多样性测度指数和相似性系数进行分析。结果显示,这6个重要列岛潮间带大型底栖动物物种数差异较大。其中,南麂列岛最高(330种),台州列岛最低(133种)。平均分类差异指数?+嵊泗列岛最高,达84.76,台州列岛最低,仅70.89,而分类差异变异指数?+值洞头列岛的最高,达846.94,嵊泗列岛最低,仅630.25。南麂列岛的G-F多样性测度指数最高,达0.87,这表明在科级分类阶元多样性(F指数)一定的前提下,属级分类阶元多样性(G指数)将会变高。科级和目级相似性结果显示,科级相似性最高的是洞头列岛与台州列岛,达0.651,渔山列岛与嵊泗列岛最低,仅0.480;目级相似性最高的仍是洞头列岛与台州列岛,达0.781,台州列岛与渔山列岛最低,仅0.623。本研究分析了浙江6个重要列岛潮间带大型底栖动物分类多样性,以期为浙江海岛潮间带大型底栖动物资源的养护、开发与管理提供科学依据。     

浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的群落特征

本文分析了浙江六横岛泥滩潮间带大型底栖动物的种类组成、数量分布和多样性指数等群落特征。3个泥滩潮间带断面调查采获的大型底栖动物共有19种,其中软体动物10种,节肢动物6种,脊索动物2种,环节动物1种。3个泥滩潮间带断面总平均生物量为470.77±314.32 g/m2, 总平均栖息密度为480±248 ind./m2。在各类群底栖动物中,平均生物量及密度都以软体动物居首位。六横岛潮间带大型底栖动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数和Pielou均匀度指数的分布范围分别在1.97-2.14、1.45-1.67和0.83-0.95,平均值分别为2.06±0.08、1.53±0.12和0.90±0.06。六横潮间带大型底栖动物ABC曲线分析表明底栖动物群落已受到一定程度的污染扰动。     

江苏中南部潮间带大型底栖动物时空分布特征

2013年5月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季),对江苏中南部潮间带大型底栖动物进行了定性和定量调查。共采集到大型底栖动物68种,定量63种,定性19种,多毛类、软体动物以及甲壳动物是组成大型底栖动物的主要类群。优势种为文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)、泥螺(Bullacta exarata)、四角蛤蜊(Mactra veneriformis)、托氏虫昌螺(Umbonium thomasi)、加州齿吻沙蚕(Nephtys californiensis)、双齿围沙蚕(Nereis aibuhitensis)以及宽身大眼蟹(Macrophthalumus dilatatus)等。年平均总生物密度65.15 ind·m-2,平均总生物量94.21g·m-2。和历史资料比较后发现,自20世纪80年代至今,江苏中南部潮间带大型底栖动物生物量有增无减。大型底栖动物的生物密度、生物量、多样性和相对重要性指数随季节的不同而有所变化,其中生物密度、生物量以及多样性指数均以春季最高。江苏中南部潮间带大型底栖动物群落生物量优势度曲线位于丰度曲线上方,群落结构稳定性较高,未出现明显扰动。     

旅顺南部基岩海岸潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构研究

于2010年6月对大连市旅顺口区南部基岩海岸潮间带大型底栖动物的种类、生物量、栖息密度进行了调查,对生物多样性和次级生产力进行了计算.调查结果表明,调查区域大型底栖动物20种,其中腔肠动物1种,环节动物1种,软体动物13种,节肢动物5种.大型底栖动物的平均生物量为4312.5 g/m2,平均栖息密度为2966个/m2....     

湛江湾潮间带大型底栖动物的群落结构及其受干扰程度

大型底栖动物是潮间带生态环境监测与评价的良好指示生物。湛江湾是粤西最大的港湾,为揭示湛江湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落特征和受干扰程度,为其生态保护提供科学依据,分别在2020年8月(夏季)和2021年1月(冬季)实地调查了湛江湾5个不同人类活动胁迫下的断面(东海岛、东头山岛、鹿渚村、特呈岛和海湾大桥),分析了大型底栖动物的种类组成、栖息密度与生物量空间分布以及生物多样性,并采用分类学多样性指数和栖息密度-生物量比较(Abundance-biomass comparison, ABC)曲线分析了大型底栖动物群落受干扰程度。结果表明：1)共鉴定出大型底栖动物98种,其中软体动物最多(45种),其次为节肢动物(26种)和环节动物(19种);2) 5个断面大型底栖动物夏、冬季的平均栖息密度分别为174和187个·m^-2,平均生物量分别为171.27和188.38 g·m^-2,均表现为冬季大于夏季;软体动物疏纹满月蛤(Lucina scarlatoi)和节肢动物白脊管藤壶(Fistulobalanus albicostatus)为冬夏两季的共有优势种;3)...     

洞头列岛潮间带大型底栖生物的时空分布及其多样性

为了解洞头列岛潮间带大型底栖生物的时空分布特征及其多样性, 分别于2006年秋季(10月)和2007年春季(4月)对洞头列岛4个断面开展了春秋航次调查。共鉴定出大型底栖生物72种, 包括软体动物44种, 甲壳动物13种, 藻类11种, 多毛类2种, 棘皮动物1种, 其它动物1种。从季节来看, 虽秋季航次的物种数(66种)稍高于春季(63种), 但平均生物量和丰度却都是春季航次(分别为1 129.23 g/m2、707 ind/m2)明显高于秋季航次(分别为576.98 g/m2、461 ind/m2)。各断面主要优势种为疣荔枝螺、日本笠藤壶和粒屋顶螺等, 它们占总生物量和丰度的60%以上。从多样性指数来看, 洞头列岛物种多样性指数平均为1.73?0.47, 变化范围为0.83~2.10, 物种丰富度指数平均为2.26?0.33, 变化范围为1.99~2.95, 均匀度指数平均为0.62?0.19, 变化范围为0.29~0.85, 辛普森优势度指数平均为0.70?0.18, 变化范围为0.36~0.87。综合以上结果发现, 洞头列岛各断面潮间带大型底栖生物群落结构不稳定, 且物种多样性较差, 有向次生型群落结构演化的趋势, 主要原因是过度采捕、生境破碎等人为干扰过于严重导致的。     

日照近海大型底栖动物群落结构

2007年4月和10月,在山东日照临近海域进行了大型底栖动物春季和秋季两个航次的调查,对采集到的大型底栖动物进行分类鉴定。结果显示:1)全海域共鉴定底栖动物141种,其中多毛类、甲壳动物、软体动物分别占总种数的38.30%、34.75%和17.73%,三者构成大型底栖动物的主要类群。2)大型底栖动物的总平均丰度为1885ind/m2,总平均生物量为39.82g/m2。3)大型底栖动物种类多样性,春季高于秋季。4)优势种随季节变化不大,生物群落结构稳定性较好。     

胶州湾西北部潮间带冬季大型底栖动物丰度和生物量

为了解潮间带底栖动物的空间分布情况,根据2009年2月份在胶州湾西北部潮间带进行的7断面35个站位的底栖生物采样调查资料,分析了潮间带冬季大型底栖动物的数量分布。结果表明,调查共获得大型底栖动物49种,平均丰度88.1ind/m2,平均生物量77.8g/m2;主要优势种为菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、凸壳肌蛤(Musculus senhousei)和日本大眼蟹(Macrophthalmus japonicus)。总体丰度在中潮区较高,生物量在低潮区较大;断面5丰度、生物量均最高,断面1丰度、生物量均最低。多毛类丰度和生物量在潮区间差异显著(P0.05),在中下潮区分布最多;甲壳类丰度和生物量在潮区和断面间差异均不显著(P0.05);软体类生物量在断面间的分布差异显著(P0.05),断面5最高,断面1最低。研究表明,大型底栖动物的种类组成、丰度与生物量的分布很不均匀,环境的复杂性和人为扰动可能是胶州湾西北部潮间带底栖动物分布不均匀的主要原因。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.