外力作用下4种植物根系易损部位的研究

[目的]为探讨根系在轴向拉力和径向折力下的易损部位。[方法]以3 4 a的柠条、沙柳、沙棘和白沙蒿为研究对象,采用TY8000伺服控制材料试验机测定4种植物侧根分支处和相邻直根的抗拉力与抗折力。[结果]表明:在1 4 mm根径范围内,4种植物侧根分支处和相邻直根的抗拉力、抗折力均与直径呈幂函数正相关,抗拉强度、抗折强度均与直径呈幂函数负相关;同径级时,每种植物单根的抗拉强度和抗折强度均表现为侧根分支处小于相邻直根,4种植物侧根分支处和相邻直根的抗拉强度为柠条((23.70±3.97)、(28.02±4.40)MPa)沙柳((14.86±1.28)、(20.33±1.76)MPa)沙棘((10.60±2.40)、(15.86±3.90)MPa)白沙蒿((5.07±1.25)、(8.80±1.74)MPa),侧根分支处和相邻直根的抗折强度为:柠条((33.66±7.74)、(47.06±4.41)MPa)沙柳((17.31±1.91)、(27.54±3.82)MPa)沙棘((3.97±1.23)、(8.75±1.70)MPa)白沙蒿((2.18±0.39)、(6.15±1.01)MPa)。[结论]无论受轴向拉力还是径向折力,4种植物根系易损部位均为侧根分支处。造成垂直根模型(WWM)和纤维束模型(FBM)预测根系固土能力偏高的补充原因为:(1)模型根系全部计入直根的抗拉力,忽略了侧根分支处,而侧根分支处是根系固土的薄弱点。(2)模型假设所有根系为轴向受拉的杆件。实际根土复合体发生剪切时,根可能承受轴向拉力,也可能承受径向折力。对于抗折强度小于抗拉强度的植物,模型必然高估根的实际固土能力。     

伐根嫁接杨树林根系分布特征

通过对比研究大兴区的伐根嫁接杨树林分和与其地下和地上部分分别相同的植苗造林杨树林分,得出伐根嫁接杨树林根系的特殊分布特征。采用全挖法获取杨树总根量和根型,采用土柱法获取吸收根(细根≤2mm,粗根210mm)。结果表明:伐根嫁接林根系总干重分别是相同地下和地上部分植苗造林的1.83倍和7.38倍;其根系数量多且粗壮,为水平斜生根型,而植苗造林林分为水平根型;伐根嫁接林总细根量和总粗根量分别比两个植苗造林林分提高了86.27%和224.65%,59.06%和65.86%;与植苗造林相比,伐根嫁接林表层的吸收根垂直和水平分布都表现异常,垂直分布中0～10cm土层的细根分布较多,10～20cm土层的分布较少;水平分布中株间0～20cm土层的分布异常多。该结论为伐根嫁接杨树林的生长优势提供了进一步的微观解释。     

长白山系榛子灌木林根系对优先流的影响

[目的]通过调查分析榛子灌木林下不同土层深度内不同根系径级对土壤优先流现象发生程度的影响,了解该区域内土壤水分的运动规律,查看森林系统生态恢复情况。[方法]选取长白山系张广才岭余脉丘陵区内榛子灌木林为研究对象,采用野外示踪法示踪优先流路径分布特征,分析其与不同土层深度下不同径级的根长密度、根生物量的关系。[结果]表明:灌木林内优先流以大孔隙流,漏斗流和环绕流为主,发生迅速,伴有环绕特征。随土壤深度的增加,根长密度逐渐减小,根系径级d1 mm,1d3 mm,3d5 mm,5d10 mm的根长密度对优先流贡献率分别为67.9%,64.9%、55.2%、59.3%,以d1 mm根系的优先流贡献率最大,且均值在58.5%以上。根长密度在不同土层深度及不同径级下变幅为2.59%31.2%和1.16%11.07%。研究点内优先流区根生物量大于基质流区,整体仅高出约1.1%,根生物量对优先流路径的发生不起决定性作用。[结论]不同土层内的不同根系径级的根长密度对榛子灌木林下的土壤优先流影响极为明显,d1 mm影响效果最大,根系生物量对其优先流的产生不起决定性作用。     

Root structure of slope protection plants in a high-grade highway

Root length and root length density of Lespedeza bicolor,Amorpha fruticosa,and Sea buckthorn were investigated in a country highway-TongSan highway(Tongjiang to Sanya) in Heilongjiang Province,China.The root lengths were divided into five root orders according to Pregizter sequence classification method.Results show that sea buckthorn roots are dominated by coarse roots in the horizontal growth,while L.bicolor has a large proportion of fine roots in vertical conical growth and A.fruticosa is in depth growth.Root length density of L.bicolor in all the root sequences is higher than that of sea buckthorn and A.fruticosa.On the basis of the root structure,it is inferred that L.bicolor roots mainly absorb the surface soil moisture for its normal growth;in contrast,A.fruticosa has good uptake ability to deep soil water.The root structure of sea buckthorn implies that it has a strong drought resistance.     

中国沙棘(♀)×蒙古沙棘(♂)杂种F1重要选种性状表型多样性与选优研究

基于远缘杂交技术路线,以中国沙棘优良单株MK-88-01、HF-88-05为母本,俄罗斯栽培种阿列依及蒙古大果沙棘乌兰格木子代优良雄株为父本,开展了中国沙棘与蒙古沙棘2个亚种间杂交育种研究。结果发现:杂种子代性状分化严重,棘刺数、百果质量、果实产量等最重要的几项经济指标的遗传分化程度最大。选育出3个优良杂种单株,其树高均显著高于父本,2年生枝棘刺数均为3个,与母本中国沙棘相比,棘刺数大量减少。优良杂种单株百果质量与单株产量分别达26.33 29.33 g、2.00 2.50 kg,比母本中国沙棘分别提高31.34%46.30%、66.67%108.33%。杂交子代具有单株生长量越大,其果实与种子表型指标就越小的变化规律,与母本中国沙棘体大果小、父本蒙古沙棘体小果大的表型特征相吻合。     

Short Root Densities and Surface Phosphatase Activities of Ectomycorrhizal Morphotypes in a Slash Pine Plantation

Abstract

Mineralization is the dominant process controlling soil-solution P in the Spodosols of the southeastern United States. Pine trees growing in these soils are typically colonized by ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi that are known to produce phosphatases. Little, however, is known of the dynamics of EM short roots or phosphatase activity in tree plantations. To address this question, short root densities, EM morphotypes, and associated surface acid phosphomonoesterase in a 12-year-old Pinus elliottii plantation in northern Florida were evaluated. The density of total (living and dead) short roots changed little from February through June, with a mean of 7.6 cm³ soil. The majority of the short roots, however, were inactive or dead with only 14 to 38% appearing viable upon visual inspection. The majority of the viable short roots were mycorrhizal. The most abundant morphotypes were formed by Cenococcum and Thelephora but these had low phosphatase activity. In contrast, less frequently observed morphotypes had substantially higher rates of enzyme production and these may play an important role in sustainable P nutrition of plantation trees.     

A single dominant Ganoderma species is responsible for root rot of Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus in Sumatra

Ganoderma root rot is the most serious disease affecting commercially planted Acacia mangium in plantations in Indonesia. Numerous Ganoderma spp. have been recorded from diseased trees of this species and to a lesser extent Eucalyptus, causing confusion regarding the primary cause of the disease. In this study, a large collection of Ganoderma isolates were obtained from the roots of A. mangium showing early signs of root rot in disease centres in South Sumatra plantations. Isolates were also collected from Eucalyptus roots at Lake Toba in North Sumatra showing similar symptoms as well as from sporocarps connected to these samples. Phylogenetic analyses showed that a single Ganoderma sp., identified as G. philippii, is the major causal agent of Ganoderma root rot on A. mangium. Results from this study also showed that the isolates obtained for Eucalyptus trees in North Sumatra belong to G. philippii. Isolates from roots and connected fruiting bodies together with the morphology of the fruiting structures confirmed this identification. Symptoms associated with this pathogen are obvious and it should not be confused with other diseases. Other Ganoderma spp. found in disease centres are considered to be of minor importance and management strategies for root rot should be focused on G. philippii.     

林龄对思茅松人工林根系生物量的影响

[目的]以云南省普洱市主要植被思茅松人工林为研究对象,探讨不同林龄思茅松人工林根系生物量的大小分布及变化特征。[方法]分别在5、8、15、25、36年生思茅松人工林内,利用内径为8.5 cm的根钻分3层(0~10、10~20、20~30 cm)获取思茅松与其它物种的细根、粗根及死根生物量数据。[结果]表明:随着思茅松人工林林龄的增长,思茅松细根生物量呈减少的趋势,而其它物种细根生物量呈增加趋势,细根生物量最大出现在36年生思茅松人工林。不同林龄思茅松人工林的思茅松粗根和死根生物量之间无显著差异,而其它物种及林分的粗根生物量和根系生物量则随林龄增长而增加。思茅松人工林的细根生物量主要分布在土壤深度0~10 cm内,其中,思茅松、其它物种、林分细根生物量以及根系生物量随土层深度的增加呈减少趋势。林龄和土壤深度对思茅松与其它物种的细根生物量有显著影响,林龄与土壤深度的交叉作用对思茅松细根生物量有显著影响,林龄对死根生物量有显著影响,林龄、土壤深度及林龄与土壤深度的交叉作用对粗根与根系的生物量有显著影响。[结论]思茅松人工林随着林龄增长,群落结构与树种组成随之发生变化,从而对根系生物量产生较大影响。     

不同沙棘品种抗旱性的比较

沙棘抗旱性是多因素作用的结果,如果只利用单因素/单项指标评价其抗逆性,则具有一定的片面性。本研究对干旱胁迫下4个沙棘品种的多项生理生化指标的变化进行比较分析,并通过主成分分析和综合评价发现:乡土中国沙棘(河北丰宁种源)品种的抗旱性最强,引进大果沙棘―乌兰格木品种的抗旱性最差,引进的4个沙棘品种抗旱能力强弱的排序为:丰宁(0.619)> 楚伊(0.445)> 向阳(0.390)> 乌兰格木(0.274)。净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶水势、谷胱甘肽还原酶和脱落酸的含量可作为沙棘抗旱性的判定指标。随着干旱胁迫的加剧,与对照相比,4个引沙棘品种的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和叶水势均下降,而超氧化物歧化酶活性、细胞膜透性、谷胱甘肽还原酶和四大激素均上升,这说明干旱逆境胁迫影响了沙棘正常的生长发育过程,同时通过内在的生理生化指标的改变来增加其自身对逆境胁迫的抵抗能力。这些将为沙棘抗旱树种的筛选和进一步的杂交育种提供依据。     

臭氧胁迫对树木根系影响研究进展

对流层中高浓度的臭氧是一种严重危害植物的大气污染物,臭氧浓度的升高会对农作物、林木等产生一系列的损害。根系是树木生存的基本要素,臭氧对根结构的根本性改变会最终影响根功能,从而影响树木的整体健康以及对环境胁迫的抗性,通过综述臭氧胁迫对森林树木根系影响的研究进展,可以为我国学者进一步了解臭氧对森林树木根系生态影响提供科学素材。有关大气臭氧浓度升高对森林树木根系生态的影响,目前研究主要包括森林树木根系生长、细根动态和周转、根系呼吸、根系碳水化合物、菌根、根际微生物的响应变化等几个方面。臭氧对树木根系的影响与臭氧浓度、树种、树龄、群落组成及种植条件相关。目前有关臭氧胁迫对树木根系的机制研究还比较缺乏,今后应该加强臭氧胁迫下根系形态构型的原位观察测定和定量分析研究,内源激素响应,胁迫信号感受、转导与其它信号途径的互作关系以及分子生物学机制方面的研究。     

Bamboo hedgerow systems in Kerala, India: Root distribution and competition with trees for phosphorus

In a field study on bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd.) hedgerow systems of Kerala, we tested the following three hypotheses: (1) Effective root foraging space is a function of crown spread, (2) Proximity of trees depress lateral spread of roots in mixed species systems and (3) The closer the trees are located the greater will be the subsoil root activity which in turn facilitates active absorption of nutrients from deeper layers of the soil profile. Root distribution of boundary planted bamboo and root competition with associated trees in two binary mixtures, teak (Tectona grandis)-bamboo and Malabar white pine (Vateria indica)-bamboo, were evaluated using modified logarithmic spiral trenching and ³²P soil injection techniques respectively. Excavation studies indicate that rooting intensity declined linearly with increasing lateral distance. Larger clumps manifested wider foraging zones. Eighty three per cent of the large clumps (>4.0 m dia.) extended roots beyond 8 m while only 33% of the small (<2.5 m dia.) clumps extended roots up to 8 m. Highest root counts were found in the 10–20 cm layer with nearly 30% of total roots. Although nearness of bamboo clumps depressed root activity of teak and Vateria in the surface layers of the soil profile, root activity in the deeper layers was stimulated. ³²P recovery was higher when applied at 50-cm depth than at 25-cm depth implying the safety net role of tree roots for leached down nutrients. Inter specific root competition can be regulated by planting crops 8–9 m away from the bamboo clumps and/or by canopy reduction treatments. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Root distribution of Senna siamea grown on a series of derived-savanna-zone soils in Togo, West Africa

Although crucial for assessing the functioning of alley cropping systems, quantitative information related to the hedgerow tree root distribution remains scarce. Soil mapping and destructive soil sampling was used to assess the impact of soil profile features on selected root characteristics of Senna siamea hedgerows, growing in alley cropping systems in three sites (Glidji, Amoutchou, and Sarakawa) representative for the derived savanna of Togo, West Africa. While the soil profiles in Glidji and Sarakawa contained a clay accumulation horizon, the Amoutchou profile was sandy up to 1 m. The number of small roots (diameter < 2 mm), quantified on a soil profile wall, decreased with depth in all sites. For most soil depths, the abundance of small roots tended to be higher near the tree base, e.g., ranging from 5.3 dm⁻² in Amoutchou to 21.4 dm⁻² in Glidji for the 0–20 cm layer, than in the middle of the alley, e.g., ranging from 3.1 dm⁻² in Amoutchou to 13.8 dm⁻² in Glidji for the 0–20 cm layer. Root length density (RLD) of the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers was significantly higher in Glidji than in Amoutchou (P < 0.05) and in Sarakawa (P = 0.08). Differences in RLD between sites were not significant for layers below 30 cm. For each layer, root weight densities (RWD) were similar in all sites, e.g., ranging from 0.44 mg cm⁻³ in Amoutchou to 0.64 mg cm⁻³ in Glidji in the 0–10 cm layer, indicating that the roots in the Glidji topsoil had a smaller overall diameter than in Amoutchou. In Amoutchou, the relative RLD was lower than in Glidji or Sarakawa for the top 40 cm of soil, while the inverse was observed for the layers between 50 and 100 cm deep and this was related to the sandy soil profile in Amoutchou. Another consequence of the sandy profile was the larger tap root diameter below 50 cm in Amoutchou compared to Sarakawa. For all sites, significant (P < 0.001) linear regressions were observedbetween RLD's, RWD's, and the abundance of small roots, although the variation explained by the regression equations was highest for the relationship between RLD and RWD. The potential of the hedgerows to recover nutrients leached beyond the reach of food crops or the safety-net efficiency was evaluated for the tree sites. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Pathogenicity of three Phytophthora spp. causing late seedling rot of Quercus ilex ssp. ballota

Within a research project on quality of plants for forestation of agricultural lands, we studied the aetiology of a late seedling rot affecting holm oak (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota) in two forest nurseries in southern Spain. Major disease symptoms were foliage wilting and necrosis of feeder roots. Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora cryptogea and Phytophthora drechsleri were isolated from necrotic roots of holm oaks. Selected isolates of the three Phytophthora species were pathogenic to Quercus ilex ssp. ballota and Quercus suber seedlings in artificial inoculations. Soil flooding conditions were essential for infection and root rot development. There was no host specificity among the species, the isolates of P. cinnamomi being the most virulent in all inoculated plants. In these inoculations, Q. ilex ssp. ballota plants were more susceptible than those of Q. suber. This work is the first report of P. cinnamomi, P. drechsleri and P. cryptogea affecting Q. ilex ssp. ballota in forest nurseries.     

Evaluation of nutrient value of seabuckthorn in north China

Five minerals or elements, crude protein, lysine, methionine cystine, calcium and phosphorus, were selected for evaluation of the food value of seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. sinensis) using the method of "food analysis". The decision values (δi) of seabuckthorn seeds, leaves and fruit residues rank in the fifth, sixth and ninth position among the 16 types of fodder. Seeds, leaves and fruit residues of seabuckthorn are suitable for livestock and poultry fodder. The weights of livestock and poultry are considerably increased after feeding with seabuckthorn. The development of seabuckthorn should have great potentials as food, pre-food and food additives for livestock and poultry in north China. Processing facilities should pay more attention to seabuckthorn food development methods and strategies and the seabuckthorn fodder industry should be promoted.     

Response of root distribution of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings to irrigation amounts in the hinterlands of the Taklimakan Desert, China

We excavated soil to study root distribution in Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings grown with different amounts of irrigation (35, 24.5 and 14 kg water for each plant each time) in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert. The results indicated that: 1) With decreasing irrigation amounts, the root biomass tended to be distributed in deeper soil layers. Underground biomass had a significantly negative logarithmic relationship with soil depth under different irrigation amounts. 2) Maximum horizontal spread of roots was twice that of vertical root spread, and horizontal distribution of root biomass was similar under all irrigation amounts. 3) Vertical distribution of fine roots was nearly consistent with vertical changes in soil moisture, and all had a unimodal curve; but peak values of fine root biomass in different soil layers varied with different irrigation amounts. The smaller the amount of irrigation, the deeper were the fine roots concentrated in soil layers. 4) Root length, root surface area and root volume all exhibited a unimodal curve under different irrigation amounts; the less the irrigation amount, the deeper the peak values appeared in soil layers. 5) Rootshoot ratio and ratio of vertical root depth to plant height both increased as irrigation amounts decreased. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version), 2007, 31 (5): 769–776 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

Observations on the rooting patterns of some agroforestry trees in an arid region of north-western India

The present study deals with root architecture of 6-year-old trees of 9 indigenous and 3 exotic species growing in arid climate of north-western India. Observations, made on excavated root systems (3 tree replicates of each species) showed large variation in horizontal and vertical spread of roots. In Morus alba, Melia azedarach and Populus deltoides, the roots were confined to 80 cm, while in Prosopis cineraria, Acacia nilotica and Eucalyptus tereticornis, roots penetrated more deeply to 233 cm. The number of total roots ranged from 103 in Acacia catechu to 1932 in Eucalyptus tereticornis, and 62 to 80% of the roots were less than 2 mm in diameter. The primary roots were more horizontal than the secondary roots. The total root biomass varied from 2.2 kg in Acacia catechu to 30.6 kg^–1 tree in Populus deltoides, and top 30 cm soil contained 42 to 78% of the total biomass. The implications of the results are discussed in the context of the ecological niche of the species, and its usefulness in agroforestry systems.     

植物细根生产和周转研究进展

细根是植物根系最重要的组成部分,作为衡量植物生产力的重要因素,对森林生态系统生产力具有重要影响。前人研究表明,细根的生产与周转对细根的寿命、分解和生物量估算具有重要意义,并且会影响森林生态系统碳、养分和水循环过程。文中系统阐述了细根生产和周转的研究进展,介绍了细根的3种主要研究方法（根钻法、内生长法和微根管法）,进一步分析细根生产和周转的影响因素,即除了受植物内在因子（细根构型、根序和化学组成）的制约外,细根生产和周转还受到纬度、海拔、气候、土壤条件、土层深度等环境因子及生物因子的影响;探讨了在植物细根研究中存在的问题,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为植物细根深入研究和根系生态学学科发展提供参考。     

林木根腐病发生及防治研究进展

根腐病作为一种土传病害,主要侵染植物根部,影响植株正常生理过程,发病严重时会造成全株死亡,在草本、林木等植物中均有发生,大大降低了植物的生态、经济和社会效益。为促进林业可持续健康发展,根腐病致病菌的分离、鉴定及室内、田间防治成为近年来的研究热点。文中主要针对林木根腐病的病原菌、发生症状进行概述,并综述利用林业技术、化学药剂、生防真菌、生防细菌和放线菌防治林木根腐病的研究进展,还对根腐病防治中存在的问题及未来研究趋势进行讨论,以为今后植物根腐病的系统研究及其防治提供参考。     

Involvement of Cylindrocarpon destructans in root death of Pinus sylvestris seedlings: Pathogenic behaviour and predisposing factors

The common rhizospheric fungus Cylindrocarpon destructans was investigated in relation to its role in root death of Pinus sylvestris in Nordic nurseries and plantations. Laboratory methods were developed for studying similar root problems as well as the early effects of phytotoxicity and fungal infection. Seedlings grown under standardized optimal conditions were exposed to controlled stress (known to occur in nurseries), with or without C. destructans in the rhizosphere. Low light conditions, anaerobic root environment, and fungicide treatment were each found to predispose pine seedlings to invasion by the pathogen. The pathogen was very sensitive to competition as well as antagonism on the root, and fungicide‐induced inhibition of antagonists such as Trichoderma spp. also increased the severity of attack by the pathogen. To compete successfully, the pathogen would have to invade and dominate weakened roots prior to the arrival of saprophytes. Toxic metabolites produced by the pathogen weakened or killed nearby root tissues, and pathogen metabolites seemed to prevent saprophytes from taking hold in the infected roots. Such heavily infected, dead roots may act as inoculum sources allowing the pathogen to invade adjacent living roots, even healthy ones. Dead roots left in nursery soil after earlier harvests may act as reservoirs of inoculum for long periods and pose a threat to new plants.     

植物根系生物学研究进展

根系生物学是近十几年来兴起的一门专门研究植物根系的前沿学科,研究领域涉及形态学、生理学、发育生物学、分子生物学、遗传学等多个学科。根系生物学是重要的生态和农业指标,对于保护和利用植物资源、改良植物遗传品质和提高植物生产力具有重要的指导作用。文中从根系构型、根系生长发育与环境、根际、根系解剖结构以及根系遗传改良等方面总结归纳植物根系生物学的研究进展,阐明根系生物学的研究意义,在探讨当前根系生物学研究存在问题的基础上提出今后研究建议。