北亚热带欧洲云杉造林整地与抚育试验研究

对"十一五"期间在湖北省宜昌市大老岭林场按4×3析因设计的欧洲云杉[Picea abies(L.)Karst.]造林不同整地与抚育方式试验林10年生(苗龄3a)观测数据进行了分析,研究了不同整地方式、抚育方式及其交互作用对欧洲云杉历年生长量的影响。研究结果表明:整地方式对欧洲云杉生长和造林保存率有一定影响,尤其对造林次年高生长量影响显著,A1(60cm×60cm×35cm)和A2(40cm×40cm×35cm)10年生立木单株平均树高比其它平均立木单株树高提高1.31%。抚育方式B2(7月上旬挖坑除草1次,在8月中旬再全面割灌1次的抚育方式),10年生立木单株平均树高比其它平均立木单株树高提高2.63%。尽管整地方式与抚育方式的交互作用对各年生长量的影响并没有达到统计意义上的显著水平,但整地抚育组合A1A2B2(处理6)的各年生长量均高于其它组合,10年立木单株平均树高比其它平均立木单株树高提高4.4%。     

日本落叶松中龄林施肥效应研究

根据在鄂西大老岭林场进行的日本落叶松中龄林4种施肥量、3种N与P配比、2种施肥次数的3a试验效应研究,结果表明:不同施肥量、不同N、P比、不同施肥次数对日本落叶松中龄林生长影响不显著;但14a生B1材积生长比其它平均材积提高28.4%。施肥组合8(A1B1C1)各年生长量均高于其它组合的生长量,其材积比其它平均材积提高32.8%。     

不同整地方式对绿化树种球花石楠生长量的影响

开展3种不同整地方式对球花石楠幼树成活率、保存率、树高和地径生长量的影响研究,结果表明:成活率是处理ABC,保存率是BAC,树高和地径的生长量均是ABC。从方差分析和多重比较分析看,树高生长处理A和处理B、C间存在极显著差异,处理B与处理C间差异不显著。地径生长,3个处理间均存在极显著差异。从整地方式、造林成本对幼树的成活率、保存率、树高、地径的生长来看,较适合球花石楠的成活率、保存率、树高和地径生长的处理是处理B,即人工打塘处理。     

木荷人工林造林密度对比试验初报

通过对不同林分密度下木荷人工林的生长情况对比分析,结果表明:在7年生时,造林密度对木荷树高、胸径、材积等生长量没有显著影响,但对其保存率和蓄积量有较大影响,以初植密度3 330株·hm^-2和1 995株·hm^-2为最好,其保存率分别为89.4%和88.0%,蓄积量分别为8.99和5.62 m^3·hm^-2。     

尾巨桉不同造林密度林分生长动态及林木分化特征

以尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis) 3种不同造林密度(A密度:1 666株/hm~2,B密度:1 250株/hm~2,C密度:833株/hm~2)林分为研究对象,分析了1.5~5.5年生时不同密度林分生长动态、差异及林木分化特征,目的是为尾巨桉纸浆材、胶合板材或大径级锯材人工林培育提供参考依据。3种密度林分树高连年生长量排序是CBA,胸径、单株材积连年生长量的排序与树高相同;而不同密度林分蓄积连年生长量的排序则相反。3种密度间尾巨桉林分树高、胸径、单株材积、蓄积量均有显著差异;密度A、B、C的林木胸径变动系数分别是12%、15%、15%,最大与最小变动系数间仅相差3个百分点;林分树高与胸径之比值中,林龄5.5年时最大比值(B密度,比值为140.7)比最小比值(C密度,比值为134.8)仅大4.2%。分析表明,林分树高、胸径、单株材积连年生长量随密度增加而减小,林分蓄积连年生长量则随密度增加而增大;密度小的林分平均树高、胸径、单株材积显著高于密度大的林分,但密度小林分蓄积量则显著低于密度大的林分;林木分化及林木圆满度在不同造林密度间差异较小,且无明显规律。     

不同幼林抚育方式对马尾松林分生长的影响

分析不同幼林抚育措施对10年生马尾松林分的平均胸径、平均树高、造林保存率、单株材积及样地蓄积量生长的影响,结果表明不同的幼林抚育管理措施对马尾松造林成林及林分生长具有显著的影响。高标准的幼林抚育措施能显著促进马尾松的生长,提高林地生产力。     

杂交相思对造林密度的响应

为确定杂交相思(Acacia mangium×A. auriculiformis)适宜的造林密度,设置2 500、2 222和1 667株/hm²3个造林密度,开展不同密度造林试验,造林后6年内定期调查林分树高、胸径和单株材积,调查和计算6年生林分的保存率和蓄积量,对指标进行分析。结果表明,造林密度对树高、胸径、单株材积、保存率和蓄积量均影响显著。6年生时,平均树高在1 667株/hm²密度林分中最高,胸径和单株材积均在2 222株/hm²密度林分中最高。随林龄增加,各密度林分的树高和胸径年净增长量均呈先降后升的趋势,单株材积年净增长量均呈上升趋势。随林分密度增加,保存率呈下降趋势,蓄积量呈先升后降的趋势。单株材积受造林密度影响最大,保存率影响最小。作为纸浆用材林,可选择2 222株/hm²造林密度,该密度林分的蓄积量最大。     

不同整地方式对造林质量的影响

在黑龙江省半干旱地区通过全面整地、开沟整地、穴状整地和不整地对樟子松、云杉、落叶松和银中杨的造林成活率、保存率以及树高和地径生长量影响的试验研究,结果表明:开沟整地可大大提高针叶树的造林成活率和保存率,同时可有效提高樟子松和云杉的林木生长量。     

造林密度对四川桤木生长的影响

以四川桤木为试验材料，在相同立地条件下设置3种不同造林密度，试验结果表明：造林密度对3年生四川桤木单株平均胸径、树高、材积以及枝下高均有极显著影响，对单位面积蓄积量无显著影响；单株平均胸径、树高及材积生长量随造林密度的加大而减小，枝下高则相反；造林密度适宜（1667彬hm^2）时，其单位面积蓄积量约有增加，单株材积生长量明显加大，利于大径材培育。     

不同造林密度对思茅松中龄林生长量的影响

以不同密度的思茅松中龄林为材料,开展思茅松的生长量观测,对所调查的保存率、树高、胸径、冠幅、单株材积和活立木蓄积量进行统计分析.结果表明：不同密度的树高、胸径、冠幅和单株材积各处理间均存在极显著差异.保存率与密度成反比,活立木蓄积量与密度成正比,树高、胸径、冠幅和单株材积随密度的增大而减小,但不成规律性;密度对保存率和活立木蓄积量的影响最大,对胸径、冠幅和单株材积的影响次之,对树高的影响最小.综合对比分析、方差分析和多重比较分析得出：最适宜思茅松中龄生长的密度是2m×3m,可在生产中推广应用,最不适宜的密度是1 m×1 m.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.