植物组织培养:最新进展和潜在的应用(英文)

植物组织培养体系在基础研究和商业应用中具有巨大的潜能,例如园艺产业。组织培养过程伴随着一系列关于形态学、生理学、生物化学、分子和表观遗传的改变。分子水平的改变主要包括基因突变、DNA重组、染色体变异和表观遗传调控(DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质重塑、小RNA调节)。这些改变被认为能促进外植体对培养环境的适应并有益于随后的形态发生。目前,组培已在商业应用和细胞生物学、遗传学、生物化学等基本研究中发挥了重要作用。本文重点介绍了植物组织培养的原理概念、培养基的制作、外植体的选择、各种激素的作用机理、植物离体快速繁殖的3大难题(外植体的污染、褐变、试管苗的玻璃化)以及防止措施,并详细阐述了植物离体快繁、无病毒苗木培育、培养细胞突变体、人工种子和离体培养期间分子水平的变化。     

Artificial meat? Feasible approach based on the experience from cell culture studies

This short review is to list pros and cons which are based on the literature and personal experience in cell culture studies related to possible commercial production of artificial meat as functional food. The general view of muscle composition and determinants of meat quality are shortly described. Principles of muscle cell propagation in culture and mutual relationships between different cell types present in this organ are briefly discussed. Additionally, the effects of some cytokines and growth factors for muscle cell growth and muscle tissue development are indicated. Finally, conclusion remarks related to detrimental consequences of meat production to natural environment as well as personal opinion of author on the prospects of artificial meat production are declared.     

树月季砧木引种驯化与快繁

该文首先从树月季的历史出发 ,概述了树月季砧木在各国的使用情况及其引种驯化的可能性 .树月季在北美洲和欧洲的应用已经相当普遍 ,但由于各国蔷薇资源和育种进展情况的不同 ,对树月季砧木的应用也不大相同 .北美洲主要应用Rosamultiflora的品种或变种作为树月季砧木 .欧洲主要利用Rosarugosa和Rosacanina‘Pfander’作为树月季砧木 .该文进一步概述了目前繁殖树月季砧木的两种主要方法 ,即组织培养和扦插繁殖的方法 .生产上常利用扦插的方法繁殖树月季的砧木 ,特别是全光雾插 ,已经广泛应用于商业性大规模的生产 .最后简略介绍了树月季培育的途径 .     

Human insulin from recombinant DNA technology

Human insulin produced by recombinant DNA technology is the first commercial health care product derived from this technology. Work on this product was initiated before there were federal guidelines for large-scale recombinant DNA work or commercial development of recombinant DNA products. The steps taken to facilitate acceptance of large-scale work and proof of the identity and safety of such a product are described. While basic studies in recombinant DNA technology will continue to have a profound impact on research in the life sciences, commercial applications may well be controlled by economic conditions and the availability of investment capital.     

植物细胞重编程机制及其在苔藓植物中的研究进展

重编程在植物组织培养和干细胞治疗等领域有潜在的应用价值。目前,影响陆生植物重编程的分子机制还不清楚,而且缺少从进化-发育角度对重编程的研究。通过建立模式生物小立碗藓的再生体系,研究共有因子Pp CSP1/Lin28调控高等植物重编程的作用机制,并对今后的研究进行展望。     

Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging, and diagnostics

Research on fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (also known as quantum dots or qdots) has evolved over the past two decades from electronic materials science to biological applications. We review current approaches to the synthesis, solubilization, and functionalization of qdots and their applications to cell and animal biology. Recent examples of their experimental use include the observation of diffusion of individual glycine receptors in living neurons and the identification of lymph nodes in live animals by near-infrared emission during surgery. The new generations of qdots have far-reaching potential for the study of intracellular processes at the single-molecule level, high-resolution cellular imaging, long-term in vivo observation of cell trafficking, tumor targeting, and diagnostics.     

双歧杆菌在乳制品中研究与应用进展

全球食品市场上功能性乳制品层出不穷,人们对于新型益生菌乳制品的需求日益增长。双歧杆菌为人体肠道中具有代表性的一大类益生菌,具有营养、抗菌、免疫调节、抗癌等多种生理功能,是人体健康的重要标志之一。过去10年中,双歧杆菌已经成为国内外专家学者研究的热点,尤其是在乳制品中的应用研究已取得重要成就,但仍存在亟待解决的问题。综述了双歧杆菌的生理生化性质,包括形态特征和种类分布,此外还对其营养与益生作用在乳制品中的研究与应用进展进行综述。     

植物组织培养在作物新品种选育与后代繁育上的应用

随着科学技术的不断创新,植物组织培养作为一项发展已久的生物技术,近年来发展异常迅猛。由于其生长周期短、成活率高、工厂化生产和农村现代化发展管理水平高等优点,这项技术已被广泛应用于现代农作物生产中,成为中国现代化农村发展的关键技术之一。鉴于此,本文重点围绕植物组织培养技术在农业方面与基因工程、原生质体与体细胞杂交、倍性育种、种质资源保存和作物脱毒、离体培养等方面的应用展开论述,着重探讨组培技术在作物育种方法与后代繁殖上的应用现状及它们各自解决的生产难题,并简单介绍组培技术结合环境控制的应用,为后续农业生产提供参考。     

The use of computer vision technologies in aquaculture – A review

Computer vision technology is a sophisticated inspection technology that is in common use in various industries. However, it is not as widely used in aquaculture. Application of computer vision technologies in aquaculture, the scope of the present review, is very challenging. The inspected subjects are sensitive, easily stressed and free to move in an environment in which lighting, visibility and stability are generally not controllable, and the sensors must operate underwater or in a wet environment. The review describes the state of the art and the evolution of computer vision in aquaculture, at all stages of production, from hatcheries to harvest. The review is organized according to inspection tasks that are common to almost all production systems: counting, size measurement and mass estimation, gender detection and quality inspection, species and stock identification, and monitoring of welfare and behavior. The objective of the review is to highlight areas of research and development in the field of computer vision which have made some progress, but have not matured into a useful tool. There are many potential applications for this technology in aquaculture which could be useful for improving product quality or production efficiency. There have been quite a few initiatives in this direction, and a tight collaboration between engineers, fish physiologists and ethologists could contribute to the search for, and development of solutions for the benefit of aquaculture.     

猫白血病的研究

白血病是猫最常见的恶性肿瘤疾病，死亡率高．患猫有各样的症状，但缺乏临床上可被认识的特异性，给诊断和治疗造成困难．本研究观察了２９例自然发病病猫，从细胞化学、免疫学、病理学方面进行分类．通过细胞培养检出了猫白血病病毒（ＦｅＬＶ），也检测了病猫血清中的抗白血病细胞膜抗体（ＡＬＣＭＡ）．结果表明，某些病猫对此病具有相当的免疫力，而某些病猫却不能充分发挥免疫力，从而导致ＦｅＬＶ在体内各组织和血液细胞发生作用而引起临床病征．由此认为，ＡＬＣＭＡ在发展抗ＦｅＬＶ侵染的早期免疫力上起着重要作用．     

西洋参离体快速繁殖和次生代谢物生产研究进展

西洋参具有重要的药用经济价值,其离体快速繁殖和次生代谢物生产一直受到人们的关注。从西洋参愈伤组织诱导及植株再生、细胞悬浮和发酵培养、毛状根培养和冠瘿组织培养等方面综述了近年来国内外研究进展,并对今后的研究方向作了展望。     

纳米材料与技术在农业上的应用研究进展

近几年纳米材料与技术在农业领域的应用取得了一定进展,综述了纳米材料与技术在农业投入品的传输、动植物遗传育种、农产品加工、农业环境改良和农业纳米检测技术等方面的应用。目前纳米技术在农业中的应用研究仍处于初期阶段,一些研究成果实现商业化还需要更大的努力。此外,纳米材料因其特性可能存在潜在的安全性问题,选择生物安全型、环境友好型纳米材料进行农业应用研究对于发展农业纳米技术至关重要。     

生物技术与作物育种—现状与潜力

本文对现代生物技术的兴起与迅速发展,尤其在作物改良中植物细胞工程和基因工程理论与应用研究国际国内的最新进展进行了综述。提供了植物组织培养技术(包括微体繁殖、病原菌的消除、花药培养、幼胚培养、体细胞无性系变异筛选等)在作物育种中许多实际应用的例证。回顾了植物原生质体培养与原生质体融合在最近几年中的研究进展,指出在提高再生频率、扩大基因型以及融合体筛选方面仍有不少急待解决的问题。植物基因工程研究在目的基因的鉴定、分离和克隆,外源基因载体的开发、外源基因的转化方法等各个方面的迅猛进展使有些产品已获得了商业应用。依据植物生物技术理论与应用研究的现状,作者认为植物生物技术对培养高产、抗病虫害、抗逆、优质的作物新品种有着巨大的潜力和广阔前景,植物生物技术的应用必将使作物育种工作在原有传统技术基础上进一步向精确化、高效化的方向发展。     

微生物合成5-羟基色氨酸的研究进展

5?羟基色氨酸 (5-hydroxytryptophan，5-HTP)是血清素和褪黑素生物合成的中间代谢物，可有效治疗多种疾病，如抑郁症、头痛、肥胖和失眠等。传统生产5-HTP的方法是植物提取或化学合成，然而，这些方法效率低，难以大规模生产，无法满足不断增长的市场需求。随着代谢工程和合成生物学的发展，利用微生物合成目标产物成为必然趋势。笔者综述了微生物合成5-HTP的研究进展，通过定向进化羟化酶以及引入辅酶因子合成与再生途径，实现了微生物合成5-HTP，再经代谢工程调控，通过平衡宿主细胞内代谢流提高5-HTP生产效率，为工业微生物有效合成5-HTP提供了理论基础和技术支持。     

Alternatives for large-scale production of cultured beef: A review

Cultured beef is a method where stem cells from skeletal muscle of cows are cultured in vitro to gain edible muscle tissue. For large-scale production of cultured beef, the culture technique needs to become more efficient than today's 2-dimensional(2D) standard technique that was used to make the first cultured hamburger. Options for efficient large-scale production of stem cells are to culture cells on microcarriers, either in suspension or in a packed bed bioreactor, or to culture aggregated cells in suspension. We discuss the pros and cons of these systems as well as the possibilities to use the systems for tissue culture. Either of the production systems needs to be optimized to achieve an efficient production of cultured beef. It is anticipated that the optimization of large-scale cell culture as performed for other stem cells can be translated into successful protocols for bovine satellite cells resulting in resource and cost efficient cultured beef.     

Sensors for product characterization and quality of specialty crops—A review

This review covers developments in non-invasive techniques for quality analysis and inspection of specialty crops, mainly fresh fruits and vegetables, over the past decade up to the year 2010. Presented and discussed in this review are advanced sensing technologies including computer vision, spectroscopy, X-rays, magnetic resonance, mechanical contact, chemical sensing, wireless sensor networks and radio-frequency identification sensors. The current status of different sensing systems is described in the context of commercial application. The review also discusses future research needs and potentials of these sensing technologies. Emphases are placed on those technologies that have been proven effective or have shown great potential for agro-food applications. Despite significant progress in the development of non-invasive techniques for quality assessment of fruits and vegetables, the pace for adoption of these technologies by the specialty crop industry has been slow.     

金雀花组织培养与快繁

以金雀花Caragana sinica茎段为材料,通过不同植物生长调节物质种类和质量浓度进行单因素设计,建立金雀花的组织培养再生体系,为金雀花的组织快繁提供技术指导。结果表明:用1.0 gL－1的氯化汞（HgCl2）浸泡灭菌10 min为宜;初代培养宜选用培养基MS（Murashige and Skoog）+2.0 mgL－1 6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）+0.2 mgL-1萘乙酸（NAA）;最佳增殖培养基为MS中添加0.5 mgL-1苯基噻二唑基脲（TDZ）,诱导形成5～6个丛生芽,将嫩茎接种在添加0.5 mgL-1NAA的MS培养基中,生根率为86.7%。图1表3参11     

牡丹繁殖技术

该文综述牡丹 (PaeoniasuffruticosaAndr .)的繁殖技术 :播种、嫁接、分株、压条、扦插和组织培养等 .嫁接是目前繁殖观赏牡丹的主要技术 (其次为分株 ) ,但由于其繁殖系数低 ,限制了牡丹苗木的大量生产 .牡丹器官发生组织培养已经研究了 15a ,但从接种到小植株驯化等工艺还存在问题 ,不能用于规模化生产 .体细胞胚胎发生将是继器官发生之后以细胞克隆植株的生物技术     

植物细胞的全能性及应用

生活着的每个细胞都含有产生一个完整机体的全套基因,在适宜条件下能够形成一个新个体的潜在能力。这种潜能就是植物细胞的全能性。根据植物细胞具有全能性的原理,植物学上发展了一项新的技术即植物组织培养技术。目前,该技术已被广泛应用于实践中,为国民经济的发展做出重大的贡献。     

微载体培养技术及其在疫苗生产中的应用

微载体培养技术是一种新兴的细胞大规模培养技术,是目前贴壁依赖型细胞大规模培养的重要方法,其兼具贴壁培养和悬浮培养的优势,温度、溶氧浓度和pH等培养条件易控制,培养过程自动化、系统化,不易被污染。现就微载体培养技术的发展及其在疫苗生产中的应用进行了综述,并提出了动物细胞微载体大规模培养技术的发展方向。