肝纤维化动物模型研究进展

肝纤维化是肝损伤后的修复反应,涉及一系列复杂的细胞及分子机制,如何制作和选择与人类肝纤维化相似的动物模型,不仅是深入研究肝纤维化发病机制的重要基础,也是筛选防治肝纤维化药物的有效手段.文章介绍了目前常用的几种肝纤维化动物模型的造模方法,即给实验动物施以不同性质、不同剂量以及不同作用方式的肝毒剂,造成不同类型的肝纤维化模型.通过比较各种方法的致病机理、造模途径、效果、优缺点和各自用途,提出了肝纤维化动物模型的选择依据及研究方向.     

实验性家兔肝纤维化模型的超声表现

实验动物肝纤维化的诊断目前仍为有创的肝穿刺活检和动物处死后的组织病理诊断,我们拟通过实验动物兔肝纤维时兔肝的二维超声表现和血流变化,实现实验动物肝纤维化的活体状态下无创性诊断,以方便建立肝纤维化动物模型。1材料与方法1.1动物模型的建立采用四氯化碳中毒性肝纤维化动物模型。具体方法:新西兰白兔40只,随机分为2组,每组20只,第1组为正常对照组,第2组为模型制作组。模型制作组按0.10m L/kg的剂量腹腔注射四氯化碳,5d注射一次。正常对照组按0.10m L/kg的剂量,腹腔注射生理盐水,5d注射一次。两组均持续60d。1.2超声检测内容采用A …     

心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型的实验动物种属选择和建模方法比较

心肌缺血再灌注损伤（MIRI）是冠心病治疗中的难点和热点。MIRI动物模型是研究人员开展MIRI机制和防治策略研究时的重要载体。MIRI模型包括离体模型和在体模型,涉及多个种属的动物和多种造模方法,并且心肌缺血时间的设定在不同的研究中也存在较大差异。选择合适的动物模型和造模条件对实验结果有种重要影响,本文将从模型建立的角度,比较多种常见的MIRI模型及造模方法,为MIRI研究中动物模型的选择提供依据。     

硬皮病动物模型及其应用研究进展

硬皮病是一种以组织纤维化、闭塞性血管炎和产生大量自身抗体为特征的结缔组织病,病因及发病机制至今尚未完全明了,尚无理想的治疗药物和方法。该文对建立硬皮病模型动物的选择进行了比较,介绍了应用博来霉素诱导Balb/c小鼠产生硬皮病样病变以及应用V型胶原重塑新西兰兔硬皮病样改变等建立硬皮病模型的方法,对应用这两种动物模型研究硬皮病发病机制和中药临床治疗研究概况进行了综述。     

动物营养与其运动能力研究——评《常用运动动物模型的建立方法》

《常用运动动物模型的建立方法》是2012年王蕴红教授与北京体育大学出版社联合出版。王蕴红是首都体育学院运动生理学教授,在国内外期刊发表文章数十篇。《常用运动动物模型的建立方法》一书中比较详细的介绍了当前运动人体科学领域所涉及的常用实验动物的实验技术和运动模型的制备方法以及影响因素等等。主要涵盖了实验动物的特点、饲养以及常用技术的操作方法,针对动物的基本训练方式和常见运动动物模型的制备方法、运动方法进行了研究。     

四氯化碳诱导家兔肝纤维化模型的建立

采用腹腔注射四氯化碳诱导家兔肝发生纤维化的方法 ,建立家兔肝纤维化动物模型。结果表明 ,以 3 0 ,60 ,90 d观察 ,家兔肝纤维化程度随造模时间的延长而增加。与空白对照组比较 ,3 0 d见汇管区纤维增多 ,少量炎症细胞浸润 ,肝细胞水样变性。 60 d肝小叶中央静脉周围肝细胞肿胀 ,汇管区范围增大 ,成纤维细胞增生 ,小叶周围肝细胞形态基本正常。 90 d超声显示肝脏回声增强、光点增粗 ,血流阻力相对增加(P <0 .0 5) ;组织学显示汇管区内成纤维细胞大量增生 ,中央静脉周围纤维化 ,可见胶原纤维束向小叶内延伸。提示长期给予四氯化碳可诱导家兔肝纤维化形成 ,其病理变化具有阶段性。90 d肝纤维化形成稳定 ,与人的肝纤维化接近     

多发性硬化动物模型研究进展

多发性硬化(MS)是一种慢性中枢神经系统自身免疫性疾病,为临床神经系统的疑难重病,对其病理过程、发病机制的研究以及治疗药物的筛选和评价都需要合适的动物模型。论文从实验动物选择、几种重要的诱导方法及模型的行为学、影像学及病理评价等多方面对MS动物模型研究进展进行介绍。     

矮地茶黄酮抗二甲基亚硝胺诱导大鼠肝纤维化作用及机制研究

目的:研究矮地茶黄酮(FAJ)对二甲基亚硝胺(DMN)诱导的大鼠肝纤维化(HF)的保护作用及机制。方法:随机将大鼠分为正常组、模型组、秋水仙碱组(0.1 mg/kg)、FAJ高剂量组(600 mg/kg)、FAJ中剂量组(400 mg/kg)、FAJ低剂量组(200 mg/kg),除正常组外,其余各组腹腔注射0.5%DMN建立大鼠肝纤维化模型,FAJ各剂量组同时给予FAJ干预,1次/d,至实验结束。实验结束后,采集大鼠血液及肝组织标本,检测各组大鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT))、谷草转氨酶(AST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)、透明质酸(HA)、层黏蛋白(LN)水平,免疫组化方法检测各组大鼠肝脏转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)表达,观察各组大鼠肝脏组织病理学变化,探讨FAJ对DMN诱导的大鼠肝纤维化的保护作用及机制。结果:与模型组相比,FAJ高剂量组、FAJ中剂量组、FAJ低剂量组大鼠血清中ALT、AST、MDA、HA、LN水平显著降低(P0.01,P0.05);FAJ高剂量组、FAJ中剂量组中SOD水平显著升高(P0.01),FAJ低剂量组SOD虽升高,但无显著性差异(P0.05);病理切片显示,FAJ干预后肝组织内炎症细胞浸润和纤维化程度明显改善;免疫组化图像显示FAJ各剂量组TGF-β1表达下降。结论:FAJ对DMN诱导的大鼠肝纤维化具有保护作用且呈剂量依赖型,其作用机制可能与抗氧化、抑制肝星状细胞活化有关。     

A/H1N1不同动物模型研究的比较

A/H1N1自2009年3月暴发以来,严重危害人类健康和生命。为探明其机制及研发防治措施,建立良好的动物模型是研究的重要基础。本文报道了A/H1N1流感动物模型研究进展,对流感动物模型的选择原则、疾病特征、造模方法、模型的临床特征、病理变化、病毒复制等方面进行归纳,比较了鸡模型、小鼠模型、猪模型和雪貂模型特点。A/H1N1流感动物模型有各自的优点和缺点,应根据不同的实验目的和实验条件选择合适的造模方法和和实验动物进行造模。     

肝脏疾病动物模型的研究进展

肝脏是物质和能量代谢的重要枢纽,通常在酒精、药物、有毒化合物等有害物质作用下,将造成急性或慢性肝损伤,如果得不到有效缓解,可进一步恶化为肝纤维化、肝硬化或肝癌。实验性肝病动物模型对研究肝病发病机理、筛选治疗药物有重要意义。本文阐述急性肝损伤、脂肪肝、肝纤维化、肝硬化、肝癌等肝病的动物模型建立方法,为肝脏疾病的研究提供参考资料。     

青海省部分地区藏羊肝脏六种微量元素水平的测定

对来自青海省海西州和海北州部分地区的37份藏羊肝脏样品中的铜、铁、钴、硒、钼和硒等六种微量元素水平进行了检测,结果显示,肝铜含量在34.45±7.37~168.62±57.85之间,处于铜缺乏状态;肝硒水平在0.0169±0.0026~0.0323±0.0033之间,各地均处于极度缺硒状态;肝钴水平在正常范围之内;肝铁平均水平为3572.21±1155.56μg/g,严重偏高;肝钼的水平略低于正常值;肝锌水平略高于正常水平。     

疑似新种--湖南花垣小鲵肝脏组织切片观察

为全面了解湖南湘西花垣小鲵,从而有效地保护和利用这一物种,应用常规组织切片方法对该小鲵的肝脏进行了观察研究,了解了小鲵肝脏的基本形态结构,为更深层次的研究其内部结构提供了材料。     

EMPHYSEMATOUS HEPATIC ABSCESS ASSOCIATED WITH TRAUMA, NECROTIC HEPATIC NODULAR HYPERPLASIA AND ADENOMA IN A DOG: A CASE HISTORY REPORT

A 13-year-old male Setter-Springer crossbred dog was presented with signs of acute peritonitis three days after blunt abdominal trauma. In abdominal radiographs, a bubbly accumulation of gas in the central and cranioventral parts of the liver silhouette and mild peritoneal effusion were seen. At laparatomy, firm, necrotic, nodular hepatic masses containing gas were found to be ruptured. The histologic diagnoses were hepatic adenoma with hepatic necrosis and nodular hepatic hyperplasia. The pathogenesis of hepatic abscessation and the radiographic differential diagnosis of extraluminal abdominal gas are discussed.     

Histopathology of Experimental Schistosoma bovis Infection in Goats

The inflammatory host response to Schistosoma bovis in young goats was studied at necropsy by light microscopy 34 weeks after primary exposure to 3,000 cercariae (group B, n=6), 34 weeks after primary exposure to 3,000 cercariae followed by challenge with 2,500 cercariae at week 17 (group C, n=5), and 17 weeks after primary exposure to 2,500 cercariae, given on week 17 of the experiment (group D, n=6). Three goats served as uninfected controls. The faecal egg output had been minimal for 17 weeks prior to necropsy in groups B and C and only for the last 2 weeks in group D.Histological studies were carried out on the small intestine, liver, lung and spleen, and tissue egg counts were performed. In sections of the small intestine and liver, a panel of histopathological variables were quantitated to characterize the host response and differences between groups of animals were evaluated with one way analysis of variance. The mean tissue egg count in the small intestine was slightly but not significantly higher in group C than group B and about twice as high in group D (D vs B or C p<0.01). Group means of numbers of inflammatory foci per section of gut wall corresponded well with those of tissue egg counts, suggesting that the rate of inflammatory destruction of eggs did not differ markedly between the groups. Egg material was less commonly seen in granulomas of the small intestine in group B than in group D (p<0.01), suggesting lower passage of eggs through the gut wall during the later than during the earlier phase of patent primary infection. The frequency of eosinophil-rich hepatic inflammatory foci was much higher in group D than in the other groups (D vs B p<0.05, D vs C p< 0.01), and coincided with a high degree of blood eosinophilia in this group at the time of sacrifice. Challenged goats showed a significantly higher frequency of markedly fibrotic inflammatory foci in the liver and of liver granulomas with a marked giant cell component than goats of the other groups. Hepatic portal fibrosis was least prominent in animals with 17- week- old primary infections, implying a possible relation between this change and duration of infection.     

Effects of animal liver and bile extracts on biochemical values of rat ethanol‐induced fatty liver

The purposes of this study were to assess the improvement of fatty liver induced by ethanol with animal liver and bile extracts. This research aimed to increase the economic values of animal liver and bile extracts and used these to reduce damage of ethanol‐induced fatty liver. Extracts came from animal liver and bile, including pig bile powder, pig liver extract, a mixture of pig bile powder and pig liver extract, chicken bile powder, chicken liver extract, and a mixture of chicken bile powder and chicken liver extract, and these were fed to Long‐Evans rats. The results showed that rats fed ethanol for long terms could increase values of aspartate transaminase, cholesterol, γ‐glutamy‐transferase and alkaline phosphatase. Pig bile powder could decrease the values of aspartate transaminase, cholesterol and γ‐glutamy‐transferase. The significances also decreased on aspartate transaminase, γ‐glutamy‐transferase and aspartate transaminase, which were carried out with the pig liver extract treatment. These results suggest pig bile and liver extracts have high potential to improve rats' ethanol‐induced fatty liver with serum biochemical parameters.     

Changes in liver copper concentration of thoroughbred foals from birth to 160 days of age and the effect of prenatal copper supplementation of their dams

OBJECTIVES: To monitor the change in liver copper concentration of Thoroughbred foals from birth to 160 days of age and to determine the effects of supplementation by two injections of copper edetate given to dams in late gestation on the liver copper concentration of their foals at birth. PROCEDURE: Ten mares pregnant to the same stallion were randomised into two groups on the basis of age, liver copper concentration and expected foaling date. The treatment group mares were given 100 mg and 250 mg copper edetate intramuscularly during the ninth and tenth months of gestation respectively. Foals had liver biopsies taken weekly in the first month of life, then monthly for four months. Foals were euthanased at 160 days of age; liver samples were taken and the copper concentrations were determined. RESULTS: Two distinct patterns of age dependent decline in liver copper concentration were evident. The mean (+/- SD) liver copper concentration of the foals was high at birth (374 +/- 130 mg/kg DM), and for seven it declined to adult values by 160 days of age (21 +/- 6 mg/kg DM). In three foals the decline was at a slower rate than in the other seven and at 160 days of age the mean concentration was 162 +/- 32 mg/kg DM. Repeated measures analysis showed significant differences between each biopsy (P < 0.01) and between 'normal' and 'accumulator' foals (P < 0.002). Copper injections given to mares in late pregnancy had no effect on the liver copper concentration of foals at birth. CONCLUSIONS: The significance of the two patterns of age dependant decline in liver copper concentration is unknown. Parenteral copper supplementation of the dam in late gestation had no effect on the liver copper concentration of the foal at birth.     

Protective effects of methanolic leaf extracts of Monanthotaxis caffra against aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Aflatoxins are potent hepatotoxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi. The present study investigated the protective effect of methanolic leaf extracts of Monanthotaxis caffra (MLEMC) against aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 animals each. Five groups were administered orally for seven days with three different concentrations of MLEMC (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg), curcumin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (25% propylene glycol). The following day, these groups were administered 1 mg/kg b.w. of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁). The experiment was terminated three days after administration of AFB₁. Group 6 represented untreated healthy control. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and liver histopathology were evaluated. Methanolic leaf extracts of M. caffra decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine in the sera of rats as compared with the AFB₁ intoxicated group. Co-administration of MLEMC improved the histological characteristics of the hepatocytes in contrast to the AFB₁ treated group, which had mild to severe hepatocellular injuries including bile duct proliferation, bile duct hyperplasia, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and fibrosis. Extracts of M. caffra were beneficial in mitigating the hepatotoxic effects of AFB₁ in rats by reducing the levels of liver enzymes and preventing hepatic injury.     

200例食用猪肝的病理学研究

对取自当前广州市肉品市场的200例食用猪肝进行了病理学分析,68％猪肝存在着各种各样的病变,病变种类多达25种,不仅有肝细胞的萎缩和各种变性、水肿、囊肿、出血、坏死和钙化等,还发现恶性肿瘤以及见于癌前期或癌症的肝细胞病理性核有丝分裂像。