土壤风蚀与植被防护研究

在收集总结国内外土壤风蚀与植被防护相关研究文献的基础上,从土壤风蚀原理、风蚀影响因素、风蚀预报模型、土壤风蚀容忍量、植被覆盖防风蚀效应等方面评述了国内外土壤风蚀与植被防护的研究现况,据此指出了研究中存在的问题,提出了今后的研究方向。     

基于能量原理分析森林植被对水土保持的影响

通过对历年来全国森林资源清查数据和水土流失数据的对比分析,得出森林植被具有抑制水土流失作用的结论。并通过土壤水特征曲线深入探究土壤持水、失水的过程,从能量角度解释植被具有提高土壤持水性能、抑制地表径流、从而防止水土流失的原因。     

Modeling the impacts of agroforestry systems on the spatial patterns of soil erosion risk in three catchments of Claveria, the Philippines

Agroforestry is one of the preferred land-use options for smallholder farms in tropical landscapes due to its ability to increase land productivity and protect soil from erosion. We investigated the impacts of agroforestry and traditional monocropping systems on the spatial patterns of soil erosion risk in three catchment areas of Claveria, the Philippines, using WaTEM/SEDEM, a spatially distributed soil erosion model. The model predicts soil loss in catchments based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) by taking into account the influences of rainfall, soil erodibility, vegetation cover and 2-dimensional variations in landscape structure. The predicted soil erosion rates were transformed into risk values in order to identify areas with higher risk for erosion. Model results indicate a large spatial variability in soil erosion risk patterns, with higher risks occurring on slopes greater than 8% on land under non-agroforestry use. The soil erosion risk maps were used to formulate site-specific agroforestry recommendations for future landscape amelioration plans.     

坡地种葛控制土壤水土流失技术研究

为探索坡地水土保持技术,以传统习惯种植作物为对照,开展了坡地种葛对减少水土流失技术的研究。结果表明:种植葛根可以有效地减少坡地土壤的地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量,种葛4年后地表径流量比对照减少一半以上;随着种葛年限的增加,土壤侵蚀量逐年降低。种葛第2年后,雨水对坡地土壤的侵蚀量比对照减少了58.0%,到第10年种葛处理的土壤侵蚀量比对照减少了91.1%。本研究通过对坡度在28°以内的坡地种葛,对减轻水土流失,改善土壤理化性状,培肥地力提供了一条新的有效技术途径。     

钱塘江流域水土流失特点和动态分析

应用遥感技术和定点调查相结合的方法对钱塘江流域水土流失及其动态进行分析．钱塘江流域省内水土流失量占全省总流失量的４７．６６％．钱塘江中上游的金衢地区是水土流失较严重地区，面租达３９５５ｋｍ２，占该地区山地面积的２３．２５％，衢州市近１０年（１９８１～１９９０年）间统计，水土流失面积由原来的１５８６ｋｍ２增加到２６７５ｋｍ２，扩大６８、６６％；以经济林为主的常山县开发过程中强调水土保持措施，但流失面积仍扩大４７、３８％；．以用材林为主的开化县水土流失有急剧上升的趋势。文章讨论了钱塘江中上游近期水土流失的特点并提出综合治理的建议．     

潞安矿区煤矸石山植被根系的土壤抗冲性研究

在山西潞安矿区王庄煤矿北矸石山进行了土壤抗冲性试验,对矸石山坡面植物根系的土壤抗冲性进行了研究.研究表明:(1)根系长度随根系径级的增大而不断减小,表明土壤中以小径级根系为主,且不同径级根系在土壤中的分布存在较大的空间变异性;根系生物量随根系径级的增大总体上呈下降趋势,即矿区坡面土壤中小径级根系分布较大根系多;(2)根...     

李子口径流小区不同植被条件下降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响研究

采用径流小区实验的方法,在李子口小流域设立了6个不同植被类型的径流小区,研究径流小区不同植被条件下降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响,结果如下:(1)不同植被条件下,降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响可表现为撂荒地小区>农耕地小区>林地小区,降雨对林地的土壤侵蚀弱,林地对当地水土的保持能力强,最适合作为当地水土保持的植物措施。(2)总体上,6个径流小区的降雨量、降雨侵蚀力与地表径流量、径流深、土壤流失量之间的相关性均表现为显著正相关的关系,表明降雨对当地土壤侵蚀作用强,需重点防护。研究揭示了研究区降雨与土壤侵蚀的相关性,比较了不同植被条件下降雨对土壤侵蚀的影响,为水土保持的相关研究提供参考与借鉴。     

毛竹林地土壤水土流失的初步研究

采用人工模拟降雨装置,对毛竹林地土壤流失进行了试验,结果表明:林地坡度是影响林地土壤流失的主要因子,坡度在30耙陨鲜?极易造成林地土壤冲刷;地表覆盖能有效地降低地表径流中的泥沙含量;大雨、陡坡、全垦造成的水土流失非常严重.     

Effect of conversion of farmland to forest or grassland on soil erosion intensity changes in Yanhe River Basin, Loess Plateau of China

Dynamic changes of soil erosion affected by conversion of farmland to forest or grassland in the Yanhe River Basin were analyzed based on the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). The RUSLE variables were selected and calculated reasonably using the GIS technique. Results show that: 1) After the conversion of farmland to forest or grassland, soil erosion decreased greatly. Compared with soil erosion in period of 1986 to 1997, the soil erosion amount had been reduced on the average by 30.6% by 2000; 2) Of the different land uses, slope farmland, especially the steep slope land had the greatest impact on soil erosion. The conversion of forest or grassland was the main driving force for the reduction of soil erosion; 3) In the short term, soil erosion was mainly controlled by C-factor, implying that the adjustment of land use structure might be an effective approach to reduce soil erosion. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conversation, 2007, 5(4): 27–33 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

山地林道路面土壤侵蚀的研究

本文采用标桩法和侵蚀沟调查法,研究了山地林道路面土壤侵蚀的内在规律、建立了侵蚀量与时间、坡长和坡度三个因子的关系。     

半干旱区沙质农田土壤风蚀防治的效应研究

本文研究了不同作物留茬和建设农田防护林对遏制农田土壤风蚀的效应。结果表明：不同作物残茬留量对农田土壤风蚀具有一定的控制作用,但仅留茬措施不能根本性遏制农田土壤风蚀;高积沙农田的风蚀深度和土壤风蚀量均高于平沙地农田,其中〉10m高积沙农田的风蚀深度和土壤风蚀量分别为2．9cm和289．5t／hm2;农田防护林带内的平均风蚀深度和平均土壤风蚀量分别为0．38cm和38．85t／hm2,仅为林带外的18．10％和18．49％,说明在该区建立农田防风林（网）是遏制农田土壤风蚀的有效途径。     

国内外水土流失与土壤退化现状及特点分析

土壤侵蚀是土地退化的主要原因,全球约有1 965.0万km2的面积受到各种形式土壤退化的影响,水土流失与土地退化给人类的可持续发展带来了巨大的压力。我国水土流失尤为严重,根据最新第2次水土流失遥感调查结果表明,全国现有的水土流失面积为356.0万km2。轻度水蚀区主要分布在东中部,中度水蚀区绝大部分在中西部,强度及以上的水蚀区主要在西部地区。严重的水土流失使生态环境不断恶化,加剧土地资源危机,已成为严重的社会问题。     

基于GIS的土壤侵蚀潜在危险性评价

选取高程、坡度、坡向、植被覆盖度、土地利用类型和土壤类型这6个指标,用于评价帽儿山实验林场的土壤侵蚀潜在的危险性。利用ArcGIS软件对各指标属性值进行处理后获取各指标得分数据,消除因量纲不同所造成的影响,利用层次分析法确定各影响因子的权重,加权计算得到帽儿山实验林场的土壤侵蚀潜在危险性综合得分。研究结果表明：该地区土壤侵蚀潜在危险性较低,无险型、轻险型占主要地位,危险型和强险型面积较少,无极险型存在,整个区域平均属于轻险型的范畴。     

大红山铁矿林草植被水土保持效益的研究

以裸地为对照,分别对土壤物理性状及土壤的渗透性,土壤中含水量的动态变化,地表径流及土壤流失量等进行了定点定量观测。研究结果表明,林地与草地能有效改善土壤物理性状、增强土壤渗透性和降低土壤水分含量;能通过提高土壤抗蚀性、改善土壤养分含量来充分发挥水土保持效益。研究结果还表明,林地和草地减少侵蚀效益较好,裸地的土壤流失最严重。与裸地相比,林地和草地对地表径流的控制率达到63%～89%,对土壤流失的控制率达到69%～94%。     

稻草编织物覆盖对坡耕地红壤水土流失的影响

通过自然降雨条件下的径流小区试验,研究了水稻编织物在坡耕地红壤水土流失控制上的作用.结果表明:稻草编织物覆盖能有效地减少水土流失,稻草编织物覆盖的小区径流量为697.67 m3,侵蚀量为6.44 t/hm2,而无覆盖的小区产生径流量为1 728.19 m3,侵蚀量为111.98 t/hm2,径流量是覆盖处理的2.48倍,侵蚀量是覆盖处理的17倍.降雨因子与径流量及侵蚀量的关系研究表明:雨强越大,径流量就越大;雨强大也导致侵蚀量增加;侵蚀量不仅与径流量有关,还与人类活动相关.     

湘南丘陵幼林林下植被覆盖对土壤侵蚀的影响

为削减缓坡梯土幼林地的水土流失,设立１０００ｍ＾２迳流小区,进行定位观测。探讨了植被覆盖对板栗幼林林地土壤侵蚀的影响。丘陵红壤区域开垦的缓坡梯地是绿化达标后泥沙的主要来源地,在无植被覆盖条件下,年土壤侵蚀蚀量可达６．４７７８ｔ／１０００ｍ＾２。植被覆盖能很好的削减土壤侵蚀量,种植面积为２４．２％－５８．４％时,年土壤侵蚀量可减少３５．４９％－５７．５５％,迳流系数平均减少２４．０９％,输沙率平均减少４０．０２％,覆盖度每增加０．１则输沙率减少０．００１９－０．００２７。加大幼林地地面植物覆盖面积和覆盖速度,是控制水土流失的有效途径,油－花生套种或连种是一保土功能很好的模式。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被减蚀、减流效应研究

对半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被类型径流、侵蚀效应进行长期观测.研究结果表明:不同植被产流和侵蚀次数效应为:坡耕地＞牧草地＞乔木林地＞天然草地＞灌木林地;不同植被类型之间径流量和侵蚀量差异较大,其大小次序为:坡耕地＞牧草地＞乔木林地＞天然草地＞灌木林地;灌木林地的减流率和减沙率均在较高的水平,具有良好的水土保持效应;天然草地由于其独特的功能,水土保持效应较好;乔木林地和人工草地除了乔木林地减蚀效应较好外,减流效应较差;坡耕地的累积径流量及侵蚀量最大,而累积减沙率和减流率最低,水土保持效应最差.     

Experimental studies on rain splash erosion of forest soils after clearing in Okinawa using an artificial rainfall apparatus

The main island of Okinawa, in southwestern Japan, is characterized by a subtropical climate, coral reefs, and reddish soils, which contain Acrisols and Cambisols (FAO/UNESCO classifications). Recently, due to soil erosion on hilly lands, the coral reefs have been damaged by an inflow of reddish soil. Forest clearing is thought to one of the factors increasing rain splash erosion rates on hilly lands, because it is believed that clearing disturbs the forest floor and causes the supply of litter to stop. After clearing, A0, A and B horizons will be denuded, one after the other, by rain splash. In this study, we measured rain splash erosion rates of undisturbed samples of A0, A and B horizons using an artificial rainfall apparatus. The results of experiments on rain splash erosion clarified several aspects of the erosion process in a clearing site. First, it was found that the rain splash erosion rates were higher in fresh litter than in decomposed litter, in decomposed litter than in the A horizon, and in the A horizon than in the B horizon. Thus, the erosion rate increases with soil depth. Secondly, surface-gleyed red and yellow soils are mostly vulnerable to rain splash erosion. The erosion rates of these soils are two to three times higher than those of the red soil and the yellow soils. Thirdly, the erosion rates are affected mainly by bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity, not by clay ratio and dispersion ratio. Lastly, the difference between erosion rates of surface-gleyed red and yellow soils and other soils will be even greater if a soil crust has formed, because the formation of a soil crust increases the rain splash erosion rate.     

基于水土保持理念的生态公路建设

交通事业的迅速发展带来全国公路里程数的持续飙升,公路建设过程中会不同程度的导致水土流失,使公路沿线发生滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害的可能性变大。本文探究在公路建设过程中把握水土保持理念,构建生态公路可有效防止人为因素导致水土流失等地质灾害,分析公路绿化的必要性及其构建要点。     

东江中上游水土保持林营建技术及效应浅析

从植物营养、土壤科学和恢复生态学的角度全面系统地总结了东江中上游水土保持林的营建技术，并对其效应及演变进行了监测，取得了如下主要结果：(1)选择出适应于该区的先锋、速生和伴生树种，其主要代表种为肯氏相思、红胶木和红锥。(2)严重水土流失区侵蚀土壤不仅缺乏大量元素，也缺乏微量元素，B的缺乏特别典型，显著地影响尾叶桉的生长。(3)种植模式显著影响水土保持的效果，以乔灌草模式效果好。(4)组装配套技术营建的水土保持示范林，使“烂头山”当年植被覆盖率提高40％以上。既能在短期内减少水土流失，又能改善林地环境条件让慢生树种生长，最终形成多树种混交和稳定有效的水源涵养林，可望逐渐向地带性植被群落演变。