湿地保护与管理之我见

本文对湿地保护与管理存在的问题进行了阐述 ,提出了科学合理的保护与管理建议 ,对今后湿地规划与开发具有重要意义。     

绿地与园林的概念及其相互关系之探讨

从广义、狭义两个层次,对绿地、园林的概念进行了探讨;并分析了广义绿地、狭义绿地,广义园林、狭义园林间的相互关系。     

Evaluation of subtropical ornamental trees for reclaiming salinity affected lands

This study was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of 1-year-old seedlings of ten subtropical ornamental tree species against a range of salinity levels of Na Cl from May 2015 to October 2015. The levels were further enhanced from November to April 2017 as 100% survival was observed in the initial concentrations for all species.The seedlings were grown during the first week of April2015 in 1000 earthen pots containing soil: farmyard manure(2:1), irrigated with tap water for 1 month followed by saline irrigation in May by maintaining electrical conductivity at 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 2.25, and 3.00 d S/m for 30,40, 50, 60, 90, and 120 m M Na Cl. Every 3 months,heights, relative leaf water content, and percent survival were determined;total soluble sugars of the upper leaves of each tree were quantified. All species exhibited consistent early growth and survival when supplied with 30, 40, 50 and 60 m M of Na Cl. Koelreutaria paniculata, Ficus benjamina, Putranjiva roxburghii, Bauhinia purpurea and Millettia ovalifolia were sensitive to elevated salinity levels and did not survive at the highest salt concentrations of 90 and 120 m M.     

Marketing constraints for Eucalyptus from farm lands in India

During the early eighties farmers in north-west India planted Eucalyptus on a massive scale for sale as poles and pulpwood. However, after 1986 farmers in this region have almost stopped growing Eucalyptus, as their experience with its marketing was not a happy one. The pole market got saturated, paper mills did not pay a remunerative price, and fuelwood prices were low and uneconomical. More important, because of legal restrictions on the transport and sale of wood, and other institutional factors, the gap in the farmgate price and the consumer price remained very wide. Wood markets have, on the whole, exploited the farmers, rather than helped them. Due to this, the short period of flirtation with tree crops seems to be over for at least resident farmers in those very areas in north-west India where they had so enthusiastically planted Eucalyptus in the early 1980s.Abbreviations BDO Block Development Officer - Headloaders poor people who collect firewood on their heads from forest lands for consumption and sale - m ha million hectares - Rs Indian Rupee 16 Rs = 1 US Dollar in 1989 - panchayat elected village organisation - pradhan village chief On study leave from the Government of India to the Oxford Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, U.K. Present address: 17 Ponnappa Road, Allahabad 211001, India     

城市规划中绿地系统的布局

城市绿地建设是生态城市建设的重要内容。根据城市用地的高度利用区、改造发展区、新市街区、城市郊区和专项风景名胜旅游区的不同特点,建设城市绿地,合理布局城市绿地系统。     

国内外城市中心区绿地研究

文章分析了城市中心区绿地对城市中心区的影响,并以案例方式概括了应对途径;阐述了城市中心区绿地研究的意义,并对此研究进行了展望,从宏观角度反映了近年来国内城市中心区绿地的研究状况。       

辽宁省沙漠化土地现状及治理对策

辽宁省现有沙漠化土地87．56万hm^2，占全省总土地面积6％，其范围涉及沈阳、大连、鞍山、锦州、阜新、铁岭、朝阳、盘锦、葫芦岛等9个市18个县(市)。全省每年因沙漠化造成的损失约人民币2．6亿元。分析其原因是自然因素和人为活动共同作用的结果，特别是由于“滥垦”等人为因素造成的。针对辽宁省土地沙漠化现状和特点，提出了一系列的治理对策和建议。     

科尔沁沙地生态系统退化特征及原因

生态系统服务功能是人类生存和发展的物质基础,然而由于种种原因造成生态系统的退化,使生态系统的生态服务功能下降,在很大程度上影响和制约了当地社会与经济的可持续发展.文章以科尔沁沙地为研究对象,总结了科尔沁沙地生态系统退化特征,分析了退化的原因.     

不同绿地类型对城市小气候的影响

通过HOBO便携式气象站测定了城市林荫道、草坪、广场3种绿地类型的气温、相对湿度和辐射强度。分析了不同绿地类型上的温度、湿度及太阳辐射变化情况,比较了不同绿地类型对城市小气候的影响。结果表明,随着辐射强度的增强,林荫道有较好的降温保湿效果,并且林荫道与广场的最高温差可达2.76℃,相对湿度的最高差值可达12.5%。在晴朗无风的条件下,随着辐射强度的变化林荫道上温度和相对湿度变化比较缓慢,所以随着辐射强度的增强,林荫道上的气温低于草坪,相对湿度则高于草坪,当辐射强度逐渐减弱时,林荫道上的气温逐渐高于草坪,相对湿度则低于草坪。     

9个沙地李品种经济性状的综合评价

为给经济性状优良并适宜于川灌区推广的李良种的筛选提供参考依据,以种植于沙地的黑宝石李等9个李品种为研究对象,对其主要经济性状指标(平均单株产量、平均单果质量、最大单果质量、果实中可溶性固形物的含量、果实色泽、成熟期、果实风味、耐贮性)进行了测定与分析,并采用主成分分析法对9个李品种的经济性状表现进行了综合评价。结果表明,9个李品种经济性状的个体差异显著,其经济性状由优到劣依次为:巨王李>黑宝石李>红宝石李>美国蛇李>幸运李>日本早红李>月光李>绥李三号>大石早生,其中,巨王李、黑宝石李、红宝石李和美国蛇李等品种的表现均较优良。     

蜜环菌（榛蘑）林地栽培技术

蜜环菌（榛蘑）是东北地区传统的野生食用菌。抚顺市林科所经过3年林地栽培试验，使蜜环菌人工栽培取得成功，一次栽培可多年收获。文章论述了蜜环菌基本形态与习性、菌种分离与繁育、蜜环菌林地栽培的方法。     

景石在园林中的应用

景石是园林造景的主要材料之一。从应用的角度,论述了景石在园林中的作用、常用景石的种类、特性及其在园林中常用的布置方法,并指出现代园林置石造景存在的一些问题,以及解决现存问题的方法。     

辽宁沙化土地治理的研究

在对辽宁沙化土地现状及治理成效研究的基础上,进一步分析其形成、性状和动态规律,论述其治理应当采取的综合措施,为今后沙化土地治理提供借鉴。     

Strategy for screening eucalypts for saline lands

We present a new approach for selecting seed sources of Eucalyptus to be grown on saline land. We evaluated our method using 22 seed sources, 11 tree-form species and 11 mallee-form species. We found that the commonly used strategy of selecting seed sources on the basis of average productivity was inappropriate, as average productivity was poorly correlated with the relationship between productivity and salinity that was actually observed. Using our new approach, we categorized seed sources as salt-sensitive or salt-tolerant based on the strength of the observed relationship between salinity and productivity. Seed sources defined as sensitive were associated with relatively large (−24.8 to −64.2%) productivity losses, while the changes in productivity for tolerant seed sources ranged from −17.1 to 10.5%. On average, reductions in height due to increased salinity were about 30% greater for sensitive seed sources than tolerant ones, although the effect was smaller for mallee-form and greater for tree-form seed sources. The difference between sensitive and tolerant seed sources was similar after 1, 2 and 4 years of growth.     

科尔沁沙地治理目标及效益评析

本文分析了科尔沁沙地建设取得的成绩和存在的主要问题,阐述了工程建设目标及建设重点,并从生态、社会、经济三个方面对沙地的治理效果进行了分析和评价。     

采用森林生物生态学原理加速参业用地改造的探讨

采用森林生物生态学原理，对使用过的参地进行土壤改良，缩短了参地重复使用的周期。     

科尔沁沙地气候变化趋势的初步研究

章以科尔沁沙地南缘的康平县和中西部的翁牛特旗为例，详细分析了科尔沁沙地温度、降水和风速的组合特点及其发展变化趋势。结果表明，全球性气候的变异导致了科尔沁沙地气候因子相应改变，气候出现了暖干化趋势，且这种趋势主要体现在非生长季，使本地区生态环境的脆弱性增强。气候变异是本地区土地沙漠化发生和扩展的原因之一。     

无公害轮叶党参林地栽培技术

介绍了轮叶党参的形态特征、生态习性、无公害栽培、采收与加工技术。轮叶党参宜选在半阴半阳坡、土壤肥沃、土层深厚、腐殖质含量较高的森林土壤中栽培,采用挖根栽植或种子繁殖。轮叶党参是营养价值很高的山野菜,是我国出口韩国等国的主要山菜之一。     

Effect of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment production in sloping lands of Loess area

According to fixed-position data for 1985–2003 from nine runoff plots of Caijiachuan watershed which lies in Jixian County of Shanxi Province in Loess area, this paper studied the relationship between vegetation and runoff and sediment production in sloping lands in detail, which helps to provide scientific basis for vegetation re-construction and studies on environmental transformation of water and sediment in watersheds of Loess area. Although, many study results testify that forest vegetation has an important function in soil and water conservation and cutting runoff, the effect of vegetation on runoff and sediment transmission is complicated, and this needs to be studied in depth. The results of the paper showed the following. Firstly, the natural secondary forest performs better function of soil and water conservation than artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and runoff and sediment produced in the former in individual rainfall were 65%–82% and 23%–92% of those produced in the latter. At the same time, better correlative relationship between runoff and sediment production and rainfall and rainfall intensity were testified by multiple regression, but the correlation decreased gradually with the increase of canopy density of forest. Secondly, the difference of runoff and sediment production in several land use types was very distinct, and the amount of runoff and sediment produced from Ostryopsis davidiana forest and natural secondary forest were the least, and runoff and sediment produced from in artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest were 5-fold as much as those from O. davidiana forest. Besides, runoff and sediment produced in mixed planting of apple trees and crops were 16.14-fold and 2.96-fold than those of O. davidiana forest, respectively, but the amount decreased obviously after high-standard soil preparation in the case of the former. Thirdly, based on gray cognate analyses of factors affecting runoff and sediment production in sloping land, the factors of stand canopy density and herb and litter biomass were the most significant ones, whose gray incidence degree exceeded 0.6. Therefore, mixed forest with multi-layer stand structure and shrub forest should be developed in vegetation re-construction of Loess area, which will help to increase coverage and litter thickness in order to cut down the runoff and sediment dramatically in sloping land. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617]     

Agroforestry in the management of sloping lands in Asia and the Pacific

Steeply sloping lands are widespread in the tropics. An estimated 500 million people practice subsistence agriculture in these marginal areas. Continued population growth has led to the intensified cultivation of large areas of the sloping lands, exacerbating the problem of soil erosion. Although research shows that alley cropping and other contour agroforestry systems can stabilize the sloping lands, these systems have not been widely adopted by farmers. The Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management (FESLM) has been tested in sloping land areas in the Philippines. Sustainable land management must be productive, stable, viable, and acceptable to farmers, while protecting soil and water resources. Farms on which contour hedgerow intercropping has been adopted meet the multifaceted requirements of FESLM, whereas the farmers' current practice does not. Appropriate land management measures for particular locations depend on a complex suite of social, economic, and biophysical factors, and need to be developed in participation with farmers. The role of agroforestry in sustainable management of sloping lands is the subject of networks coordinated by the International Board for Soil Research and Management (IBSRAM) in seven countries in Asia (ASIALAND) and four countries in the Pacific (PACIFICLAND). We review selected outcomes from a wealth of network data. From these results the following conclusions about the sustainability of various agroforestry systems for sloping lands can be drawn: • In the Pacific, soil loss from sloping lands due to water erosion under farmers' current practices is episodic, unpredictable, and possibly not severe; • Agroforestry systems that utilize legume shrubs, fruit trees, coffee (Coffea spp.) or rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) provide useful economic returns, but are not an essential component in terms of soil protection because grass or pineapple (Ananas comosus) planted on the contour are equally effective in reducing erosion; • Agricultural intensification will lead to nutrient mining, reduction of aboveground biomass, declining yields, and less soil protection unless external sources of nutrients are used; • nitrogen can be effectively supplied using legumes; • Cash derived from hedgerow trees and/or shrubs may providean incentive for their adoption by farmers, as well as funds to purchase external inputs such as fertilizers; • Labor may be a major constraint to the adoption of complex agroforestry systems. We also discuss the information management systems required to effectively manage and utilize the extensive sets of experimental and indigenous data being accumulated. We believe such information systems can facilitate technology transfer across and between regions, and improve the efficiency of research into agroforestry and other land-management approaches. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.