Spatial variation in yield and quality in a small apple orchard

We describe the yield and quality of apples from a 0.8 ha apple orchard located in northern Greece over two growing seasons and consider the potential for site-specific management. The orchard has two apple cultivars: Red Chief (main cultivar) and Fuji (pollinator). Yield was measured by weighing all fruit harvested from groups of five adjacent trees and the position of the central tree was recorded by GPS. Apple quality at harvest was evaluated from samples of the two cultivars in both years for which fruit mass, flesh firmness, soluble solids content, juice pH and acidity of the juice were determined. The variation in tree flowering was also measured in the spring of the second season using a stereological sampling procedure. The results showed considerable variability in the number of tree flowers, yield and quality across the orchard for both cultivars. The number of flowers was strongly correlated with the final yield. These data could potentially be used to plan precise thinning and for early prediction of yield; the latter is important for marketing the fruit. Several quality characteristics, including fruit juice soluble solids content and acid content were negatively correlated with yield. The general patterns of spatial variation in several variables suggested that changes in topography and aspect had important effects on apple yield and quality.     

无公害梨园的标准化生产技术

随着农产品市场竞争的日益加剧,安全卫生的食用果品越来越被人们所重视,吃到安全放心的梨果是新世纪广大消费者的迫切要求。无公害梨树生产成为梨树产业增效、梨农增加经济收入的重要保证。本文介绍了无公害梨园的标准化生产技术,以供参考。     

Spatial variability in grape yield and quality influenced by soil and crop nutrition characteristics

Knowledge of spatial variability of soil fertility and plant nutrition is critical for planning and implementing site-specific vineyard management. To better understand the key drivers behind vineyard variability, yield mapping from 2002 to 2005 and 2007 (the monitor broke down in 2006) was used to identify zones of different productive potential in a Pinot Noir field located in Raimat (Lleida, Spain). Simultaneously, the vineyard field was sampled in 2002, 2003 and 2007, applying three different schemes (depending on the number of target vines in different grape yield zones). The sampling carried out in 2002, which involved different soil, topographic and crop properties (mineral contents in petiole), made it possible to evaluate the influence of these parameters on the grape yield variability. The zones of lowest yield coincided with locations in which the nutritional status of the crop exhibited the lowest values, particularly with respect to petiole contents of calcium and manganese. Sampling systems adopted in 2003 and 2007 (grape quality and soil attributes) confirmed the inverse spatial correlation between grape yield and some grape quality parameters and, more importantly, showed that the percentage of soil carbonates had a great influence on grape quality probably due to the reduced availability of manganese in calcareous soils. Site-specific vineyard management could therefore be considered using two different strategies: variable-rate application of foliar fertilizers to increase the yield in areas with low production and also foliar or soil fertilizers to improve the quality specifications in some areas.     

攀西地区优质稻产量构成因素的变异及其构成特点

通过对75个品种两年542个小区的多点试验,研究了攀西地区优质稻产量构成因素的变异及其构成特点,结果表明：在水稻的产量构成因素中以穗数和穗粒数变异最大,千粒重变异最小,其中籼稻以穗粒数变异最大,粳稻则以穗数变异最大,籼稻结实率的变异大于粳稻。水稻产量与其构成因素之间的关系以及高产栽培的主攻目标因品种类型和产量水平而异,杂交籼稻应以攻大穗为主．粳稻应以攻穗数为主,常规籼稻在低水平下以攻穗数为主,在高产水平下以攻大穗为主。     

金顶谢花酥梨果草间作增效试验

在梨园其他基本管理一致的基础上 ,实行果草间作的生产方式与清耕法相比具有明显的增效作用。其中 ,土壤有机质增加 4 5 .1% ,果实单产增加 8.1% ,果实总糖增加 6 .3% ,总收益增加 5 4 .6 %。同时 ,有利于缓解有机肥不足的矛盾     

不同覆盖材料对圆黄梨幼树土壤性状及树体生长的影响

以牛粪、秸秆、地膜作为覆盖材料,测定盆栽圆黄梨幼树根际土壤水分、养分、有机质含量、植株生长、叶片养分的变化。结果表现为：1）地膜覆盖可显著提高梨幼树根际土壤含水量、降低土壤失水率,但影响植株生长;2）牛粪、秸秆作为供肥覆盖物可显著提高梨幼树根际土壤有效氮、磷、钾含量和有机质含量,平衡土壤养分关系;3）牛粪覆盖处理可显著增加茎粗,促进梨幼树生长发育;显著提高叶片氮、磷、钾含量。综合分析认为,地膜覆盖保水性能最为显著;牛粪覆盖的保墒效果仅次于地膜,较秸秆覆盖,牛粪供肥效果更佳。     

台江红油大板栗产量与栗园土壤养分研究

为了探明台江红油大板栗低产的原因，进行了红油大板栗产量状况与栗园土壤养分背景值的研究。结果表明，多数红油大板栗栗园未配置授粉树，板栗的产量很低，6－8a生栗树单株产量在0.5kg以下，空棚率高达46.67%-81.36%。低产栗园土壤中有效磷含量在痕迹1.0mg/kg范围，有效硼含量在0.5mg/kg以下。研究结果认为，要降低红油大板栗空棚率、提高其产量、应着眼于在选择和配置好授粉品种的基础上，加强栗园的土壤施肥管理，着重提高土壤的有效磷、有效硼含量。     

土壤管理方式对梨园土壤性状及树体生长的影响

通过田间试验研究土壤管理方式对梨园土壤理化性状、微生物生物量及树体生长的影响。结果表明:行间种植三叶草和覆膜均能够降低土壤容重,增加孔隙度。行间种植三叶草显著提高梨园土壤有机质、速效磷及微量元素含量,而覆膜处理使土壤全氮、速效磷、钾养分含量下降,微量元素含量上升。与清耕对照相比,行间三叶草显著提高各个生育时期土壤微生物数量、微生物量碳及氮、梨树叶面积、叶绿素含量、新梢长度和叶片光合特性;而覆膜显著提高叶片的光合特性,但对树体生长指标影响不显著。     

茶树油处理割线对天然橡胶产量及胶乳生理的影响

比较了不同体积分数茶树油处理橡胶树Hevea brasiliensis割线对橡胶产量和产排胶生理特性的影响,并与体积分数为0.5％乙烯利处理作了比较结果表明:与对照比较,用体积分数为80％和100％茶树油涂抹割线可增加胶乳产量并使橡胶树的产排胶生理特性发生较大变化,其中镁离子和无机磷极显著增加(P＜0.01),硫醇降低体积分数为100％茶树油与体积分数为0.5％乙烯利处理的增产效果相当,但前者的干胶和蔗糖极显著高于后者(P＜0.01),而硫醇则显著低于后者 茶树油刺激增产的机制可能有别于乙烯利刺激增产理论.     

尤溪金柑园土壤有效硼含量的空间变异分析

应用地统计学和GIS空间分析技术,分析尤溪金柑主产区土壤有效硼的空间变异规律。结果表明,土壤有效硼含量范围在0.06-1.40 mg.kg-1之间,平均值为0.43 mg.kg-1;半方差函数拟合最佳模型为高斯模型,块基比值(CO/CO+C)为0.20,具有较强的空间相关性,变程为710 m;利用普通克里格法生成的空间分布图显示,研究区域有效硼含量偏低,硼含量缺乏区域和低量区域分别占总面积的5.34%和53.44%。据此,提出果园硼肥施用改进措施。     

梨胶胞炭疽病菌的分离、鉴定及其生物学特性

近年来,由胶胞炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)引起的梨炭疽病在江苏、安徽两省酥梨产区普遍发生。本研究采集病样,分离并鉴定梨胶胞炭疽病菌25株。采用梨果表面刺伤后接种菌块的方法,观察炭疽病菌对砀山酥梨的致病性。平板接种炭疽病菌菌块,测试不同培养温度、pH值、碳源、氮源对炭疽病菌菌丝生长的影响。结果表明:参试的25株炭疽病菌中3株致病性较强,18株致病性中等,4株致病性较弱。致病性强的菌株其菌落颜色较深,菌丝浓密;致病性弱的菌株其菌落颜色均为白色,菌丝稀疏。菌落生长快,菌株的致病性较强;菌落生长慢,菌株的致病性较弱。菌株的产孢能力和致病性之间无相关性。梨胶胞炭疽病菌最适生长温度为25～30℃,最适生长pH值为5.0～7.0;菌丝对多种单糖和双糖等碳源及有机氮、无机氮均可利用,最适碳源为蔗糖,最适氮源为牛肉浸膏。     

‘晚大新高梨’树体及果实生长发育特性研究

为深入系统研究‘晚大新高梨’树体及果实生长发育特性,对其幼龄期树干、枝梢生长进行了田间观测,并对生长结果期果台叶、果实及其内含营养成分动态变化进行了测定分析。结果表明:‘晚大新高梨’幼龄期树体生长快,枝条生长势强,幼树干周膨大率前期高后期低,前期达142%,后期降为120%左右;生长结果期1年生长枝生长快、发育好,花芽率平均高达63.15%,结实能力与2、3年枝基本相同。果台叶在盛花后30~150 d,SPAD值逐渐增大,变化范围在39.6~48.8;叶中P、K、Mg含量逐渐降低,Ca含量逐渐升高,变幅分别为0.058%~0.124%、1.07%~1.48%、0.250%~0.332%、1.10%~2.37%,N含量相对稳定,在2.08%~2.85%。果实在年生长发育过程中,纵、横径生长动态曲线为“W”型,呈“快-慢-快”的趋势;水分日相对变化率与生长动态曲线相似,果实生长快时,水分相对变化率也高;果实中无机成分含量(鲜重)在幼果期即盛花后45d前变化快,其中K变化最大,幼果期含量高达1.092 g/100 g,成熟时降为1.035 g/100 g;果实中总糖变化呈逐渐积累趋势,在成熟采摘时达最高值10.15 g/100 g;有机酸含量呈“降-升-降”变化,成熟时含量最低。果实最佳采收期在盛花后150~160 d。     

架式对丰水梨生长和结果的影响

梨树整形方法不同,对梨树生长影响很大。梨树早期产量受栽植密度和整枝方式的双重因素影响,在同一整枝方式下,密度越大,早期产量越高;不同树形相对光照强度差异很大,棚架形〉Y架形〉篱架形,且树冠内的光照分布总的趋势是由上向下递减,对单果重、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量以及果实产量和分布与光照在树冠中的分布成正比关系。梨树Y架形整形树体结构简单,修剪量轻,容易整形,操作方便,节约用工,比棚架形和篱架形具有明显优势．     

大棚和露地条件下梨叶片生长发育特性

本研究以翠冠梨和黄冠梨为试材,分析比较了大棚和露地栽培条件下梨叶片生长发育及光合特性。大棚栽培的翠冠梨和黄冠梨的叶片鲜重、叶面积、气孔纵径、海绵组织、叶绿素含量、净光合速率、脯氨酸含量均大于露地栽培的,而气孔密度、叶肉栅栏组织所占比例、栅栏组织和海绵组织的比值、蒸腾速率、氮磷钾含量、丙二醛含量均小于露地栽培的。表明在大棚栽培条件下,梨蒸腾速率降低,净光合速率增加,因此养分积累多,生长量大。     

杉木种子园种子品质性状变异及遗传参数

为进一步了解杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata种子品质遗传变异规律,对浙江省22个不同世代不同类型种子园,连续4 a采种、取样和测定,系统地分析了种子千粒质量、涩籽率、发芽率、发芽指数、芽苗长度和活力指数等6项品质性状的变异、遗传力和遗传相关.结果表明,种子活力指数表型变异与遗传变异均最大,涩籽率变异次之,芽苗长度变异最小.种子千粒质量遗传力最大,涩籽率次之,其后依次为芽苗长度、发芽率、活力指数和发芽指数.千粒质量与各性状具有轻度和中度的遗传相关关系,涩籽率在遗传上除与千粒质量呈轻度负相关外,与其他性状没有相关关系,发芽率与发芽指数以及发芽指数、芽苗长度与活力指数遗传相关紧密.表4参12     

大棚设施栽培华酥梨叶片生理生化与结构变化研究

【目的】探讨大棚设施栽培条件下梨叶片结构与光合生理变化,以期为梨设施栽培调控提供理论依据。【方法】以华酥梨为试材,比较大棚设施栽培和露地栽培方式下梨叶片超微结构、光合作用、叶绿素荧光及可溶性糖等生理指标。【结果】大棚设施栽培华酥梨叶片变大、变薄,叶绿素a、b及可溶性糖含量降低,叶片含水量升高,而叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均较露地栽培有所降低。叶绿素荧光测定结果表明,大棚设施栽培梨叶片光合系统部分损伤,热损耗比例加大,线粒体和叶绿体内基粒数减少、基粒片层松散且变薄,淀粉累积加剧,表现出代谢活性降低,光合产物运转不足。【结论】大棚设施栽培方式下,华酥梨受到高温、弱光胁迫,其叶片质量降低,光合能力降低,光合系统热耗散比例加大,细胞活性降低,正常代谢能力降低。     

安塞纸坊沟流域坡地果园生态系统特点及优化设计模式探讨

对安塞纸坊沟流域果园的果树种类、分布、群落结构及功能进行了研究和分析,认为其能反映作为人工控制的生态系统对生态环境和目前市场经济环境的适应性特征．纸坊沟流域果园生态系统的空间格局比较符合生态学原则,但果园的群落结构和果树种类的面积比例对生态环境和市场环境均不适应．最后,作者从果园的种类组成、面积比例、群落结构及系统与外部的联系、经营管理等方面提出了优化模式设计．     

"红星"梨后熟及贮藏性能研究

将"红星"梨6月26日和7月2日的采摘果分别于室温下(25℃左右)和冰箱冷藏室内(2℃)贮藏.试验结果表明:室温下,不同时间采摘的果实,果实后熟硬度变化趋势相同,后期硬度急剧下降,并同时达到最低,晚采果的果实烂果率高于早采果,早采和晚采果的可贮有效天数分别为13 d和7 d;2℃冷藏条件下,早采果的果实失重量和烂果率均高于晚采果,不同时间采摘果的可贮有效天数相同(均为48 d).     

Spatial variability of soil properties and yield of a grazed alfalfa pasture in Brazil

Knowledge of the spatial variability of soil properties and of forage yield is needed for informed use of soil inputs such as variable rate technology (VRT) for lime and fertilizers. The objective of this research was to map and evaluate the spatial variability of soil properties, yield, lime and fertilizer needs and economic return of an alfalfa pasture. The study was conducted in a 5.3 ha irrigated alfalfa pasture in Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil that was directly grazed and intensively managed in a 270-paddock rotational system. Alfalfa shoot dry matter yield was evaluated before grazing. Soil samples were collected at 0–0.2 m depth, and each sample represented a group of 2 or 3 paddocks. Apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured with a contact sensor. The cost of producing 1 ha of alfalfa was estimated from the amount of lime and fertilizer needed and was then used to estimate the total cost of production for the dairy system. The alfalfa dry matter yield was used to simulate the pasture stocking rate, milk yield, gross revenue and net profit. The spatial variability of soil properties and site-specific liming and fertilizer needs were modeled using semi-variograms with VESPER software, the soil fertility information and economic return were modeled with SPRING software. The results showed that geostatistics and GIS were effective tools for revealing soil and pasture spatial variability and supporting management strategies. Soil nutrients were used to classify the soil spatial distribution map and design site-specific lime and fertilizer application maps. Spatial variation in forage and spatial estimates of stocking and milk yield are adequate pasture management tools. Spatial analyses of needs, forage availability and economic return are management tools for avoiding economic problems, as well as potential environmental problems, caused by unbalanced nutrient supplies and over- or under-grazing.