牛肉嫩度营养调控技术研究

牛肉嫩度是影响牛肉消费的最重要的因素之一,到目前为止通过非营养调控的方式来改善牛肉嫩度的方法已经比较成熟;随着营养调控技术研究的进一步发展,发现屠宰前适时改变日粮的组成可以提高牛肉嫩度。     

补饲维生素D_3调控牛肉嫩度的研究进展及其机制

宰前短期补饲维生素D3是一种潜在的调控牛肉嫩度的方法,为了进一步研究该方法并将之应用于实际生产,本文从牛肉嫩度的影响因素、维生素D3的代谢及功能等方面着手,系统地综述维生素D3调控牛肉嫩度的机理及研究进展。     

离体牛肉排酸时间对嫩度的影响

屠宰试验测定８头海黑杂种牛的牛肉嫩度，表明离体牛肉随排酸时间的延长其嫩度值发生明显的变化，在室温１２℃～１５℃下排酸４８ｈ肌肉嫩度从开始（屠宰后４ｈ）的１１．３３ｋｇ下降到３．９８ｋｇ，差异非常显著，采用排酸方法可提高牛肉嫩度。     

牛钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因的研究进展

钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因被认为是肉质嫩度的候选基因.文章对牛钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因结构、钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因多态性以及钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因活性影响牛肉肉质嫩度的研究进展进行了综述,并对未来该基因与嫩度的研究进行了展望,旨在为该基因与牛肉肉质嫩度的深入研究提供理论参考.     

牛钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因的研究进展

钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因被认为是肉质嫩度的候选基因。文章对牛钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因结构、钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因多态性以及钙蛋白酶抑制蛋白基因活性影响牛肉肉质嫩度的研究进展进行了综述,并对未来该基因与嫩度的研究进行了展望,旨在为该基因与牛肉肉质嫩度的深入研究提供理论参考。     

钙离子活化酶系统与牛肉嫩度的关系

本文运用回归与相关分析方法 ,研究了牛肉中钙离子活化酶系统各组分与成熟5天及14天后牛肉剪切力值的关系。研究发现 ,μ-CDP与成熟5天及成熟14天后牛肉的剪切力值呈高度负相关 ,CA与它们均呈高度正相关 ,而m -CDP似乎与牛肉成熟后的嫩度关系不大。本文还研究了运用 μ-CDP和CA的活性预测牛肉嫩度的回归方程。结果表明 ,用CA或CA :μ-CDP与牛肉剪切力值的回归关系 ,都可以很好地预测牛肉成熟5天或成熟14天后的嫩度 ,这对我国未来进行牛肉质量控制具有重要意义     

不同品种及排酸成熟时间对南方黄牛嫩度的影响

[目的]为了研究不同品种南方黄牛牛肉嫩度之间的差异以及不同排酸时间对牛肉嫩度的影响。[方法]试验随机选取1周岁的云南西门塔尔牛、云岭牛、文山牛及海南雷琼牛的小公牛,在相同的饲养环境条件下育肥6个月后屠宰并测定肉的嫩度。[结果]表明:随着排酸时间的延长,牛肉剪切力不断减小,排酸第3d的剪切力显著低于第1d(P0.05),排酸第5d,第7d牛肉剪切力极显著低于第1d(P0.01);品种对牛肉的嫩度也有显著影响,其中雷琼牛剪切力值最大,与文山牛、云岭牛以及西门塔尔牛相比差异极显著(P0.01);西门塔尔牛剪切力最小,在屠宰刚结束时与文山牛、云岭牛、雷琼牛相比差异极显著(P0.01),在成熟过程中与雷琼牛相比差异极显著(P0.01)。[结论]宰后排酸成熟能够显著的改善牛肉的嫩度,且随排酸时间的延长,嫩度改善程度越明显,而且肉牛品种对肉嫩度也有一定影响。     

牛腰肌中μ-钙蛋白酶基因表达量 和蛋白活性与嫩度的关系

摘 要：牛肉嫩度是影响牛肉品质的重要因素,μ-钙蛋白酶是影响牛肉嫩度的关键酶。本研究的目的是探究夏南母牛,夏南公牛,西门塔尔公牛肉中μ-钙蛋白酶mRNA表达量和蛋白活性与嫩度的关系。本研究选取年龄为48月龄的夏南母牛三头,18月龄的夏南公牛三头,15月龄的西门塔尔公牛三头,以腰最长肌为研究对象。利用实时荧光定量PCR分析不同品种牛腰最长肌中μ-钙蛋白酶mRNA表达量;采用酪蛋白酶谱法分析成熟3天时不同样品μ-钙蛋白酶活性的差异;通过剪切力测定不同品种牛腰最长肌肉质嫩度的差异。结果发现：三个样品牛肉中μ-钙蛋白酶基因mRNA表达量差异不显著（P＞0.05）;夏南牛与西门塔尔牛肉中μ-钙蛋白酶活性差异极显著（P＜0.01）;夏南牛与西门塔尔牛剪切力差异极显著（P＜0.01）。结论：三个样品腰最长肌中μ-钙蛋白酶的mRNA表达量与牛肉嫩度无显著相关性,夏南母牛比夏南公牛嫩度好,夏南公牛比西门塔尔公牛嫩度好。     

牛肉尸针刺电刺激促进肉嫩化的试验(初报)

牛肉尸的电刺激处理,国外从七十年代初期开始研究,现已证明能有效地改善牛肉的嫩度,提高其品质和适口性。尤其是对用低能量饲料肥育的肉牛,肉尸采用电刺激处理,其嫩度的改善可以等于或超过用高能量饲料肥育达70天的牛肉尸嫩度。这样,不但能节省肥育时所消耗的大量饲料,而且还避免了由于脂肪沉积     

不同品种及排酸对育肥牛肉嫩度影响的研究

为了研究品种对牛肉嫩度的影响以及在不同排酸时间中肉嫩度的变化,试验在内蒙古肉牛主产区选择了16月龄的红白花西门塔尔牛、夏洛莱牛、安格斯牛、黄白花西门塔尔牛等品种高代杂种牛以及草原红牛和蒙古牛,在相同饲养管理条件下育肥180 d后屠宰并测定肉的嫩度。结果表明:安格斯牛肉嫩度较其他品种肉牛好,蒙古牛肉嫩度较其他品种肉牛差;但经过一定的排酸期后,嫩度均可达较好水平。     

牛肌内脂肪沉积影响因素及相关基因研究进展

牛肉中的脂肪含量与牛肉品质有很强的相关性,其与牛肉的嫩度、剪切力、多汁性和风味息息相关。文章就影响牛脂肪沉积的因子及相关基因研究等方面进行了综述,以期为改善肌内脂肪含量提高牛肉品质提供理论参考。     

Consumer thresholds for establishing the value of beef tenderness.

In the present study, a national consumer evaluation was conducted for beef tenderness on USDA Select strip loin steaks of known Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) force values, ranging from tough (> 5.7 kg) to tender (< 3.0 kg), and to assess the monetary value that consumers place on tenderness by determining the average price a consumer would pay for a steak in three tenderness categories. Three supermarkets in each of five metropolitan areas (Baltimore, MD/Washington D.C.; Chicago, IL; Dallas/Fort Worth, TX; Los Angeles, CA; and Lubbock, TX) were selected to represent a wide range of income, education, and ethnicity at each city. Five trained research teams traveled to the cities to collect data during the same 10-d period. Consumers (n = 734; minimum of 15 consumers/panel, three panels/store, three stores/city, five cities) were asked to evaluate samples from each tenderness classification (tender, intermediate, or tough) for overall and tenderness acceptability, overall quality, beef flavor, juiciness, tenderness, how much they would pay for the steak ($17.14, 14.28, or 10.98/kg), if they would pay more than current market price if guaranteed tender, and to estimate the number of meals in a 2-wk period that included beef. The consumers were 52% light beef users, consuming 0 to 8 meals containing beef in 2 wk, 41% heavy beef users (greater than 12 meals/2 wk), and 6% moderate beef users (9 to 12 meals/2 wk). Consumer tenderness acceptability increased as WBS values decreased (P < 0.05). The transition in consumer perception from tender to tough beef occurred between 4.3 and 4.9 kg of WBS based on > or = 86% consumer acceptability. Consumer acceptability for tenderness decreased from 86% at 4.3 kg for a "slightly tender" rating to 59% at 4.9 kg for a "slightly tough" rating. Data from the present study suggested that consumer WBS tenderness values of < 3.0, 3.4, 4.0, 4.3, and > 4.9 kg would result in 100, 99, 94, 86, and 25% customer satisfaction for beef tenderness, respectively. Seventy-eight percent of the consumers would purchase steaks if the retailer guaranteed them to be tender. The retail steak value differences found in this study would result in the opportunity for a premium to be paid for a guaranteed tender (< 3.0 kg WBS value) carcass of $76.26 vs the toughest (> 5.7 kg) classification. A premium of $66.96 could be paid to the tender classification carcasses vs the tough (> 4.9 kg) classification carcasses, and a premium of $36.58 could be paid for the tender classification carcasses vs the intermediate (> 3.0 to < 4.6 kg) classification carcasses. Results from the present study show that consumers can segregate differences in beef tenderness and that consumers are willing to pay more for more-tender beef.     

Technical note: Sampling methodology for relating sarcomere length,collagen concentration,and the extent of postmortem proteolysis to beef and pork longissimus tenderness

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sampling methodology on the relationship between longissimus tenderness and measures of biochemical meat traits. Sampling methodology included measurements of sarcomere length, collagen concentration, and postmortem desmin proteolysis on raw samples and measurements of these same traits on the same cooked meat used for shear force measurement. Twenty crossbred steers and 20 crossbred barrows were used for these studies. The beef longissimus thoracis were vacuum-packaged, stored at 2 degrees C until 14 d postmortem, then frozen and stored at -30 degrees C. The pork longissimus thoracis et lumborum were vacuum-packaged, stored at 2 degrees C until 7 d postmortem, then frozen and stored at -30 degrees C. Trained sensory panel tenderness rating ranged from 3.1 to 7.6 for beef and 4.1 to 7.4 for pork. The coefficient of variation was lower for sarcomere length than for all other traits. Simple correlation coefficients between measurements on raw and cooked samples were 0.58 (beef) and 0.11 (pork) for sarcomere length, 0.66 (beef) and 0.59 (pork) for collagen, and 0.74 (beef) and 0.76 (pork) for desmin degradation. Simple correlation coefficients between biochemical traits and measures of tenderness (Warner-Bratzler shear force and trained sensory tenderness rating) were higher or not different for cooked compared to raw samples. Correlation coefficients between biochemical traits and tenderness rating were 0.38 (raw) and 0.22 (cooked) for sarcomere length, -0.12 (raw) and -0.45 (cooked) for collagen, and 0.48 (raw) and 0.80 (cooked) for desmin degradation in beef longissimus and 0.14 (raw) and 0.15 (cooked) for sarcomere length, -0.38 (raw) and -0.33 (cooked) for collagen, and 0.53 (raw) and 0.67 (cooked) for desmin degradation in pork longissimus. The coefficients of determination for explaining variation in tenderness rating using sarcomere length, collagen concentration, and desmin degradation for raw and cooked samples were 0.43 and 0.73 (beef) and 0.48 and 0.57 (pork), respectively. This study indicates that measurements of biochemical traits on the same cooked meat as used for shear force determination account for more of the variation in measures of tenderness than biochemical measurements made on a separate raw sample.     

牛胴体热剔骨肉块成熟处理试验

本试验研究了36头肉牛屠宰后热胴体分割部位肉块排酸处理提高嫩度的效果,结果显示：热胴体分割牛肉块成熟处理能够达到提高牛肉嫩度的目的。在生产上应用时,实施肉块在胴体上成熟处理72h,分割后的肉块再成熟处理96h即二次成熟处理牛肉品质较好。     

Caspase 3 is not likely involved in the postmortem tenderization of beef muscle

Postmortem proteolysis is an important determinant of beef tenderness. Caspase 3 is a protease that functions in apoptosis and has been shown to degrade myofibrillar proteins. Our objective was to evaluate whether caspase 3 activity is related to beef tenderness and muscle growth, and whether caspase 3 is activated in postmortem beef muscle. In experiment 1, longissimus thoracis (LT) and sternomandibularis muscle samples were obtained at 0, 0.25, 1, 3, 24, 72, and 240 h postmortem from 5 steers. In experiment 2, a group of 40 beef cattle was slaughtered at the University of Wyoming Meat Lab with 10 steers of different tenderness and growth characteristics chosen for the analysis of caspase 3 activity in the LT. In experiment 3, 10 steers with different tenderness but matched growth characteristics were chosen for analyses. In experiment 1, no significant activation (P = 0.70) of caspase 3 activity was detected; only a decreased activity at 72 (P = 0.05) and 240 h (P = 0.02) postmortem was observed. Western blot analysis of both muscle samples showed only the pro-caspase 3 form and failed to detect the activated enzyme. In experiment 2, caspase 3 activity in the LT immediately postmortem was greater (P = 0.05) for the cattle with increased Warner-Bratzler shear force values. No difference in caspase 3 activity was detected for experiment 3. Our results demonstrate that caspase 3 activity is not activated, with its activity decreasing with time postmortem, and caspase 3 activity is not associated with Warner-Bratzler shear force at slaughter. Therefore, caspase 3 is not anticipated to be involved in postmortem tenderization of beef.     

Estimation of relationships between mineral concentration and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle and beef palatability traits

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of beef LM nutrient components on beef palatability traits and evaluate the impact of USDA quality grade on beef palatability. Longissimus muscle samples from related Angus cattle (n = 1,737) were obtained and fabricated into steaks for trained sensory panel, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), lipid oxidation measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), fatty acid, and mineral composition analysis. Pearson phenotypic correlations were obtained by the correlation procedure of SAS. Beef palatability data were analyzed by the GLM procedure of SAS with USDA quality grade as the main effect. Specific mineral concentrations did not demonstrate strong correlations with WBSF or sensory traits (r = -0.14 to 0.16). However, minerals appeared to have a stronger relationship with flavor; all minerals evaluated except Ca and Mn were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with beef flavor. Stearic acid (C18:0), C18:2, C20:4, and PUFA were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with all 3 panelist tenderness traits (r = -0.09 to -0.22) and were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with WBSF (r = 0.09 to 0.15). The MUFA were positively correlated (P < 0.05) with panelist tenderness ratings (r = 0.07 to 0.10) and negatively associated (P < 0.05) with WBSF (r = -0.11). The strongest correlations with juiciness were negative relationships (P < 0.05) with C18:2, C18:3, C20:4, and PUFA (r = -0.08 to -0.20). Correlations with beef flavor were weak, but the strongest was a positive relationship with MUFA (r = 0.13). Quality grade affected (P < 0.05) WBSF, TBARS, and all trained sensory panel traits, except livery/metallic flavor. As quality grade increased, steaks were more tender (P < 0.05), as evidenced by both WBSF and sensory panel tenderness ratings. Prime steaks were rated juiciest (P < 0.05) by panelists, whereas Select and Low Choice were similarly rated below Top Choice for sustained juiciness. Quality grade influenced (P < 0.05) beef flavor, but not in a linear fashion. Although there were significant correlations, these results indicate tenderness, juiciness, and flavor are not strongly influenced by individual nutrient components in beef LM. Furthermore, the positive linear relationships between USDA quality grade and beef palatability traits suggest quality grade is still one of the most valuable tools available to predict beef tenderness.     

Beef customer satisfaction: factors affecting consumer evaluations of calcium chloride-injected top sirloin steaks when given instructions for preparation

The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether instructions can help consumers properly prepare top sirloin steaks and to evaluate the use of calcium chloride injection to decrease the sensitivity of top sirloin steaks to degree of doneness, thereby improving customer satisfaction ratings. An in-home study evaluated top sirloin steaks (gluteus medius) as influenced by calcium chloride injection (injected vs. noninjected), consumer segment (beef loyalists = heavy consumers of beef, budget rotators = cost-driven and split meat consumption between beef and chicken, and variety rotators = higher incomes and education and split meat consumption among beef, poultry, and other foods), degree of doneness, cooking method, and instructions (given vs. not given). Consumers evaluated overall like, tenderness, juiciness, flavor like, and flavor amount using 10-point scales. Beef loyalists consistently rated steaks higher for overall like, juiciness, and flavor when instructions were provided (P < 0.05) and rated top sirloin steaks higher for overall like and tenderness when given instructions for grilling (P < 0.05). Budget rotators and variety rotators rated steaks differently among cooking methods (P < 0.05). Correlation and stepwise regression analyses indicated that flavor like was the most highly correlated with overall like, followed by tenderness, flavor amount, and juiciness. Calcium chloride injection had no effect on consumers' likes or dislikes or on tenderness (P < 0.05). For top sirloin steaks, it was likely that preparation played a major role in consumer satisfaction, and beef loyalists benefited the most from providing cooking instructions.