低磷胁迫下箭筈豌豆和毛叶苕子根际过程的差异比较

采用我国北方两个豆科绿肥品种: 箭筈豌豆（Vicia sativa L.）与毛叶苕子（Vicia villosa Roth）,在控制条件下通过不同供磷处理的营养液培养,研究了不同绿肥作物适应低磷胁迫根际过程的差异,并揭示其高效利用磷的机理。试验通过分次取样的方法,测定了两种豆科作物在缺磷与供磷条件下的生物量、根系质子释放速率、根系有机酸分泌速率以及根表酸性磷酸酶活性的动态。结果表明,箭筈豌豆与毛叶苕子在生长前期对低磷胁迫的响应存在明显差异。箭筈豌豆主要靠增大质子释放量和提高酸性磷酸酶活性来适应低磷胁迫; 而毛叶苕子主要通过提高根冠比、扩大根系生物量来对外界环境中的缺磷状况做出响应,在缺磷时其根表酸性磷酸酶的活性显著提高。箭筈豌豆与毛叶苕子可通过协调根系形态和生理的适应性变化提高对磷的吸收。     

糠醛渣改良土壤增强苕子对盐碱土的适应性

科学合理的盐碱土改良措施对植物在盐碱土上适应性栽培具有重要的科学意义与应用价值。该研究旨在通过施用糠醛渣探讨盐碱土土壤特性及植物生长适应性栽培研究,为糠醛渣在盐碱土的合理使用提供科学依据。试验按土壤质量为基数确定糠醛渣的用量,试验由添加量0、5%、10%糠醛渣的盐碱土3个处理组成,温室条件下进行盆栽试验。结果表明,施用糠醛渣不仅降低盐碱土pH和含盐量,而且显著提升了土壤微生物多样性Sobs和Shannon指数,降低了simpson指数降低。主要表现在变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)成为优势菌门。施用糠醛渣增加了苕子叶片中叶绿素、可溶性糖含量和脯氨酸含量。显著增强了过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性。施用糠醛渣明显促进苕子生长发育,增加了苕子苗期生物量,5%糠醛渣用量处理改良盐碱土效果较优。研究表明糠醛渣通过改善盐碱土的其理化特性及生物多样性分布,促进苕子的生长发育,研究为糠醛渣在盐碱地土壤改良及植物适应性栽培的合理应用提供了科学依据与参考。     

光叶紫花苕子在烟田中的腐解及养分释放动态研究

利用尼龙网袋法研究光叶紫花苕子在烟田中的腐解和养分释放规律。结果表明,种植烤烟与否对光叶紫花苕子有机物质的腐解及养分释放动态无明显影响。其有机物质前2周腐解最快,第3～9周腐解速率中等,9周以后较慢,各阶段平均每周分解量分别占整个烤烟生育期内总分解量的29.86%～31.76%,2.52%～2.60%和1.41%～1.74%。光叶紫花苕子的碳、氮、钾释放量与翻压时间的关系可用对数方程拟合,前1～2周释放速率最快,其后释放速率迅速下降并趋于稳定。其中氮在前5周释放量占其整个烤烟生育期内总释放量的86.90%～92.27%,不存在后期氮供应过多导致烤烟成熟期推迟问题。光叶紫花苕子磷的释放速率较平稳,没有明显阶段性,其释放量与翻压时间关系可用直线方程拟合。经过整个烤烟生长季节的分解,光叶紫花苕子碳、氮、钾、磷的释放率分别达到68.76%～71.28%、69.57%～74.40%、97.98%～98.02%、41.26%～42.41%。烟田翻压光叶紫花苕子做绿肥时,应在烟苗移栽前择期翻压,并适当减少化肥用量。     

Vicia sativa L. aggregate (Fabaceae) in the flora of former USSR

Morphological differences and ecogeographical characteristics of five species from Vicia sativa agg. in the area of former USSR were investigated. The key to V. sativa agg. species and subspecies as well as maps of their areals are presented. A complementary study of polymorphism at the phenotypical level of 58 local weedy and wild populations from different geographical regions was conducted to determine areas with higher variability of morphological characters used for intraspecific taxonomy and cultivar identification. The regions of greatest interest for curators and collectors of V. sativa agg. germplasm are some regions of Transcaucasus (Nagornyi Karabakh, Talysh range, Lenkoran valley) and South of Crimea.     

The regeneration status of the endangered Acer opalus subsp. granatense throughout its geographical distribution in the Iberian Peninsula

Acer opalus subsp. granatense is an endemic endangered tree with a wide but fragmented distribution in the Mediterranean mountains. The persistence of its small populations often depends on just a few adults, and consequently is highly vulnerable to factors limiting recruitment. In this paper, we examined the regeneration status of this maple in 16 populations throughout its whole geographical distribution in the Iberian Peninsula. Age and size structures were analysed as indicators of the viability of the species. Additionally, we studied the effects of herbivory by ungulates and the role of shrubs as nurse plants in maple regeneration dynamic. Our results show that A. opalus subsp. granatense has active recruitment throughout its range in the Iberian Peninsula. Shrubs served as the main microsites for recruitment, not only for early establishment but also for long-term survival. However, ungulates heavily damaged maple saplings in all locations and microhabitats. A direct consequence of herbivory is the uncoupling of age and size structures, saplings becoming older but not higher, possibly affecting population turnover in the long term. We suggest that the conservation of the small populations of Acer opalus subsp. granatense heavily depends on the control of herbivory pressure throughout the maple distribution area.     

New sources of resistance to race Ro1 of the Golden nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll.) among reputed duplicate germplasm accessions of Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigena (Juz. et Buk.) Hawkes in the VIR (Russian) and US Potato Genebanks

Cultivated Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. andigena is well known as a rich source of valuable traits for potato breeding, especially for resistance to diseases and pests. The golden potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis Woll., is considered to be one of todays most serious hindrances to potato production in Europe and North America. Thus, the breeding of new cultivars that have resistance to PCN is of great importance. The USPG (USA) and VIR (Russian) potato genebanks, as well as others, maintain many samples of primitive cultivated and wild potato species originating from Latin America. Many of these samples are assumed to be genetically duplicated because the material in both genebanks came from the same original source. A joint investigation of new genotypes of subsp. andigena forms resistant to potato cyst nematode (PCN) was carried out on samples of subsp. andigena at VIR with reputed duplicate samples at USPG. After careful screening, 14 samples which possessed resistance to PCN were identified. A high level of this resistance was transmitted to sexual progeny at a high frequency for all of the selections. Eleven of the accessions found to be resistant have reputed duplicates in USPG that were not previously known to be resistant. Thus, this research not only broadens the choice of parents available for resistance breeding, but identifies model materials for future research to test the parity of PCN resistance among reputed duplicate samples in the two genebanks.     

The origin of carbonates in termite mounds of the Lubumbashi area, D.R. Congo

The origin of carbonate accumulations in termite mounds is a controversial issue. This study is an attempt to elucidate the processes of carbonate precipitation in Macrotermes mounds built on Ferralsols in Upper Katanga, D.R. Congo, whereby a differentiation between pedogenic and inherited carbonates is considered. Carbonate features were investigated for a 9 m deep termite-mound profile, and for an 18 m wide cross-section through a termite mound and the adjacent soil, using field and laboratory techniques. Field evidence for a pedogenic origin includes morphological type (soft powdery materials, nodules, and coatings on ped surfaces) and distribution patterns of the carbonates. Thin-section studies reveal that the carbonates occur predominantly as impregnative orthic nodules and less commonly as coatings, both clearly pedogenic; calcareous pellets are interpreted as locally reworked pedogenic carbonates. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and stable isotope (δ¹³C) analyses show that all isolated carbonate features consist of high-Mg calcite (4.9-12.3 mol% MgCO₃) with δ¹³C signatures ranging from − 13.2‰ to − 11.5‰. Weddellite (CaC₂O₄. 2H₂O) is identified in a thin-section and by XRD analysis, and appears to be locally transformed into calcite. The stable isotope composition of carbon suggests that calcite precipitated in equilibrium with soil CO₂ generated during decomposition of soil organic matter, and locally most likely during oxidation of oxalate. This study proves that carbonates which accumulated in Macrotermes mounds are pedogenic precipitates, whose deposition is partly related to microbial decay of organic matter, subsequently redistributed to some extent by abiotic dissolution-reprecipitation and termite activity.     

Persistence of toxins and cells of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki introduced in sprays to Sardinia soils

Sprays of commercial insecticidal preparations of the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk), usually a mixture of cells, spores and parasporal crystals, have been used for the last 10 yr in Sardinia (Italy) to protect cork oak forests against the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.). Until now, the protective antilepidopteran efficacies of each of the various spray treatments rather than their effects on the environment have been evaluated. Consequently, the persistence of Btk and its toxin, released in sprays (FORAY 48B^®), in soils of cork oak stands, located in Orotelli, Tempio Pausania and Calangianus (Sardinia), were investigated. In the Calangianus soil, the numbers of Btk remained essentially constant for 28 months (the longest time studied) after spraying, indicating that Btk was able to compete with the indigenous microbial community; the toxin was detected 28 months after spraying by immunological assay, but at a reduced concentration; and the larvicidal activity decreased essentially linearly to 14 months and then decreased markedly between 14 and 28 months. In the Tempio Pausania and Orotelli soils, cells of Btk were detected, whereas the toxin was not detected by immunological and larvicidal assays, 52 and 88 months (the longest times studied) after spraying, respectively. The numbers of Btk cells detected were probably too low to account for the presence of the toxin in all of the soils studied, as there was no correlation between numbers of Btk and toxin detected by immunological assays (correlation coefficient of −0.66) in the Calangianus soil. Our results indicated that Btk and its toxin introduced into soils in sprays can persist for long periods (at least 88 months for Btk and at least 28 months for its toxin).     

毛乌素沙地东南缘人工林樟子松根系吸水来源与影响因素

水资源短缺是我国西北旱区沙漠化防治和植被恢复重建的主要限制因子。揭示典型治沙植物根系吸水来源及其主控因子可为该地区科学治沙和水资源高效利用提供依据。本研究选取毛乌素沙地东南缘圪丑沟小流域樟子松人工林（18 – 20 年）为研究对象,通过定期采集和测定植物木质部水及其各种潜在水源（降水、土壤水和地下水）的氢氧同位素组成（δ2H和δ18O）,结合多元线性混合模型研究樟子松根系吸水来源、动态变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明：监测期间（6—11月）樟子松木质部水、降水、土壤水和地下水的δ2H值变化范围分别为?69.95‰~ ?49.25‰、?144.81‰ ~ ?6.60‰、?83.62‰ ~ ?48.57‰和?65.63‰ ~ ?53.65‰,δ18O值变化范围分别为?8.77‰ ~ ?8.21‰、?18.86‰~ ?2.07‰、?9.45‰ ~ ?6.54‰和?9.97‰ ~ ?8.26‰。雨季（7—9月）降雨量、土壤含水量和地下水位分别高于旱季（6月,10月和11月）24.8 ~ 90.10 mm,3.36 ~ 8.40%和5 ~ 15 cm。樟子松根系在6月主要利用深层土壤水（> 90 cm）（15.40%）和地下水（70.10%）,7—9月逐渐转变为以吸收浅层土壤水（< 80 cm）为主（61.03%）,10—11月随着降雨量减少,深层土壤水（> 70 cm）和地下水对樟子松根系吸水的贡献比雨季（7—9月）分别增加5.82% ~ 28.00%和20.64% ~ 23.30%。毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林根系吸水来源受土壤水分供耗和地下水位季节波动的共同影响。     

On the occurrence,distribution and taxonomy of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Momordica subangulata</Emphasis> Blume subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">renigera</Emphasis> (G. Don) de Wilde in India

Different authors in India and South East Asia treat dioecious species in the genus Momordica differently. The cultivated ‘bhat karela’ of East and North East India is referred to as Momordica dioica Roxb. by botanists and herbarium curators whereas agricultural scientists, in general, designate it as Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng. A critical study of 266 herbarium sheets housed at CAL and BSISH and in situ field studies at specific pockets in the North East India followed by preliminary characterization revealed its correct identity as Momordica subangulata Blume subsp. renigera (G. Don) de Wilde. First hand information on its occurrence, taxonomy and distribution in India is given. The species was found in wild as well as in homestead cultivation in North Eastern India and exemplify direct utilization of biodiversity by indigenous people.