灌浆结实期高温胁迫对糯玉米子粒产量和叶片光合特性的影响

以苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,研究灌浆结实期高温胁迫对子粒充实、叶片光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫下灌浆后期粒重增速缓慢,穗粒数减少,产量降低。高温胁迫使花后5 d光合速率下降,胞间CO₂浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率上升。随灌浆进程推进光合参数逐渐降低,高温胁迫处理下降幅较高,是粒重降低并造成产量损失的关键因素。与苏玉糯5号相比,渝糯7号在高温胁迫处理下光合参数降幅较低,光合速率和胞间CO₂浓度中后期较高,受高温胁迫影响较小。     

结实期高温胁迫对糯玉米子粒发育和内源激素含量的影响

利用人工智能温室研究结实期高温胁迫(35℃)对糯玉米子粒发育和内源激素含量的影响。结果表明,结实期高温胁迫降低子粒鲜重和干重,高温胁迫下较低的含水率表明子粒灌浆进程加快。高温胁迫加快果皮中淀粉体的降解速度,胚乳细胞中淀粉体充实提前,淀粉积累加速,但持续积累时间缩短,成熟期淀粉含量低于常温处理。与常温相比,高温胁迫增加子粒中ABA和GA_3含量,IAA、CTK和Z含量前期增加,后期降低。内源激素含量的变化可部分解释高温胁迫下淀粉积累提前但持续时间缩短的原因。     

干旱胁迫对玉米产量和品质的影响研究

干旱胁迫不仅影响玉米生长发育和产量,而且影响了玉米的子粒品质。研究结果表明,干旱胁迫对玉米产量的危害顺序为开花期干旱＞孕穗期干旱＞灌浆期干旱。干旱胁迫虽降低了玉米子粒产量,但使子粒有效养分含量提高。灌浆期干旱胁迫使子粒蛋白质中的各种氨基酸含量提高,孕穗期干旱胁迫使子粒蛋白质中的必需氨基酸含量下降。干旱胁迫使子粒脂肪中不饱和脂肪酸含量下降,饱和脂肪酸含量提高。     

灌浆结实期冷水胁迫对寒地粳稻籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的影响

采用寒地粳稻田间试验,研究灌浆结实期冷水胁迫(17℃,持续3,6,9,12,15d)对三个不同寒地粳稻品种(东农428、松粳10、龙稻7号)籽粒淀粉合成与积累、产量构成因素的影响,并探讨冷水胁迫下淀粉合成关键酶活性变化与淀粉组分及其含量的关系。结果表明,与对照相比,灌浆结实期17℃冷水胁迫下,不同寒地粳稻品种灌浆结实期可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性、淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性降低,籽粒总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量显著下降,直链淀粉含量显著上升。相关分析表明,SSS活性、SBE活性与淀粉及其淀粉组分密切相关,对淀粉及淀粉组分含量变化均有同等重要的作用。同时,冷水胁迫下,灌浆结实期不同寒地粳稻品种的每穗实粒数、千粒重及结实率均显著降低,随着冷水胁迫时间的延长,不同寒地粳稻品种各指标的变化幅度逐渐加大。寒地粳稻产量构成因素各相关指标是不同耐冷性品种响应冷水胁迫的差异产物,可用于耐冷性鉴定。从不同寒地粳稻品种对冷水胁迫的反应指数看,松粳10受影响最大,东农428受影响最小,龙稻7号介于二者之间。     

灌浆期持续干旱对小麦光合、抗氧化酶活性、籽粒产量和品质的影响

为解析灌浆期持续干旱对优质强筋小麦生长发育的影响,以大面积推广种植的优质强筋早熟多抗小麦品种西农979为材料,从旗叶光合作用、抗氧化酶活性、籽粒淀粉和蛋白质积累过程等方面分析其在灌浆期不同阶段对干旱胁迫的响应特征。结果表明,与正常水分供应(CK)相比,干旱胁迫下花后10 d后小麦旗叶相对含水量下降,变化不显著,而POD、CAT和SOD活性升高,旗叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率、净光合速率等显著下降。随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,旗叶光合能力显著下降,活性氧清除酶活性均呈下降趋势,其中POD和SOD活性下降速度低于CK。灌浆期干旱胁迫显著降低植株结实率、籽粒长宽、饱满度、千粒重等,导致产量显著下降,并减少籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉和总淀粉含量及淀粉直支比,增加籽粒蛋白质含量。由此可见,灌浆期持续干旱会降低小麦光合能力,增强抗氧化能力,抑制籽粒淀粉合成和积累,影响植株结实、籽粒发育和品质形成。     

花后干旱对小麦胚乳淀粉粒发育和理化特性的影响

我国小麦主产区在籽粒灌浆期往往频发干旱,常导致小麦产量下降和品质变劣。为了解花后干旱对小麦籽粒淀粉粒发育及淀粉理化特性的影响,以中强筋小麦新冬20号和新冬23号为供试材料,在花后干旱胁迫下对小麦籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉粒形态、粒径、淀粉降解酶活性以及淀粉相对结晶度、持水力、膨胀势、溶解度和破损淀粉粒含量进行了研究。结果表明,花后干旱处理下两个参试小麦品种的淀粉粒基本形态未发生明显变化。对比新冬20号,花后干旱对新冬23号淀粉粒的形成、发育影响更大。花后干旱处理下,新冬20号和新冬23号胚乳中的淀粉降解酶活性均在灌浆后期达到峰值,花后35 d时,籽粒淀粉降解酶活性均明显高于同时期的对照。花后干旱未改变参试小麦品种淀粉粒的结晶类型,但降低了其相对结晶度。花后干旱处理的新冬23号籽粒中淀粉粒的持水力和破损淀粉含量显著低于对照。试验说明花后干旱胁迫影响了小麦籽粒灌浆过程中淀粉降解酶活性,进而作用于淀粉粒的表观结构,最终对淀粉粒的理化特性产生影响,影响程度与参试小麦品种的遗传特性有关,干旱敏感型品种受其影响更为明显。     

高温与干旱互作对两种筋力小麦品种籽粒淀粉及其组分含量的影响

为了给小麦抗逆栽培提供参考依据,采用盆栽的试验方法,研究了花后高温、干旱及其互作对两种筋力小麦品种豫麦34(强筋)和豫麦50(弱筋)籽粒淀粉及其组分含量的影响.结果表明,高温胁迫均导致两品种籽粒直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量下降,但不同时期高温胁迫对两品种不同组分淀粉的影响表现不同:高温胁迫对豫麦34支链淀粉含量影响相对较大,且以灌浆前期降幅最大;豫麦50则以直链淀粉含量受灌浆前期高温胁迫的影响相对较大.干旱胁迫下两品种直链淀粉的含量均显著下降,但支链淀粉在不同时期干旱胁迫下表现出品种间的差异:灌浆前期干旱对两品种影响均不显著,中、后期显著降低豫麦50支链淀粉含量,而豫麦34的支链淀粉含量在灌浆后期干旱胁迫下有所升高.研究结果还表明,花后高温与干旱对小麦籽粒淀粉及组分的影响存在显著的互作效应,说明高温与干旱对淀粉品质的影响具有叠加效应和复杂性.     

糯小麦和非糯小麦干物质积累及产量对灌浆期不同阶段弱光的响应

为了解花后弱光照对糯小麦和非糯小麦产量形成的影响差异,在大田条件下,选用非糯小麦品种轮选987和糯小麦品种农大糯50222两个小麦品种为材料,分别于灌浆前期(花后1～10 d)、中期(花后11～20 d)和后期(花后21～30 d)进行遮去60％的光合有效辐射处理,研究花后弱光胁迫时期对小麦干物质积累和产量的影响.结果表明,与不遮光处理(对照)相比,灌浆中期和后期遮光造成轮选987的生物产量和籽粒产量显著降低,而农大糯50222在籽粒灌浆的前期和中期遮光后均显著降低.花后不同阶段遮光处理均造成小麦花前营养器官贮存干物质在花后向籽粒的转运量及其贡献率发生变化,此影响存在明显的基因型差异.轮选987表现为籽粒灌浆前中期遮光后转运量均显著降低,后期遮光后增加,转运物质对籽粒的贡献率则表现为前期遮光降低,中后期遮光提高,尤其是后期遮光提高幅度更大.农大糯50222花前干物质的转运量在遮光后均增加,以中期遮光后增加最多,转运物质对籽粒的贡献率在前中期遮光下均增大,以中期遮光最明显,后期遮光下贡献率下降.花后不同阶段遮光改变了小麦的灌浆进程.随遮光时间的推迟,轮选987籽粒灌浆的渐增期和快增期缩短.籽粒灌浆中期遮光延长了农大糯50222灌浆的快增期.灌浆中期遮光致使小麦产量和经济系数下降的幅度最大.     

南方鲜食玉米区不同糯玉米品种产量和子粒灌浆特性分析

2019年和2020年,以苏科糯1501、苏科糯12、苏科花糯2008、苏科糯11、苏玉糯5号和万糯2000为试验材料,系统分析南方鲜食玉米区不同糯玉米品种产量和子粒灌浆特性差异,为糯玉米高产优质品种选育提供支持。结果表明,产量及产量构成因素品种间差异两年表现基本一致(秃尖长除外)。产量较高的品种为苏科糯12、苏科糯1501、万糯2000和苏科花糯2008,穗粒数和粒重均高于产量较低的品种苏玉糯5号和苏科糯11。糯玉米产量与穗长、穗粒和百粒鲜重呈极显著正相关,百粒鲜重与最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率呈极显著正相关,穗粒数与有效灌浆期、最大灌浆速率时的时间和最大灌浆速率时的生长量呈显著正相关。在鲜食玉米高产品种选育时应注重对灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率时的生长量等指标进行选择。     

灌浆期高温干旱胁迫对小麦籽粒淀粉积累的影响

为探讨花后高温和干旱逆境胁迫对小麦淀粉组分的影响,采用盆栽和人工气候室相结合的方式研究了灌浆期短暂高温、干旱及其复合胁迫对两个不同品质类型小麦品种籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量的影响。结果表明,小麦籽粒淀粉的积累量符合Logistic方程,但逆境胁迫会缩短籽粒淀粉积累持续时间,降低其积累速率,使其最终淀粉积累量减少。与对照相比,高温、干旱及其复合胁迫显著降低两个小麦品种籽粒的支链淀粉和总淀粉含量,直链淀粉含量受影响较小,淀粉的直/支比增加。高温、干旱及其复合胁迫下,洛麦24的千粒重分别较对照下降42.03%、21.95%和50.01%,产量分别较对照下降57.88%、40.75%和61.08%;郑麦366的千粒重分别较对照下降34.39%、7.64%和43.16%,产量分别较对照下降41.58%、30.97%和48.49%。综上所述,高温、干旱胁迫抑制支链淀粉积累是造成产量下降的重要原因;复合胁迫对小麦籽粒淀粉积累量的影响大于干旱或高温单独胁迫;高温胁迫的影响大于干旱;洛麦24较郑麦366对高温和干旱胁迫更敏感。     

Study of water stress effects in different growth stages on yield and yield components of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars

A field experiment was conducted during 2001-2003 to evaluate the effect of water stress on the yield and yield components of four rice cultivars commonly grown in Mazandaran province, Iran. In northern Iran irrigated lowland rice usually experiences water deficit during the growing season include of land preparation time, planting, tillering stage, flowering and grain filing period. Recently drought affected 20 of 28 provinces in Iran; with the southeastern, central and eastern parts of the country being most severely affected. The local and improved cultivars used were Tarom, Khazar, Fajr and Nemat. The different water stress conditions were water stress during vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages and well watered was the control. Water stress at vegetative stage significantly reduced plant height of all cultivars. Water stress at flowering stage had a greater grain yield reduction than water stress at other times. The reduction of grain yield largely resulted from the reduction in fertile panicle and filled grain percentage. Water deficit during vegetative, flowering and grain filling stages reduced mean grain yield by 21, 50 and 21% on average in comparison to control respectively. The yield advantage of two semidwarf varieties, Fajr and Nemat, were not maintained under drought stress. Total biomass, harvest index, plant height, filled grain, unfilled grain and 1000 grain weight were reduced under water stress in all cultivars. Water stress at vegetative stage effectively reduced total biomass due to decrease of photosynthesis rate and dry matter accumulation.     

不同生育时期干旱对花生根系生理特性及产量的影响

采用旱棚土柱栽培法,研究了不同生育时期干旱对花生根系生理特性及产量的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,花生根系变长,直径变小,表面积增大,根尖数增多,根系活力下降,根系总吸收面积、根系活跃吸收面积增大,根干物质量、根冠比增大。不同生育时期相比,花针期和结荚期干旱对根系生长发育和根系活力的影响明显大于苗期和饱果期干旱,而根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积增幅显著低于苗期和饱果期,表明花针期和结荚期对干旱反应敏感;不同时期干旱明显降低了花生荚果产量,结荚期减产最大,其次为花针期和饱果期,苗期减产最小。     

灌浆前期高温对小黑麦籽粒淀粉积累及其合成相关酶活性的影响

为探讨灌浆前期高温对六倍体小黑麦籽粒淀粉积累及其相关合成酶活性的影响,以4个春性小黑麦品种（系）为材料,在开花后5~14 d于田间搭建温棚进行高温胁迫,对其籽粒淀粉积累动态、淀粉合成相关酶活性进行了研究。结果表明,开花后5~14 d高温胁迫导致小黑麦千粒重和容重均显著下降,其中,千粒重下降5.95%~20.47%,容重下降3.33%~9.49%;籽粒中的总淀粉、支链淀粉与直链淀粉含量均显著降低,依次下降6.84%~17.97%、7.70%~24.60%及2.27%~7.17%,直/支链淀粉比有所升高,但差异不显著。在高温胁迫期间,小黑麦籽粒中与淀粉合成相关的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPP）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、淀粉分支酶（SBE）及淀粉去分支酶（DBE）活性均较对照有所上升,高温胁迫结束后,AGPP、SSS、DBE的活性均较对照有所下降。推测灌浆前期高温胁迫导致灌浆中后期小黑麦籽粒中淀粉合成相关酶活性的下降是籽粒中淀粉含量降低以及千粒重、容重下降的主要原因。     

Effects of soil water deficit at different growth stages on rice growth and yield under upland conditions. 2. Phenology,biomass production and yield

Phenological development, shoot dry matter production, grain yield and yield components of rice were examined in relation to drought occurring at various stages of growth. Rice was sown three or four times at three-week intervals in the field in each of two years, and performance in three stress trials was compared with that in corresponding irrigation trials, with the aim of quantifying the response of the crop to water stress of 23–34 days' duration developing at different growth stages. When drought occurred during vegetative stages, it had only a small effect on subsequent development and grain yield. The reduction in yield of up to 30% was due to reduced panicle number per unit area in one trial, and reduced number of spikelets per panicle in another. The effect of water stress on yield was most severe when drought occurred during panicle development. Anthesis was delayed, the number of spikelets per panicle was reduced to 60% of the irrigated control and the percentage of filled grains decreased in one crop to zero. This decrease in grain yield to less than 20% of the control was associated with low dry matter production during the drought period as well as during the recovery period following the drought. When drought occurred during grain filling, the percentage of filled grains decreased to 40% and individual grain mass decreased by 20%. The effect of stress was also related to its severity during grain filling. Stress at this stage hastened maturity. The results suggest that variation in yield components due to water availability is related to the variation in dry matter production at particular growth stages. Results of a supplementary shading experiment show that the relationship between spikelet number per panicle or single grain mass and crop growth rate was the same, whether growth rate was varied by availability of soil water or solar radiation. Filled-grain percentage, however, was more sensitive to drought stress than shading when comparison was made at a similar crop growth rate.     

不同生育时期水分胁迫对玉米产量及生长发育的影响

不同生育时期水分胁迫的研究结果表明,任何生育时期的土壤干旱均会导致玉米减产,其中抽雄吐丝期水分胁迫减产最重,其次是拔节期,苗期相对较轻。苗期水分胁迫使玉米子粒的“库”形成受到一定阻碍,但由于后期仍维持较大的绿叶面积,复水后可迅速补偿由于前期水分胁迫所减少的生长量,减产较轻。拔节期水分胁迫导致植株矮化,穗位高降低,从而使产量降低。抽雄吐丝期是玉米的水分临界期,干旱可导致散粉至吐丝期间隔(ASI)加大,致使花期不遇,穗粒数大幅度下降,从而严重影响玉米的产量。     

干旱胁迫下小麦颖果内源激素的变化及其与胚乳发育的关系

为探明干旱胁迫下小麦颖果内源激素与胚乳发育的关系,以小麦品种扬麦16为材料,在幼苗返青至颖果成熟阶段进行干旱处理,采用树脂切片及显微摄影等技术观察小麦颖果和胚乳细胞发育的形态结构特征,并通过酶联免疫吸附法测定颖果生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA_3、GA_4)、玉米素核苷(ZR)、二氢玉米素核苷(DHZR)的含量。结果显示,干旱胁迫缩短了小麦颖果发育进程,促进颖果早衰,导致颖果发育不良;显著降低了籽粒千粒重、可溶性糖含量和总淀粉含量,提高了蛋白质含量;促进颖果发育早期胚乳细胞分裂和淀粉积累,抑制了发育后期胚乳细胞的分裂、体积扩大和淀粉体充实,并提高了颖果整个发育过程中胚乳蛋白体的积累;提高了颖果发育前期IAA、GA_3、GA_4、ZR和DHZR的含量,ABA含量在整个发育时期均较高。说明干旱胁迫能通过影响颖果内源激素的积累来调控胚乳发育。     

灌浆期干旱胁迫对水稻生理性状和产量的影响

目的 研究灌浆期干旱对不同类型水稻叶片生理性状和产量的影响,为干旱气候条件下水稻栽培提供参考。方法 以节水抗旱稻旱优113和普通杂交稻扬两优6号(YLY6)为材料,设置传统淹水灌溉、灌浆期干旱胁迫两个处理,分别测定水稻的产量及产量构成、稻米品质(加工品质、外观品质和营养品质)、干物质生产及分配、叶片生理活性(叶片水势、气叶温差和光合速率)等。结果 与传统淹水灌溉相比,灌浆期干旱胁迫下水稻叶片水势、气叶温差均显著下降,最终导致叶片光合速率降低;但是在复水后2~15 d,叶片的各生理指标可以得到恢复,与对照没有显著差异;水稻产量没有明显变化,产量的稳定主要得益于前期充足的干物质积累使籽粒充分灌浆,结实率显著升高;稻米的碾磨品质没有显著影响,但扬两优6号的外观品质显著降低,却改善了旱优113的外观品质。同时,蛋白质含量升高在一定程度上改善了稻米营养品质。结论 水稻灌浆期适度干旱可以在稳定产量的基础上改善稻米品质。因此,适当在生育后期阶段减少水分的投入,不仅可节约农业用水,稳定籽粒产量,还有利于稻米品质的改善。     

Multiple heat and drought events affect grain yield and accumulations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits and glutenin macropolymers in wheat

Spring wheat plants were subjected to water deficit and/or high temperature episodes at spikelet initiation, anthesis or both stages. The stresses modified the early dough stage and maturity, shortened the kernel desiccation period and caused grain yield loss. Plants subjected to stress at the early growth stages had higher grain yields than the non-early-stressed plants when stress reoccurred at anthesis. Concentrations of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in grain were up-regulated by the single early drought, the early drought combined with late heat and the double drought stress treatments, but was down-regulated by the early heat and double heat stress events. Concentration of glutenin macropolymers was increased by the single early drought episode, the single late drought and heat events, as well as the early drought combined with the late heat stress, but was reduced by the early heat stress and double heat events.