播期、密度和氮肥运筹对冬小麦连麦2号产量与品质的调控

为确立强筋小麦高产优质高效栽培的群体调控和氮肥管理策略,以强筋冬小麦品种连麦2号为材料,研究了播期、密度及施氮水平和基追比对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,播期和密度对籽粒产量均有显著的影响,并且播期效应大于密度效应。3个播期中,适播（10月10日）处理产量显著高于早播（9月30日）和晚播（10月25日）;密度间差异达显著水平,以中密度(180万~270万·hm-2)产量最高,低密度和高密度(90万、360万·hm-2)最低。小麦籽粒产量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系,籽粒蛋白质含量随密度的增加而降低,随播期的推迟而增加。增加施氮量和后期追氮比例提高了冬小麦蛋白质含量及湿面筋含量、沉淀值,但降低了总淀粉含量。综合分析,在本试验条件下,冬小麦连麦2号在10月10日播种、密度180万·hm-2、施氮量为299～355 kg·hm-2、基追比为6∶4时可实现优质与高产的协调。     

氮肥运筹对稻茬麦区弱筋小麦生理特性、品质及产量的调控效应

为探索有效改善弱筋小麦生理特性、品质和产量的氮肥运筹方式,于2016—2017年设置不同施氮量N0(0kg·hm^-2)、N1(120kg·hm^-2)、N2(180kg·hm^-2)、N3(240kg·hm^-2)和不同基追比(7∶3、6∶4、5∶5)试验,研究不同施氮量和基追比对小麦光合效应、产量及品质的影响。结果显示,相同施氮量下,基追比为6∶4时,小麦的叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、冠层叶绿素密度、光合速率均最高;相同基追比下,施氮量增加120kg·hm^-2(N1比N0、N3比N1)能显著提高小麦的叶绿素含量(灌浆中期基追比6∶4除外)、叶面积指数、冠层叶绿素密度和光合速率。施氮量为120kg·hm^-2和180kg·hm^-2时,3个基追比下小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值(N2下基追比5∶5的处理除外)和硬度指数均符合弱筋小麦国家标准;施氮量为240kg·hm^-2时,基追比5∶5处理的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉淀值均不符合弱筋小麦国家标准,且各基追比间的品质指标差异不显著。总体上,施氮量相同时以基追比6∶4最利于高产,但施氮量为240kg·hm^-2时小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和沉淀值均不符合弱筋小麦国家标准,因此,施氮量180kg·hm^-2左右、基追比6∶4是安徽省稻茬麦区适宜的氮肥运筹方式。     

施氮方式对强筋小麦济南17产量和品质的影响

以优质强筋小麦济南17为材料，研究氮肥不同施用量、基追比和追氮时期对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响，分析了产量与品质的关系。结果表明：适当地增加施氮量和拔节期追氮比例可显著地提高产量，籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量与产量同步增加；施氮量和拔节期追氮比例超过一定值时再增加施氮量和拔节期追氮比例，籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量继续增加，而产量则显著下降；延迟追氮时期可使籽粒蛋白质含量和干、湿面筋含量有较大幅度地提高，但对产量形成不利。以施氮量为262．5～328．1kg／hm^2且基追比为4：6或5：5，拔节和始花两次追肥的施氮方式，强筋小麦济南17能较好地实现优质与高产的统一。     

主要栽培措施对中筋小麦皖麦44产量和品质的影响

为了给中筋小麦——皖麦44优化栽培提供参考，以此品种为试验材料，研究了播期、密度以及氮肥应用对其产量和品质的调节效应。结果表明．施氮量在0～300kg／hm^2范围内，氮素与籽粒产量呈二次曲线关系，与蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、面粉吸水率、面团形成时间、稳定时间和粉质质量数等呈极显著正相关，与弱化度呈极显著负相关。增施氮素能显著提高蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值和粉质评价值，降低弱化度，延长面团的形成时间和稳定时间。氮肥全部基施和返青追肥产量和品质指标都较低；在拔节期施肥可有效地提高产量，并促进品质改善；在抽穗期施肥能改善粉质性状。皖麦44在淮北地区中等肥力地块的适宜施氮量为150～225kg／hm^2，在施足基肥的基础上，追施拔节肥效果更佳。播期和密度对皖麦44的产量有显著影响，对品质作用不明显。     

施肥和密度对小麦产量及加工品质的影响

为了探讨提高产量和改善品质的合理栽培措施,试验采用不同氮肥和密度处理,研究其对产量和品质的影响,结果表明:基本苗为225万~450万/hm2时产量差异不显著,但均比150万/hm2基本苗处理显著提高了产量。施氮270 kg/hm2比135 kg/hm2显著提高了产量。不同基本苗处理对蛋白质含量和加工品质指标影响较小,但不同施氮量对各蛋白组分、总蛋白质含量及加工品质指标有显著影响,高氮处理比低氮处理显著提高了总蛋白质和各蛋白组分含量,并显著增加了沉淀值、湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、吸水率、形成时间和面包体积。结论认为:基本苗对产量影响较大,对品质影响较小,施氮处理对产量和品质均有重要影响,适当增施氮肥可以使籽粒产量、营养品质和加工品质同步提高。     

播期和密度对镇麦168农艺和品质性状的影响

为探寻小麦新品种镇麦168高产优质栽培的适宜播期与密度,通过二因素随机区组试验,分析了播期和密度对该品种农艺和品质性状的影响。结果表明,播期和密度对镇麦168的产量、部分农艺和品质性状均有影响。随着播期的推迟,产量、面团形成时间和稳定时间、湿面筋含量均呈现先升后降趋势;适当控制密度可协调有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重,进而提高产量,同时可增加面团稳定时间、籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量。在本试验条件下,该品种优质高产适宜播期和种植密度分别为10月31日和270万株·hm^-2。     

密肥组合对稻茬晚播小麦籽粒产量和效益的影响

为筛选适宜南方晚播稻茬中筋小麦高产高效栽培的密肥组合,以中筋小麦品种扬麦20为材料,研究了江苏淮南地区晚播(11月20日之后播种)条件下密度、施氮量、氮肥基追比对稻茬小麦籽粒产量和效益的影响.结果表明,晚播小麦密度与籽粒产量、效益均呈二次曲线关系,密度为315×104株·hm-2时,籽粒产量最高,达6 721.65～7 884.91 kg·hm-2,效益达3 783.6～5 111.55元·hm-2;施氮量为270 kg·hm-2时籽粒产量极显著高于施氯量210 kg· hm-2处理.在本试验条件下,基本苗为315×104株·hm-2、总施氮量270 kg·hm-2、基肥∶壮蘖肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为3∶1∶3∶3时,晚播小麦的籽粒产量和效益最高.     

氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦产量、品质及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了探讨淮北地区晚播冬小麦合理高效的氮肥运筹模式,以济麦22为材料,研究了氮肥运筹对晚播冬小麦产量、品质及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,拔节期追氮或孕穗期追氮减少了群体透光率,提高了灌浆期旗叶SPAD值和生育后期叶面积指数,改善了小麦旗叶PSⅡ的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ),降低了非光化学猝灭系数(qN）,有利于叶片吸收的光能较充分地用于光合作用。光化学效率的提高进而促进了小麦的干物质积累与成穗率。氮肥运筹对籽粒产量的影响达到显著水平,其中拔节期追氮且基追比6∶4的施肥方式显著提高了每公顷穗数和籽粒产量,其籽粒产量显著高于其他追氮处理,增幅达到5.5%~10.8%。此外,氮肥后移和增加基追比例可明显提高籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和硬度。本试验条件下,总施氮量270 kg·hm^-2,拔节期追氮且基追比6∶4和孕穗期追肥且基追比4∶6的氮肥运筹模式是晚播冬小麦实现高产、优质的理想施肥方式。     

不同施氮水平和基追比对弱筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

为确立弱筋小麦优质高产生产的氮肥管理策略,以2个弱筋小麦品种扬麦9号和宁麦9号为材料,研究了不同施氮水平及基追比对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,小麦籽粒产量与施氮量呈二次曲线关系,增加施氮量及提高后期追氮比例提高了弱筋小麦蛋白质含量及籽粒容重、湿面筋含量、沉淀值、吸水率和稳定时间,但降低了总淀粉含量和弱化度。面团形成时间随施氮量的增加而增加,但随追氮比例的增加而降低。施氮量对籽粒蛋白质组分含量均有提高作用,依次为球蛋白>谷蛋白>醇溶蛋白>清蛋白,而追氮比例处理对醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量具有显著的提高效应,清蛋白和球蛋白含量因追氮比例而异。增加施氮量及提高后期追氮比例显著提高了直链淀粉含量和直/支比,但降低了支链淀粉含量。同比例追肥,两次追施比一次施用籽粒产量和蛋白质、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量增加,但湿面筋含量降低;直链淀粉含量和直/支比增加而总淀粉和支链淀粉含量降低。综合产量和品质分析表明,在本试验条件下,弱筋小麦在施氮量180 kg.ha-1、基肥∶拔节肥∶孕穗肥为7∶2∶1时可以实现高产与优质的协调。     

追氮量和种植密度对镇麦168群体质量、产量和加工品质的调控效应

为给小麦品种镇麦168优质高产栽培中氮肥和种植密度管理提供参考,在基施有机肥15 000kg·hm-2、复合肥(N∶P∶K=15∶15∶15)375kg·hm-2条件下,设置240、285和330kg·hm-2三个追施氮肥水平以及135万、180万、225万、270万和330万株·hm-2五个种植密度(基本苗)水平,研究了追氮量和种植密度对该品种群体质量、产量和加工品质的影响。结果表明,在240~285kg·hm-2范围内,增加追氮量可明显提高镇麦168的籽粒产量、千粒重、成穗率、沉降值和弱化度,但当追氮量达到330kg·hm-2时,有效穗数、穗粒数、籽粒产量、容重、出粉率、吸水率、面团稳定时间增加不显著,千粒重明显降低。在135万~270万株·hm-2范围内,增加种植密度可显著提高有效穗数、籽粒产量、容重、面团形成时间、稳定时间和弱化度,而当种植密度达到330万株·hm-2时,有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、籽粒产量、成穗率、容重、面团形成时间、稳定时间和弱化度显著降低,分蘖期和拔节期群体叶面积指数、越冬期和拔节期干物质积累量以及出粉率、沉降值、吸水率增幅不明显。综合来看,镇麦168高产优质栽培的适宜追氮量和密度分别为285kg·hm-2和270万株·hm-2。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻中的残留消解动态及残留分析

本文建立了气质联用仪测定稻田环境中苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯的残留分析方法,对苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻、土壤和田水中的消解动态和残留规律进行了研究。苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米、稻壳、植株、土壤和田水中的最低检测浓度均为0.20 mg/kg,最小检出量为0.2 ng,在不同样品中的平均加标回收率为80.8%~109.5%,相对标准偏差在1.7%~19.7%之间。田间试验结果表明,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解动态规律均符合一级动力学反应模型,苯醚甲环唑在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为6.3~11.6 d和1.4~11.6 d;嘧菌酯在水稻植株和田水中的残留消解半衰期分别为3.6~8.7 d和2.9~23.1 d。以推荐剂量600 g/hm2和1.5倍推荐剂量900 g/hm2,最多施药3次,距最后一次施药15 d时,苯醚甲环唑和嘧菌酯在糙米中的最高残留量分别为0.461 mg/kg和0.634 mg/kg,低于我国国家标准《食品中农药最大残留限量》(GB2763-2014)中规定的糙米中苯醚甲环唑最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg和欧盟、美国规定的糙米中嘧菌酯最大残留限量5.0 mg/kg。