土壤孔隙结构定量化研究进展

土壤孔隙结构是土壤结构的重要方面,土壤大孔隙引起的优先流和溶质优先迁移与地下水污染、养分流失和灌溉水浪费都有着密切的关系;对土壤孔隙结构的研究具有重要的实践意义和指导作用。本文在综合国内外研究文献的基础上,对前人研究进行系统总结,介绍土壤孔隙结构的获取手段、孔隙结构的表征和模拟方法,并且对今后土壤孔隙结构研究的热点进行了展望,以期为今后进行土壤孔隙结构建模的深入研究提供帮助。     

基于数字图像技术的土壤孔隙结构定量研究进展

土壤孔隙结构是土壤孔隙的形态大小、数量搭配和空间分布状况的综合反映，其结构的复杂性和异质性决定着土壤水分迁移、气体扩散和生物活动等过程。近年来数字图像技术的发展虽然实现了土壤孔隙结构的直接可视化和定量化，但孔隙提取的精度仍然受采样方法、设备分辨率和分割技术的限制。本文基于现有土壤孔隙研究方法的发展历程，以图像获取、图像分割和量化分析为主线，综述了当前常用土壤孔隙研究方法(间接法和直接法)的基本原理、主要步骤和优缺点，剖析了从图像中提取孔隙结构的分割技术，概括了孔隙结构的常用量化指标，最后针对现有研究方法存在的问题和不足，对未来研究方法的发展方向进行了展望。     

基于土壤导气率的燥红土孔隙结构及弯曲连通性研究

土壤气体传输高度依赖土壤孔隙结构,导气率的获取简单、快速、高效,且对土壤结构破坏小,利用PL-300土壤空气传导性测量系统分别对不同含水率、不同容重条件下的原状土与扰动土进行导气率测量,展开针对土壤孔隙结构与弯曲连通性的讨论。结果表明:(1)原状土样本孔隙弯曲连通性随气相饱和度增加而增加的程度较扰动土样本显著,两者相对导气率与饱和度的关系曲线变化走势差异不大,表明即便饱和度一样的条件下,孔隙弯曲连通程度仍然不同;(2)原状土导气率依赖于大孔隙的存在,扰动土导气率不仅依赖于孔隙连通的程度,还取决于孔隙弯曲程度。基于土壤导气率对土壤孔隙结构及弯曲连通性的讨论,在建立气体传输模型时应考虑孔隙尺寸分布对导气率的影响,就原状土与扰动土不同的弯曲连通系数加以区分与讨论,为进一步揭示土壤气体传输的内在机制提供参考。     

基于小角散射的柴油机排气颗粒的孔隙结构分析

为进一步降低柴油机的颗粒排放。针对柴油机的排气颗粒,采用热重分析和同步辐射X射线小角散射的方法,分析了颗粒在氧化过程中的内部特征、孔隙结构参数以及孔隙数量和尺寸分布等随氧化温度的变化规律。结果表明,随着氧化温度的升高,颗粒中电子密度差逐渐增大,颗粒之间的统计平均距离增大,颗粒尺寸逐渐减小;颗粒孔隙分布分维数、截面平均孔径、回转半径以及轴向长度均有明显增加;颗粒孔隙的结构紧密程度下降,随着氧化温度升高,小尺寸孔隙数量逐渐减少,大尺寸孔隙逐渐增加,100℃时的颗粒孔隙尺寸主要分布在6~7 nm,200℃是的颗粒孔隙尺寸主要分布在8~9 nm,400℃的颗粒孔隙尺寸主要分布在12~13 nm,总体上孔隙的尺寸和数量呈上升趋势。利用同步辐射X射线小角散射的方法,掌握颗粒氧化过程中孔隙结构的变化规律,对于丰富颗粒的测量方法提供了借鉴,为完善颗粒的氧化机理提供了相关基础数据。     

矿区机械压实对土壤孔隙特性影响的研究进展

在矿区开采和复垦过程中大型机械的使用产生了土壤压实,并严重扰动了土壤内部结构,导致土壤孔隙数量减少,连通性和渗水能力下降,土壤孔隙作为土壤水气交换的重要场所决定着土壤水分和空气状况,进而影响复垦土壤质量与肥力。为探究矿区机械压实作用对土壤孔隙的影响,系统梳理了矿区机械压实作用下土壤孔隙的获取和表征方法,对农业机械压实相关研究进行了简单归纳,在此基础之上阐述了矿区机械压实对土壤孔隙影响的研究进展,总结了当前研究存在的问题,并提出今后在探究矿区机械压实对土壤孔隙特性影响时应创新压实土壤孔隙的定量表征方法,重视机械压实对土壤孔隙特性影响机理的考究,以期为改善矿区土地复垦效果提供理论指导。     

氨化秸秆还田对土壤孔隙结构的影响

【目的】土壤孔隙性质是土壤结构性的反映,直接影响着土壤的肥力和水分有效性。定量研究氨化秸秆还田对土壤不同大小等级孔隙数量和孔隙分布的影响,可以为土壤培肥提供科学依据。【方法】采用室内试验方法,设置氨化秸秆加入量为土壤总质量的 0(CK)、 0.384%(S1)、 0.575%(S2)、 0.767%(S3)4个处理,室内培养。在培养0、60、120和180 d,取样测定土壤水分特征曲线(SWRC)数据,利用双指数土壤水分特征曲线模型(DE模型,Double-exponential water retention equation),分析氨化秸秆对土壤剩余孔隙、基质孔隙和结构孔隙的影响; 基于DE模型的微分函数,探究不同氨化秸秆处理对土壤孔隙分布的影响。【结果】不同处理的土壤水分特征曲线SWRC实测值和DE模型模拟值之间的均方根误差介于0.0036和0.0041 cm3/cm3之间,R2介于0.998和0.999之间,土壤含水量模拟值和实测值非常接近1 ∶1,表明DE模型可以准确反映添加氨化秸秆后土壤含水量随吸力的变化规律,较准确地估算土壤不同大小等级孔隙数量变化。培养120 d内,氨化秸秆对土壤剩余孔隙、基质孔隙和结构孔隙影响不显著; 培养180 d时,各处理土壤结构孔隙度表现出随着氨化秸秆添加量的增加而增加的趋势; 此时S3对土壤剩余孔隙影响不显著,显著减小了土壤的基质孔隙度(P0.05),极显著地增加了土壤的结构孔隙度(P 0.01)。在孔隙分布中,氨化秸秆促进了土壤已有孔隙向较大孔隙的发育,显著增加了土壤结构孔隙分布数量; 随着氨化秸秆添加量的增加,土壤结构孔隙的分布数量越大,且峰值出现的越早。氨化秸秆增加了土壤中有机质含量; 土壤结构孔隙和总孔隙均与有机质含量呈显著的正相关关系(P 0.05); 有机质可以黏结团聚土壤的矿物颗粒,有效地促进了土壤结构孔隙的发育; 氨化秸秆对土壤孔隙的影响随着时间的进行越来越明显。【结论】氨化秸秆增加了土壤中有机质含量,促进了土壤孔隙结构的发育,增加了土壤的结构孔隙度和总孔隙度,这对改良和培肥土壤、改善土壤耕性具有重要意义。     

基于CT扫描技术的土柱孔隙结构及其抗侵蚀能力研究——以种植百喜草为例

[目的]分析百喜草土柱孔隙结构与土壤抗侵蚀能力之间的联系,为水土保持植物措施的优化布设以及效益评估提供科学依据。[方法]依托植物土柱长期微区试验,通过CT扫描技术研究种植百喜草的土柱孔隙指标(孔隙长度密度、体积密度、表面积密度和孔隙数密度),开展边坡水槽冲刷试验。设置3个坡度(10°,20°和30°)和5个流量(0.8,1.6,2.4,3.2,4.0 L/s)组合量化土壤抗侵蚀能力,分析孔隙指标与抗侵蚀能力因子之间的关系。[结果]百喜草土柱孔隙发育程度随生长时间不断增强,而随土层深度减弱;4个孔隙结构指标在0—5 cm土层的数值远大于5—10 cm土层,且表层0—5 cm的平均土壤细沟可蚀性(0.026 s/m)和临界水流剪切力(7.0 Pa)分别是下层5—10 cm的0.33,1.54倍。[结论]植物根系发育的孔隙指标能够表征土壤抗侵蚀能力变化,CT扫描获取的4个孔隙结构指标与细沟可蚀性等因子显著相关,其中孔隙表面积密度与土壤抗侵蚀能力指标关系最为密切。     

青海湖流域土壤大孔隙特征与理化性质的相关性研究

土壤大孔隙是土壤水分、空气和化学物质运移优先流的主要途径。本文以青海湖流域土壤为研究对象,在青海湖沙柳河流域取原状土柱,利用CT扫描与Fiji软件相结合的方法,实现了土壤大孔隙结构的三维可视化,以及断层横截面土壤大孔隙度、大孔隙数量和大孔隙等效直径等的量化;并探讨了样地土壤大孔隙特征与理化性质的相关性。结果表明:青海湖流域土壤大孔隙主要分布在土壤表层0~100 mm,100 mm以下大孔隙较少;土壤全磷含量分别与土壤大孔隙数量、大孔隙等效直径有显著相关性;土壤全氮、有机质含量分别与土壤大孔隙平均等效直径有显著相关性;土壤体积质量与大孔隙度、大孔隙平均等效直径等有显著相关性;土壤中0.002≤Ф0.02 mm的颗粒含量与大孔隙的分布特征相关性较大。     

中国几种主要土壤的持水性质

土壤的持水性是指土壤吸持水分的能力。在对植物的有效范围内,土壤所吸持的水分是由土壤孔隙的毛管引力和土壤颗粒的分子引力所引起的,这两种力现在统称为土壤吸力,或基质吸力,它相当于土壤总水势中的基质势。     

图像处理技术用于农机-土壤系统的研究

提出一种用于分析土壤工作部件扰动土壤孔隙变化的图像处理方法。主要步骤为：处理样品的制备；图像获取和孔隙识别；土壤孔隙形态学参数的计算。并给出一个用于研究鼠道犁扰动土壤的实例。结果表明图像处理技术用于研究农机－土壤系统是有效的。     

Estimation of the thermal separation of soil particles from the thermal conductivity under reduced air pressure

Knowledge of thermal conductivity of granular materials under reduced air pressure can be utilized for studying intricate mechanisms of heat transfer in two‐phase systems. We measured the thermal conductivity of three soils of varied texture and two sets of glass beads (GB) under reduced air pressure using a twin heat probe. We also predicted the thermal conductivity of a two‐phase system at reduced air pressure from the modified Woodside & Messmer equation based on the kinetic theory of gases. This equation includes a thermal separation of solid particles (d) defined by the heat conduction. We compared this separation with the geometrical mean separation of solid particles (D). The results showed a linear relation between d and D for the GB, and in all cases d was smaller than D. This suggests that conductive heat transfer in two‐phase GB takes place mainly through air spaces the dimension of which is smaller than D. The d of a Red Yellow soil and an Ando soil, however, were about 200–300 times larger than D. This result seems to be related to the soil aggregation. We showed that in soil aggregates the conduction of heat through the solid was the dominant mode of heat transfer, and the micropores in a soil aggregate had very little effect on the diminished thermal conductivity under reduced air pressure. The decrease in the thermal conductivity of two‐phase soil under reduced air pressure is probably caused by the air molecules confined in interaggregate pore spaces rather than those in the intra‐aggregate pore spaces. The d of soils can be used to represent the thermal separation of the interaggregate pore spaces, and soil aggregates can be treated as single‐grained particles in evaluating heat conduction.     

探索“透明”土壤体：土壤孔隙学的时代已经启航

土壤是地球表面由固、液、气三相组成的疏松多孔介质体,土壤物理、化学和生物学等过程主要发生在液相和气相填充的土壤孔隙中及其与固相的交界面。随着无损探测土壤孔隙结构、土壤生物化学原位分析和计算机模拟等技术的快速发展和计算能力的提升,从土壤孔隙的形态、结构和功能的角度,原位、直观、精确地研究土壤中动态发生的各种过程成为可能,推动了对真实土壤中各种微观过程与机制的研究。基于前期的研究进展,本文提出,研究透明土壤体的物理学—土壤孔隙学（Soilporelogy）的时代已经启航。土壤孔隙学主要针对土壤孔隙空间,研究其动态变化与土壤物理、土壤化学和土壤生物（生态）互作过程及其效应。以土壤孔隙学为主线,本文首先介绍了获取土壤孔隙方法的进步,进而论述了基于土壤孔隙的流体运动、生物化学过程、根系和生物活动以及土壤微观生态学等的试验和模拟研究。最后,本文对土壤孔隙学的研究方法和理论发展方向进行了展望,相信基于土壤孔隙的研究会推动土壤学研究新的发展。     

基于Menger海绵模型的煤矸石粉改良膨胀土微结构特征

为解决膨胀土对工程结构以及农业生态环境的危害，进行煤矸石粉改良膨胀土的试验研究。对煤矸石粉掺量为0、3%、6%、9%的膨胀土土样进行压汞试验，测得微观孔隙特征值；选取Menger海绵模型建立孔隙分分形模型，计算土体孔隙分形维数，探究土体孔隙分形维数与孔隙特征参数以及煤矸石粉掺量变化的关系。结果表明：随着煤矸石粉掺量增加，土中大孔隙所占的含量较素膨胀减少61.5%，孔隙类型从团粒间孔隙转化为颗粒间孔隙；煤矸石粉的掺入改变了土体的孔隙结构特征，煤矸石粉与膨胀土发生胶结反应，孔隙连通性降低，使得总孔隙体积、孔隙率、孔隙平均孔径、孔隙临界孔径等孔隙特征参数呈减小趋势；基于分形理论分析孔隙分形维数，分形维数随煤矸石粉掺量的增加而增加，且与孔隙特征参数呈显著相关性。孔隙分形维数反应了孔隙特征参数以及孔隙发育程度，为土的孔隙表征提供方法借鉴。     

Changes in the macro-pore structure of restored soil caused by compaction beneath heavy agricultural machinery: a morphometric study

Compaction can seriously degrade soil in modern agriculture. Soil that has been temporarily removed and stored is particularly sensitive to compaction when restored, although little is known about the structural changes in such soils under mechanical loads. We investigated the structural changes in a restored soil that had been gently cultivated for several years and then was trafficked by a heavy combine harvester, analysing the macro‐pore structure by quantitative morphometry of three‐dimensional microcomputed tomography images. Increased trafficking caused decreases in both the porosity and connectivity of the macro‐pores. The fraction of spherical pores (and thus the convexity of the pore space) and the mean pore separation were increased. Trafficking had no clear effect on the orientation of pores. While the mean pore diameter tended to decrease, biopores were more stable than interaggregate pores originating from the packing of soil aggregates. This is relevant for the development of structural stability in restored soils, as the macro‐pores consist mainly of interaggregate pores initially, whereas biopores develop and increase in proportion only gradually over time. Quantitative morphometry provides valuable morphological indices for the objective assessment of the macro‐pore structure and changes induced by compaction.     

基于CT扫描的煤矿排土场土壤孔隙三维多重分形特征

土壤孔隙对水分、养分的运移起着重要作用,重构土壤孔隙状况反映着复垦土壤质量的高低。本研究基于Math Works Matlab(2009a)平台,在对土壤孔隙CT扫描图片三维重建的基础上,运用多重分形理论对安太堡露天煤矿不同复垦年限排土场重构土壤(23年、20年、0年)以及原地貌土壤进行三维多重分形定量表征,以探讨重构土壤孔隙空间分布规律。结果表明:重构土壤孔隙三维结构具有多重分形特征,信息熵维D1、广义维数谱曲线弯曲程度△D、多重分形谱谱宽△α随着复垦年限逐渐增大,土壤孔隙状况得到改善,土壤孔隙分布越趋于复杂,变异程度较高;重构土壤及原地貌土壤孔隙三维分布多重分形谱函数△f0,呈左钩状,大概率孔隙占主要地位,孔隙分布不均匀。多重分形参数D1、D0-D1、△D、△α、△f间具有较好的相关性,从不同角度上反映了土壤孔隙三维分布的非均质性。     

土壤图像孔隙轮廓线分形特征及其应用

孔隙轮廓线分形维数是用来描述孔隙本身所具有的分形特征，它反映了土壤孔隙与固体颗粒接触界限的不规则性。该文采用数字图像处理技术研究了中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站内3种不同质地土壤样本图像的孔隙轮廓线分形特征。结果表明：土壤孔隙轮廓线分形特征与土壤质地之间存在着一定的相关关系，即土壤质地越细(黏粒含量越高)分形维数取值越大。同时，根据这3种土壤的孔隙轮廓线分形维数，结合不同分形方法分别预测了它们的水分特征曲线，并与实测的土壤水分特征曲线进行了比较。     

利用计算机断层扫描技术研究土壤改良措施下土壤孔隙

为探明不同土壤结构改良措施（秸秆覆盖、免耕、有机肥、保水剂）对土壤孔隙特征及分布的影响,采用计算机断层（computed tomography,CT）扫描法定量分析了土壤孔隙的数目、孔隙度及孔隙在土壤剖面上的分布特征。结果表明：不同措施均提高了土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数及0.13～1.0 mm孔隙数,且其孔隙度也相应提高。同时孔隙成圆率也得到了改善。各处理中以有机肥和免耕处理效果较佳,其次为保水剂和秸秆覆盖,对照最低。此外,不同措施显著提高了土壤的田间持水量和＞0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量,降低了土壤容重,且各处理中,仍以有机肥和免耕处理效果最佳,其田间持水量分别较对照提高了15.9%和16.4%,而土壤容重较对照降低了6.8%和8.8%。相关分析表明：田间持水量、容重和＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关;而土壤容重对于总孔隙度和大孔隙度及孔隙成圆率呈显著负相关。     

Quantification of pore structure and gas diffusion as a function of scale

The quantification of the spatial heterogeneity of soil structure is one of the main difficulties to overcome for an adequate understanding of soil processes. There are different competing concepts for the type of heterogeneity, including macroscopic homogeneity, discrete hierarchy or fractal. With respect to these different concepts we investigate the structure of the pore space in one single sample (4 × 10³ mm³) by analysing basic geometric quantities of the pores > 0.3 mm within gradually increasing subsamples. To demonstrate the relation between geometrical and functional properties we simulate gas diffusion within the three‐dimensional pore space of the different subsamples. An efficient tool to determine the geometric quantities is presented. As a result, no representative elementary volume (REV) is found in terms of pore‐volume density which increases with sample size. The same is true for the simulated gas diffusion coefficient. This effect is explained by two different types of pores, i.e. big root channels and smaller pores, having different levels of organization. We discuss the different concepts of structural organization which may be appropriate models for the structure investigated. We argue that the discrete hierarchical approach is the most profitable in practice.     

Particle packing and organization of the textural porosity in clay–silt–sand mixtures

The packing of elementary particles in soil largely determines the properties that depend on the textural soil pore space, but is studied little. The relations between packing and size and nature of soil particles were studied using fractions of clay, silt and sand, mixed when wet and then dried. Ternary mixtures (clay:silt:sand) were compared with binary mixtures (clay:silt, clay:sand). The pore space of the mixtures was studied using mercury porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy. In all the mixtures the textural pore space was divided into two compartments: (1) lacunar pores due to the presence of skeleton particles and to the shrinkage of the clay phase between these particles, and (2) the clay–fabric pores due to the packing of the clay. In the ternary mixtures, lacunar pores could be divided into two classes: (1) those due to sand particles within the clay–slit phase considered as a single phase, and (2) those due to silt particles within this same phase. For certain mixtures, lacunar pores, referred to as hidden lacunar pores, were not interconnected but were occluded. This occurred both for hidden pores caused by the presence of sand and occluded by the clay–slit phase, and for hidden pores caused by the presence of silt and occluded by the clay phase. The relations between these types of textural pores and the proportions of different size fractions in the mixtures provide guidelines for making optimum use of the particle-size characteristics of the soil to determine its properties.     

Surface cracking and aggregate formation observed in a Rendzina soil,La Touche (Vienne) France

A one-cycle field wetting and drying experiment was conducted in order to observe pore space developed in a cultivated Rendzina soil due to surface cracking and to soil aggregate formation at 3-cm depth. Image analysis of 2D representations of pore size distribution and fractal analysis of the spatial distribution of the pores indicates that pore space due to surface cracking does not develop in the same manner as does that formed in the aggregation processes. Both pore-size distribution and fractal dimension vary in different ways at the soil–air interface and at 3-cm depth as drying progresses. Surface cracking occurs as a two-step process where total crack length increases until a maximum and then the cracks widen. Fractal dimensions appear to change as pore space develops. Pores developed when aggregates form show a more continuous process of development of pore sizes with a constant fractal dimension as porosity increases.