12份美国玉米自交系配合力评价

以12份引进美国解禁玉米自交系为供试材料,4份课题组骨干玉米自交系(KA105、KA064、KB043和KB204)为测验种,采用NC-II遗传交配设计,进行配合力测定与分析。结果表明,测验种KA105和KA064产量一般配合力(GCA)效应表现优良,供试美国玉米自交系中PHPR5、MBST、LH213、2FACC、LH212Ht、LH209和PHR47产量GCA效应表现优良。杂交组合PHPR5×KA105、LH213×KA105、PHH93×KA105、2FACC×KA064、LH212Ht×KA105、PHPR5×KB204产量的超标优势较强,可进一步试验。     

外来玉米群体选系的配合力及杂种优势研究

为了认知外来玉米群体PF6J155选系的配合力差异以及配合力与杂种优势的关系,以12个外来玉米群体选系为母本、5个分属于不同杂优类群的代表系为父本,按照NCⅡ设计配成60个杂交组合,在辽宁省4个不同生态区裂区试验,分析自交系的一般配合力以及60个杂交种主要性状的特殊配合力和杂种优势。结果表明,外来玉米群体PF6J155选系之间的一般配合力(GCA)效应差别明显,单株产量GCA效应值高的自交系为ZL2116、ZL2436、ZL8344,其部分产量构成因子(穗长、行粒数、百粒重和出籽率)的GCA效应也较高,是表现比较理想的自交系;不同组合单株产量的特殊配合力(SCA)效应也不同,ZL8344×昌7-2在单株产量SCA和对照杂种优势方面都表现出较好的水平,可对其生产应用价值进一步试验鉴定。聚类分析结果表明,外来玉米群体PF6J155偏属于Reid种质,与塘四平头、旅大红骨和Lancaster具有较好的杂种优势,可形成一定的杂优模式。     

41份中晚熟欧洲玉米选系的配合力及杂种优势分析

试验以东北农业大学利用17份欧洲玉米种质选育的41份中晚熟优良自交系为材料,以代表瑞德类群的自交系D1798Z和兰卡斯特类群的HCL645为测验种,采用NCII遗传交配设计组配82个杂交组合,分析产量配合力及杂种优势关系。结果表明,41份欧洲选系的单株产量GCA相对效应值为-20.95%~26.72%,20份材料的一般配合力表现为正效应。DNF26-7-1、DNF03-12-2、DNP03-7-1等28份选系偏向于瑞德类群,DNF06-1-1、DNPA4-5-3-2、DN-2-12-1等13份选系偏向于兰卡斯特类群,其杂种优势模式为瑞德×兰卡斯特。18个杂交组合单株产量对照优势为正值,选系DNF14-9-2、DNR11-10-1和DNF26-6-1与HCL645组配的3个组合对照优势表现突出,育种潜力较大。     

富铁玉米自交系的筛选及配合力研究

以30个玉米自交系以及从中随机抽取的16个自交系按Griffing方法4组配的120个杂交组合为供试材料,在春、夏播中对玉米子粒铁含量、铁含量的配合力进行了分析。结果表明:①供试玉米自交系铁含量变幅为14.98～26.83mg/kg,春、夏播杂交组合铁含量变幅分别为12.39～24.43mg/kg和14.18～27.25mg/kg;②铁含量除受遗传控制外,还明显受播期、基因型与播期互作的影响;③铁含量的GCA(一般配合力)、SCA(特殊配合力)、播期、GCA与播期互作、SCA与播期互作均达到显著或极显著水平;④多数铁含量SCA效应值较高的组合,至少有一个亲本的GCA效应值较高,但也有部分铁含量SCA效应值较高的组合,其双亲的GCA效应值却较低,表明在选育杂交组合时,应在选择铁性状GCA较高亲本基础上,通过广泛测交加强SCA选择;⑤亲本铁含量的表型值与GCA效应呈极显著正相关,相关系数r=0.70,在一定程度上可通过亲本铁含量表型值的水平来预测亲本GCA效应值的高低。     

20份早熟欧美血缘玉米自交系利用潜力分析

以20份早熟欧美血缘自交系为供试材料,9份SS群自交系为母本、11份NSS群自交系为父本,采用不完全双列杂交设计,进行配合力分析评价。结果表明,自交系DNF342、DNLM18、东407、东409和东401产量一般配合力(GCA)优良,东304和东503株高、穗位高一般配合力优良,有利于降低杂交组合株高和穗位高。杂交组合东407×东601、东409×DNF342、东502×DN4206、东409×东305、东407×DN4206和东401×东601产量对照优势较强,可用于新品种试验。     

高寒山区几个玉米自交系数量性状配合力分析

利用9个玉米自交系,按 Griffing完全双列杂交方法4组配成36个杂交组合进行试验。对主要数量性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力、配合力总效应以及各自交系的特殊配合力方差进行估算和分析。结果表明,自交系411的一般配合力最高,自交系405和琼180具有较高的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差,其配制的组合配合力总效应高,系组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系。     

Lancaster群体改良自交系株型性状的配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交,分析8个含有Lancaster血缘的自交系与4大类群代表系中5个自交系的一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)。结果表明：株高、穗位高、茎直径、雄穗长、雄穗分枝的GCA和SCA方差均达极显著水平;一般配合力及小区产量较高的自交系有N305、N575、N583、吉853、丹340、丹988;N575×丹340的总配合力效应值最高,是最好的杂交组合。在供试的8个自交系中,N575、N583、N305与各父本所配杂交组合产量较高,是比较理想的自交系。株型性状间的相关分析表明,株高与穗位高、雄穗长度有较大的正相关,穗位高与茎直径相关性较大。     

热带亚热带优质蛋白玉米自交系与温带普通玉米自交系产量配合力研究

采用NCⅡ设计对4个热带亚热带优质蛋白玉米(QPM)自交系和10个温带普通玉米优良自交系配制杂交组合,将组合在云南省3种不同生态环境下进行产量鉴定,以分析这些自交系的配合力,并研究热带亚热带QPM自交系与温带普通玉米自交系间的遗传关系。方差分析表明,地点和组合×地点方差达极显著水平,杂交组合、QPM自交系(P1)和普通玉米自交系(P2)的产量GCA方差以及P1×P2的产量SCA方差达极显著水平。配合力分析结果表明,多数自交系在昆明、保山、曲靖3种不同生态环境下产量GCA、SCA表现差异较大,表明产量GCA、SCA与环境存在互作。产量SCA效应值与产量简单相关分析表明,特殊配合力在产量形成中的作用较小。根据产量SCA相对值,结合自交系系谱来源,分析P1和P2之间遗传关系,结果表明,自交系LX9801、掖107与CML166遗传关系较近;K12、97P-69、97P-64与CML171和CML161遗传关系较近;陕五2134、H84-89-1、K22、云147、90211与CML194遗传关系较近。     

玉米籽粒几个物理性状的遗传与配合力分析

用14份玉米自交系采用7×7不完全双列杂交设计组配的49个F1组合为供试材料,研究了玉米籽粒几个物理性状的遗传规律和配合力效应。结果表明,粒宽和容重主要受加性基因效应影响;千粒重和比重加性效应及非加性效应同等重要;粒长主要受非加性效应影响。同一物理性状在不同自交系间其GCA效应有较大差异,其中自交系5003的粒长GCA效应最高,533粒宽和比重GCA效应均为最高,千粒重和客重GCA效应最高者分别为425和48—2。     

部分高油玉米自交系产量性状配合力分析

以来自中国农业大学的15份高油玉米自交系为被测系,以黑龙江省6个常用骨干自交系为测验种,采用NCII遗传交配设计,系统地比较分析15个高油玉米自交系产量性状的配合力。结果表明,高油玉米自交系BY812、BY815、GY798、GY237多数产量性状的GCA较高,就产量而言应视为优良自交系。高油系GY302、GY923、GY1007多数产量性状的GCA较低,用这些自交系做亲本,选育高产组合的概率不大。大多数高油系与81162、444间的单株产量总配合力效应值为正值,而与434、红玉米间的总配合力效应值多为负值,说明多数高油系的适宜的组配方向为Reid系统和唐四平头系统。高油系BY832、BY815与6个测验种间的总配合力效应值均为正值．是黑龙江省今后需重点应用的高油系。而GY302、GY462、GY923、BY807与6个测验种间的总配合力效应值均为负值,在黑龙江省难以组配优良杂交种,需进一步探索其杂优模式。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.