大豆雄性不育突变体NJ89—1的遗传学与细胞学鉴定

花粉发芽实验ＮＪ８９－１雄性不育度高达９９．２５％以上且稳定，人工授粉试验ＮＪ８９－１的雌性育性正常，说明ＮＵ８９－１是一个雄性不育雌性可育突变体。不育株自然粉后代中育性分离结果表明ＮＪ８９－１雄性不育性受单隐性核基因控制。     

人工诱变和自发突变产生的水稻核雄性不育突变体的花粉特征和遗传研究

对２３个水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ　Ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）核雄性不育（ｍｓ）突变体的花粉特征、不育性遗传和不育基因等位性 进行了研究。 １０个突变体由乙基甲烷磺酸（ｅｔｈｙｌ　ｍｅｔｈａｎｅ　ｓｕｌｆｏｎａｔｅ）诱变而来，１个由亚乙基亚胺 （ｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅｉｍｉｎｅ）引变，７个通过ｒ射线诱变，１个被链霉素（ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｍｙｃｉｎ）引变，１个通过组织培养而成，还有３个 大田中自发突变产生。在这些ｍｓ突变体中观察到４种花粉败育类型；３个属无花粉型（ＮＰ），６个为花粉完全败 育型（ＣＰＡ），１３个属花粉部分败育型（ＰＰＡ）和１个为花粉染败型（ＳＰＡ）。 ２年的后代测定（Ｐｒｏｇｅｎｙ ｔｅｓｔｓ）表明每种突变体都是一对隐性基因遗传。对 ２３个ｍｓ。突变体的不完全双列 杂交试验表明，突变体Ｅ２与Ｇ４等位，Ｅ５与Ｅ９等位，Ｎ２和Ｎ３等位，其它３个突变体Ｅ２、Ｇ６和Ｔ１具有相同的 ｍｓ位点。这些突变体的基因符号已被命名为ｍｓ－４６（ｔ）～ｍｓ－６３（ｔ）。     

大豆突变体NJS-1H核雄性不育性的细胞学与遗传学分析

利用化学诱变剂叠氮化钠(NaN3)处理大豆品种南农86-4,获得雄性不育突变体NJS-1H。细胞学观察发现,该突变体不育株NJS-1H(s)的小孢子在减数分裂前期I染色体联会异常,出现单价体;减数分裂过程中出现染色体落后、不对称或不同步分裂等现象;在四分体阶段,出现各种畸形多分体及大量微核;所形成单核小孢子细胞核消失,细胞质变稀薄,最后成熟花粉粒无内容物,完全不育。从减数分裂到花粉粒发育成熟都有败育发生,但大量败育主要发生在减数分裂阶段。人工平行杂交试验表明其雌性育性不正常。对突变体后代育性分离株系及株系群的遗传分析,发现NJS-1H的雄性不育性受1对隐性核基因控制。     

大豆育性突变体CT-2s的发现与遗传分析

从大豆品种南农CT-2发现的育性突变体CT-2s表现为雄性不育,并受开花时期影响,其雌性育性也劣于正常亲本,但不育株仍能少量结荚,属雌性部分不育.遗传分析表明CT-2s的不育性受2对隐性重叠基因控制.     

棉花双隐性核雄性不育系的研究与利用

通过连续３年四代对ｍｓ５ｍｓ６核雄性不育系的研究表明,从群体直接选择不育株与从可育株后代分离的不育株表现一致,且不育性稳定。连续姊妹交,能有效促进不育基因的纯合,显著提高不育株率。同时,双隐性核不育系主要经济性状优良,为选配强优势组合奠定了良好基础。并已获得不育株率达７３．１％、显著高于１∶１理论值、综合性状俱佳的优良不育系。     

抗生素诱导油用亚麻雄性不育的研究

试验用链霉素等５种抗生素地油用亚订品种（系）陇亚８号、９４１０、９０３３的种子进行浸泡处理,诱导雄性不育突变体,对获得的不育材料进行特征特性观察以及育性遗传分析。研究结果表明：（１）５种抗生素的均能均发有和亚麻雄性不育突变,变剂种类,处理浓度油用亚麻品种是影响诱变效果的重要因素。（２）９４１０诱变处理获得３株不育株,其Ｍ２表现育性分离,诱变不育性可以遗传。     

回交在转育小麦两用不育系中的应用

以常规小麦为不育基因受体,用重庆温光型两用雄性不育系Ｃ４９－８７为轮回亲本回交,通过调查Ｂ１Ｆ２,Ｂ２Ｆ２,Ｂ３Ｆ２的不育朱系和回交后代Ｆ２Ｆ５中株系的育性表现,发现回交两次是转育小麦雄性不育两用系的有效方法。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉双隐性核雄性不育系──中抗A

棉花转Ｂｔ基因抗虫棉双隐性核雄性不育系—中抗Ａ是通过杂交、回交和株对株侧交等技术，将从美国引进的原始双隐性核雄性不育基因（ｍｓ５ｍｓ６）转育到丰产、优质、抗病品种中棉所１２中去，经过定向选择，培育具有综合优良性状的双隐性核雄性不育系；在此基础上，又将...     

大豆雄性不育新突变体

对三个自然发生的独立雄性不育,雌性可育(MS—FF)新突变体进行细胞学观察和等位性实验,其中一个突变体是栽培品球‘Beeson’中发现的,JB和BDI突变体则在后期育种群体中发现的。Beeson、JB、BDI突变体长出不育株,在开花期,其花药皱缩、畸形,用放大镜检查花部,很容易把不育株从可育株中区分出来,花药不释放退化的小孢子。雄性不育——雌性可育突变体ms_2ms_2有类似的花药特征。     

甘蓝型油菜雄性不育的遗传研究──Ⅲ．甘蓝型油菜异核型雄性不育材料的染色体核型分析

对甘蓝型油菜异核型雄性不育材料Ｎｃａ（Ａ１、Ａ２）和保持材料ＣａＮ（Ｂ１、Ｂ２）及其亲本中油８２１（Ｐ１）和埃塞俄比亚芥（Ｐ２）进行了染色体数目和核型分析。各材料的核型：Ｐ１：２ｎ＝３８＝２４ｍ＋１０ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ，Ｐ２：２ｎ＝３４＝３０ｍ＋４ｓｍ，Ａ１：２ｎ＝３８＝２８ｍ＋８ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ，Ｂ１：２ｎ＝３８＝３０ｍ＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ，Ａ２和Ｂ２：２ｎ＝３８＝３２ｍ＋６ｓｍ。异核型材料与亲本Ｐ１均有较不对称或较进化的“２Ｂ”核型，Ｐ２有比较对称或原始的“２Ａ”核型。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).