Differences in Fibre Population in Dog Muscles of Different Functional Purpose

Samples were taken from particular sites of the tibialis cranialis (extensor), flexor digitalis medialis (flexor) and pectineus (adductor) muscles of 27 dogs of different breeds--German shepherd, Spanish greyhound, Spanish mastiff and Iberian hound. Samples, which were taken from right and left limbs, were subjected to histochemical analysis using ATPase (pH 9.4, 4.6 and 4.2) and NADH-tr. Fibre population was assessed using an IBAS-2 Kontron image analyser.     

钙蛋白酶基因在鸡不同组织和品种中的表达差异

为了探讨钙蛋白酶(calpain,CAPN)基因在鸡不同组织和品种中的表达差异,本研究采用半定量RT-PCR方法研究了CAPN基因在鸡不同组织和品种中的表达差异。结果表明:CAPN基因表达于优质鸡的10个不同组织中,肝脏和胸肌中的表达量最高并显著高于其他组织(P<0.05);优质鸡胸肌组织中CAPN基因的表达量显著高于艾维茵肉鸡和宝万斯尼拉蛋鸡品种(P<0.05),优质鸡品种之间以及肉鸡与蛋鸡品种间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果证明钙蛋白酶是一种在鸡体内普遍存在的蛋白,CAPN基因在鸡不同组织和品种中的表达存在显著差异。     

Genealogical analyses in open populations: the case of three Arab-derived Spanish horse breeds

This research assesses the genetic composition of three Arab-derived Spanish horse breeds as an example to highlight the major shortcomings related to genealogical analyses in open populations and to propose approaches useful to deal with this task. The studbooks of three Spanish Arab (SA)-derived horse breeds, Spanish Anglo-Arab (dAA), Hispano-Arab (dHA) and Spanish Sport Horse (dSSH) and those of their parental breeds SA, Spanish Purebred (SPB) and Thoroughbred (TB), totalling 211 754 individuals, were available. The genealogies of the dAA, dHA and dSSH were analysed not only using the corresponding studbook (breed exclusive dataset) but also including the genealogies of the founders from parental breeds (completed dataset). Coancestry analyses revealed that the present SA-derived populations share more genes with the Arab than with the other parental breeds. Effective population size was computed by accounting for migration rates to obtain an equivalent closed-population effective size (_eq N _e) of 39.2 for the dAA, 56.3 for dHA and 114.1 for dSSH. The essayed methodologies were useful for characterising populations involving migration. The consequences of the management of the analysed breeds are discussed. The results emphasize the need to include the complete genealogies of the individuals to attain reliable genealogical parameters.     

Ultrasonographic characteristics (cross-sectional area and relative echogenicity) of the digital flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal region in Purebred Spanish horses

The objectives of this study were to establish normal values for relative echogenicity (RE) and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal region of Purebred Spanish horses (PBSH), and to determine the effect of body mass index (BMI), age, sex and forelimb on these variables. Transverse ultrasonographic images were obtained using 20 normal PBSH (10 females, 10 males; 2–25 years of age; BMI 132.04–152.25; not in training). The images were digitised and values for CSA and RE were determined for each structure.The suspensory ligament was the most echogenic and the largest structure, and the superficial digital flexor tendon was the least echogenic and smallest of the tissues examined. The tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal region in PBSH showed similar RE but smaller CSAs when compared to other breeds.     

Histochemical and Morphometric Analyses of the Musculature of the Forelimb of the Subterranean Rodent Ctenomys talarum (Octodontoidea)

Histochemical and morphometric analyses were performed to characterize the fibre‐type composition of two forelimb muscles of the South American subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum. The studied muscles were the triceps lateralis, an extensor of the elbow, and the teres major, a flexor of the shoulder. It was found that these muscles had an elevated proportion of fast oxidative‐glycolytic (FOG) fibres, and lower proportions of slow oxidative (SO) and fast glycolytic (FG) fibres. This composition probably qualifies the teres major and triceps muscles to perform the sustained effort required in tunnelling excavation. The results were discussed considering published data on fibre‐type composition of mammals having different modes of life and digging behaviour. We here suggest that C. talarum has the potential of generating forces linked to rapid, powerful movements during sustained periods by means of an elevated proportion of FOG fibres, together with osteological changes that result in a great mechanical advantage of the forelimb muscles.     

2009—2010年中国部分地区进口鸡群禽白血病流行病学调查

为了解禽白血病(avian leukemia, AL)在中国进口品种鸡群中的感染状况,2008年12月至2010年6月,在4个省市各选择1个进口品种鸡场进行禽白血病流行病学调查。此次调查共涉及4个场、5个品种、不同代次、不同生长阶段的115个鸡群共计7000余份样品,分别采集泄殖腔拭子进行p27抗原的检测和血清中的J抗体、A/B抗体的检测。结果表明,中国进口品种鸡群中存在不同程度的ALV-J亚群、ALV-A/B亚群感染,J抗体阳性率普遍高于A/B抗体阳性率,且肉鸡品种的J抗体阳性率高于蛋鸡品种;此外,本次调查结果还显示,产蛋初期的鸡群p27抗原阳性率和J抗体阳性率较高。     

Breed differences in the histochemical properties of the M. iliotibialis lateralis myofibre of domestic cocks.

1. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase (NADH-DH) activity in the M. iliotibialis lateralis was compared histochemically among 7 breeds of cocks. This muscle was composed only of Type-IIA and -IIB fibres. 2. Apparent breed differences were observed in muscle development, the NADH-DH activity in every fibre type, fibre type distribution and fibre diameters. 3. From the results of this study, it was concluded that the muscle characteristics of various breeds were based not only on the fibre type composition, but also the different activities of oxidative enzyme in every type.     

TIMP3基因在长白猪和通城猪不同组织及不同时期骨骼肌中的表达分析

采用定量PCR(Quantification PCR, QPCR)方法,比较分析了基质金属蛋白酶3(TIMP3)基因在长白猪和通城猪间的组织表达谱,同时比较分析了其在这2个猪种胚胎期(33, 45, 55, 65, 70和90 d)和出生后(0, 9, 30, 60, 120和160 d)骨骼肌生长发育过程中的差异性表达。组织表达谱结果表明,TIMP3基因在不同猪种的各组织器官中广泛表达,除在腿肌和胰腺中有所差异外,TIMP3基因在两个猪种间的组织表达谱基本是一致的,在肺脏和子宫中表达最高,在背肌、脾脏和胃中表达较高,在肠、心脏、肾脏和肝脏中表达最低。与出生后阶段相比,TIMP3基因在2个猪种胚胎期均显著高表达(P＜0.05),但其表达变化趋势在2个猪种间存在差异;与在长白猪胚胎期相比,该基因在通城猪胚胎期中的高表达水平维持在一个更大的范围内。本试验结果提示,TIMP3基因可能参与不同类型猪种骨骼肌生长发育异步性的调控,影响到不同类型猪种的产肉性状。     

Study of the Genetic Origin of the Mexican Creole Donkey (Equus asinus) by Means of the Analysis of the D-Loop Region of Mitochondrial DNA

The aim of this work was to analyse the genetic origin of the Mexican Creole donkey, as well as its genetic diversity, by comparison with Spanish and African donkey populations by means of the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA. To this end, the genomic DNA of 68 Mexican Creole donkeys from eight geographical regions in six States of the Republic of México and from a Sicilian donkey was obtained. By the polymerase chain-reaction technique (PCR) a fragment of 541 bp was amplified, corresponding to the most informative region of the mitochondrial DNA, the D-loop. The fragments were subsequently sequenced. The analysed sequences revealed 10 new Mexican haplotypes that were different from those of the Spanish and African breeds with which they were compared, showing high levels of genetic diversity. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships in the different Creole varieties showed a tendency of origin towards Spanish breeds, mainly the Andaluza, Zamorano-Leonesa and Majorera from the Canary Islands; these in turn showed an African origin, seven Mexican haplotypes and three haplotypes similar to those analysed by Aranguren and colleagues (2004) of Spanish and African breeds being obtained. This work allows us to reach the preliminary conclusion that the origin of Mexican Creole donkey populations in the different states of the Republic of México is clearly of Iberian origin, the Spanish donkey breed Andaluza being the main one contributing to the populations of the Mexican Creole donkeys, followed by the Spanish breeds Zamorano-Leonesa and Majorera from the Canary Islands, and that the populations possess high levels of genetic diversity.     

Study of the genetic origin of the Mexican creole donkey (Equus asinus) by means of the analysis of the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA

The aim of this work was to analyse the genetic origin of the Mexican Creole donkey, as well as its genetic diversity, by comparison with Spanish and African donkey populations by means of the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA. To this end, the genomic DNA of 68 Mexican Creole donkeys from eight geographical regions in six States of the Republic of Mexico and from a Sicilian donkey was obtained. By the polymerase chain-reaction technique (PCR) a fragment of 541 bp was amplified, corresponding to the most informative region of the mitochondrial DNA, the D-loop. The fragments were subsequently sequenced. The analysed sequences revealed 10 new Mexican haplotypes that were different from those of the Spanish and African breeds with which they were compared, showing high levels of genetic diversity. Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships in the different Creole varieties showed a tendency of origin towards Spanish breeds, mainly the Andaluza, Zamorano-Leonesa and Majorera from the Canary Islands; these in turn showed an African origin, seven Mexican haplotypes and three haplotypes similar to those analysed by Aranguren and colleagues (2004) of Spanish and African breeds being obtained. This work allows us to reach the preliminary conclusion that the origin of Mexican Creole donkey populations in the different states of the Republic of Mexico is clearly of Iberian origin, the Spanish donkey breed Andaluza being the main one contributing to the populations of the Mexican Creole donkeys, followed by the Spanish breeds Zamorano-Leonesa and Majorera from the Canary Islands, and that the populations possess high levels of genetic diversity.     

Expression Analysis of THBS3 Gene in Different Tissues and Skeletal Muscles at Different Periods from Landrace and Tongcheng Pigs

To study the expression pattern of THBS3 gene in different tissues and during skeletal muscle development, the THBS3 gene expression in different tissues and skeletal muscles during prenatal periods (33, 45, 65, 70 and 90 d) and postnatal periods (0, 9, 30, 60, 120 and 160 d) from Landrace and Tongcheng pigs were detected by Real-time quantification PCR.The results showed that THBS3 gene widely expressed in all tissues examined, exhibiting similar spatial expression patterns with expression peaks in lung in both pig breeds except in stomach and intestine.Moreover, although THBS3 gene showed a significant higher expression level in gestation than after birth in Landrace and Tongcheng pigs (P<0.05), it exhibited different expression patterns between Landrace and Tongcheng pigs, the expression peak was detected at gestation day 45 in Landrace pig, while was detected at gestation day 65 in Tongcheng pig.The results suggested that THBS3 gene involved in skeletal muscle growth and development in pigs, as well as the regulation of asynchronization of skeletal muscle development in different pig breeds.     

THBS3基因在长白猪和通城猪不同组织和不同时期骨骼肌中的表达分析

本研究主要探究血小板反应蛋白3 (thrombospondin-3,THBS3)基因在不同组织及不同时期骨骼肌生长发育过程中的表达规律。利用实时荧光定量PCR方法对THBS3基因在长白猪和通城猪中的组织表达谱,以及在胚胎期(33、45、65、70和90 d)和出生后阶段(0、9、30、60、120和160 d)骨骼肌中的差异表达进行了比较分析。结果表明,THBS3基因广泛表达于长白猪和通城猪各个组织器官,除胃和肠中的表达存在差异外,其在两个猪种中的组织表达谱基本一致,在肺脏中表达量最高。THBS3基因在长白猪和通城猪胚胎期骨骼肌中的表达水平均显著高于出生后阶段(P<0.05),但胚胎期骨骼肌中的表达模式在两个猪种间存在一定差异,THBS3基因表达峰值出现在长白猪胚胎期45 d,而其在通城猪中表达峰值出现在胚胎期65 d。结果提示,THBS3基因参与了猪骨骼肌生长发育过程及不同类型猪种骨骼肌生长发育异步性的调控。     

Comparative study of muscle fiber type composition in the middle gluteal muscle of andalusian, thoroughbred and arabian horses

Samples were taken from the right middle gluteal muscle of 25 Andalusian horses, 20 Thoroughbreds and 10 Arabian horses, all aged between 5-and 12-years-old and not involved in training. Histochemical analysis was carried out using myosin ATPase after acid preincubation (pH 4.4) and NADH-tr in order to determine the percentage of different fiber types. Statistical analysis showed highly significant differences (P<0.001) in the proportion of type 1 and type 2 fibers between breeds. The Thoroughbred was found to have a significantly higher proportion of type 2A fibers (P<0.001) than the other 2 breeds, although differences in the proportion of type 2B fibers in different breeds were not found to be statistically significant. The Andalusian horse was found to have a higher proportion of fast-twitch fibers of low oxidative capacity (type FT) than the other 2 breeds (P<0.001). These results not only confirm those obtained in previous studies of different breeds of horses, but highlight the histochemical differences in the skeletal muscle of breeds of great commercial and sporting interest in Spain.     

Study on Expression Difference of IGFBP-5 Gene in Different Tissues of Kazakh and Yanqi Horses

The study aimed to explore the mRNA expression pattern of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) gene in different tissues of Kazakh and Yanqi horses.The expression of IGFBP-5 gene in different tissues of heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,small intestine,large intestine,cecum,intercostal muscles,longissimus dorsi muscles,brachialis muscle and gluteus in two horses were detected by Real-time quantitative PCR and compared the mRNA expression in the same tissues of two breeds.The results showed that the expression of IGFBP-5 in longissimus dorsi muscle and brachialis muscle of two breeds were significantly higher than other tissues including heart,liver,spleen,lung,kidney,small intestine,large intestine and cecum (P<0.05),and was the lowest in large intestine.The expression of IGFBP-5 in kidney,small intestine,large intestine,cecum,longissimus dorsi muscle and brachialis muscles of Yanqi horse were higher than in the same part of Kazakh horse,and among those in longissimus dorsi muscle and large intestine of Yanqi horse were extremely significantly higher than in the same part of Kazakh horse (P<0.01),and in small intestine and cecum of Yanqi horse were significantly higher than in the same part of Kazakh horse (P<0.05).The test was for further researching the biological function of IGFBP-5 gene,and it could provide a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of production performance of horse in our country.     

肉鸭胸肌特异挥发性风味物质的鉴定

为了寻找快大型肉鸭和优质小体型肉鸭的主要挥发性风味物质,构建不同品种肉鸭胸肌气味轮廓,探究品种对肉风味的影响。本试验以9周龄北京鸭、连城白鸭、野鸭胸肌为材料,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用技术对其进行检测,计算相对气味活度值(ROAV)寻找各品种鸭胸肌中主要挥发性风味物质。运用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)寻找3个品种肉鸭胸肌差异挥发性风味物质。同时结合电子鼻进行检测。通过SPME-GC-MS技术共检测出104种物质,这些化合物主要为醛类、醇类、酮类和呋喃类物质。北京鸭胸肌中挥发性物质中醇类物质最多,占比40.01%,其次是醛类和呋喃。而连城白鸭和野鸭胸肌中挥发性物质占比以醛类最高,其次是呋喃和醇类物质。通过计算ROAV可得,有43种挥发性物质对鸭胸肌风味有贡献,其中,3个品种胸肌共有物质32种。同时,电子鼻可以对3个品种胸肌进行区分。通过分析3个品种鸭胸肌挥发性物质的结果,探索了3个品种鸭胸肌的特征香气标志物。北京鸭的主要风味物质为(E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、壬醛、2-辛烯醛、2-戊基呋喃、1-辛烯-3-酮;连城白鸭的主要风味物质为(E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、壬醛、2-戊基呋喃、2-辛烯醛、己醛;野鸭主要风味物质为壬醛、2-戊基呋喃、正辛醛、己醛。OPLS-DA结果表明,3种鸭肉的主要差异风味物质基本集中在醛类和醇类物质。本研究对3个品种熟制后的鸭胸肌进行挥发性风味物质的检测,为构建不同品种肉鸭胸肌气味轮廓,探究品种对肉风味的影响具有重要的理论意义。     

哈萨克马和焉耆马不同组织中IGFBP-5基因表达差异研究

试验旨在探求胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-5（insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5,IGFBP-5）基因在哈萨克马和焉耆马不同组织部位中的mRNA表达规律。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测在哈萨克马和焉耆马心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、小肠、大肠、盲肠、肋间肌、背最长肌、臂肌和臀肌等不同组织中IGFBP-5基因mRNA表达量,同时比较该基因在哈萨克马和焉耆马相同组织中的表达差异。结果表明,哈萨克马和焉耆马表达量最高的均为背最长肌,其次是臂肌,并显著高于心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、小肠、大肠、盲肠等内脏组织表达量（P<0.05）,大肠中的表达量最低;焉耆马的肾脏、小肠、大肠、盲肠、背最长肌和臂肌中表达量高于哈萨克马相同部位的表达量,其中焉耆马背最长肌和大肠中的表达量极显著高于哈萨克马的相同部位（P<0.01）,小肠和盲肠中的表达量显著高于哈萨克马的相同部位（P<0.05）。本试验为深入研究IGFBP-5基因的生物学功能,以及对中国马生产性能的遗传改良提供理论依据。     

肉鸭胸肌特异挥发性风味物质的鉴定

为了寻找快大型肉鸭和优质小体型肉鸭的主要挥发性风味物质,构建不同品种肉鸭胸肌气味轮廓,探究品种对肉风味的影响。本试验以9周龄北京鸭、连城白鸭、野鸭胸肌为材料,采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(SPME-GC-MS)联用技术对其进行检测,计算相对气味活度值(ROAV)寻找各品种鸭胸肌中主要挥发性风味物质。运用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析(OPLS-DA)寻找3个品种肉鸭胸肌差异挥发性风味物质。同时结合电子鼻进行检测。通过SPME-GC-MS技术共检测出104种物质,这些化合物主要为醛类、醇类、酮类和呋喃类物质。北京鸭胸肌中挥发性物质中醇类物质最多,占比40.01%,其次是醛类和呋喃。而连城白鸭和野鸭胸肌中挥发性物质占比以醛类最高,其次是呋喃和醇类物质。通过计算ROAV可得,有43种挥发性物质对鸭胸肌风味有贡献,其中,3个品种胸肌共有物质32种。同时,电子鼻可以对3个品种胸肌进行区分。通过分析3个品种鸭胸肌挥发性物质的结果,探索了3个品种鸭胸肌的特征香气标志物。北京鸭的主要风味物质为(E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、壬醛、2-辛烯醛、2-戊基呋喃、1-辛烯-3-酮;连城白鸭的主要风味物质为(E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、壬醛、2-戊基呋喃、2-辛烯醛、己醛;野鸭主要风味物质为壬醛、2-戊基呋喃、正辛醛、己醛。OPLS-DA结果表明,3种鸭肉的主要差异风味物质基本集中在醛类和醇类物质。本研究对3个品种熟制后的鸭胸肌进行挥发性风味物质的检测,为构建不同品种肉鸭胸肌气味轮廓,探究品种对肉风味的影响具有重要的理论意义。     

不同猪种肉质相关基因Hal、RN和FTO的多态性研究

为了明确肉质相关基因氟烷基因(Hal)、酸肉基因(RN)和脂肪肥胖相关基因(FTO)在国内外不同猪种群体间的遗传变异特性,本研究以大约克、长白、杜洛克和金华猪等猪种群体为研究对象,应用PCR-RFLP技术分别检测了Hal、RN和FTO基因的多态性,并分析了FTO基因上2个多态位点g.276G＞T和c.594C＞G的遗传变异情况.结果表明:(1)在杜洛克猪中发现了Hal的基因型HalN Haln,其频率为0.166,但未发现基因型Haln Haln,其它猪种群体中仅检测到了基因型HalN HalN;(2)在已检测的所有猪种群体中只检测到RN基因的rn/rn基因型,未发现rn/RN和RN/RN基因型;(3)在FTO的g.276G＞T位点上,金华猪呈现单态,其它猪种群体均呈现多态.在FTO的c.594C＞G位点上,4个猪种群体均呈现多态,3个外来猪种群体均以CC基因型频率较高,而金华猪则以GG基因型频率较高.研究结果提示,由于Hal基因在养猪生产中的利弊双重性,因此在某些猪种群体中仍然存在较高频率的HalN Haln基因型.此外,结合FTO基因的生理功能和已有的研究结果,可在特定的猪群中将其作为影响猪肉质性状的候选基因.本研究发现FTO的基因型分布在我国优良地方猪种金华猪与国外3个种猪群间存在较大差异,为深入研究不同品种猪的肉质形成机理提供了基础数据.     

Genetic characterisation of the Uruguayan Creole horse and analysis of relationships among horse breeds

The genetic variability within the Uruguayan Creole horse and its relationship to a group of geographically or historically related breeds (Spanish Pure-bred, Barb, Quarter horse, Paso Fino, Peruvian Paso, Arabian and Thoroughbred horse), was evaluated using 25 loci (seven of blood groups, nine of protein polymorphisms and nine microsatellites) analyzed on a total of 145 Uruguayan Creole horses. In this study, blood group and protein polymorphism variants that are considered to be breed markers of Spanish Pure-bred and Barb horses were detected in the Creole breed. Conversely, some microsatellites and protein polymorphisms alleles were found uniquely in the Creole horse. American horse breeds together with Barb and Arabian horses clearly formed a separate cluster from the Spanish pure-bred and Thoroughbred breeds, as shown by an UPGMA dendrogram based on Nei's standard genetic distance. Data in this study provided evidence for considerable genetic variation within Uruguayan Creole horses and of a distinctive breed profile. Both traits were most likely inherited from the XVIth century Spanish horses, more closely related to Barb than to Spanish Pure-bred.     

The biodiversity and genetic structure of Balearic sheep breeds

The Balearic sheep breeds, Mallorquina, Menorquina, Roja Mallorquina, Ibicenca and one possible new genetic group, Formentera, constitute a unique genetic resource in the Mediterranean farming landscape, displaying high genetic diversity levels and being well differentiated among themselves and with respect to the continental sheep breeds. We used a microsatellite panel of markers to study genetic diversity and relationships with other Spanish breeds. The results reported in this study have important implications for the use, conservation and breeding of Balearic sheep stocks. A mean number of 7.59 alleles was found among the Balearic sheep breeds for the microsatellites scored. The whole mean value of observed heterozygosity amounted to 0.62, whereas the expected heterozygosity value was 0.69, suggesting the presence of a great degree of genetic variability, although a significant deficit of heterozygotes was detected for some markers. Genetic distance estimates showed that Balearic sheep are differentiated from the other Spanish breeds and in particular, from the Merino type. The Ibicenca breed showed the highest distance value from other breeds. The neighbour‐net method of analysis clustered the Roja Mallorquina, Menorquina and Mallorquina breeds. The Structure results clearly demonstrated the genetic differentiation among the four Balearic sheep breeds, with the Ibicenca and Formentera races joined, with slight migration among them. Few external genetic influences from the Spanish mainland breeds were detected.