乙酰丙酸对叶菜产量、叶绿素和硝态氮的影响

以油麦菜和生菜为试材,通过叶面喷施不同浓度的乙酰丙酸,探索乙酰丙酸对叶菜产量、叶绿素和硝态氮的影响。结果表明,乙酰丙酸对油麦菜产量的影响表现出差异显著,对生菜产量的影响表现出差异不显著。就增产效果而言,油麦菜在喷施稀释800倍乙酰丙酸时增产幅度最大,较对照增产6.46%;生菜在喷施稀释600倍乙酰丙酸时增产幅度最大,较对照增产3.33%。油麦菜不同部位叶绿素含量均是叶尖＞叶中＞叶基。同一部位不同处理间叶绿素含量差异不显著,但与对照相比,各浓度处理下油麦菜叶片不同部位叶绿素含量均有所增加。同时与对照相比,各浓度处理下油麦菜叶片叶绿素含量均有所增加。生菜在喷施稀释600倍乙酰丙酸时叶片叶绿素增加幅度最大,较对照增产6.95%。喷施乙酰丙酸对油麦菜叶片硝态氮含量有增加作用,对生菜叶片硝态氮含量有减少作用。     

叶面喷施硒肥对山药产量和含硒量的影响

以大和长芋为试材,在山药的生长阶段喷施不同浓度的硒肥,研究叶面喷施硒肥对山药产量和含硒量的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施硒肥可以提高山药产量和含硒量,喷施200倍液的处理效果最好,山药产量达到3 578.18 kg/667 m^2,比对照增加14.44%,含硒量为0.27 mg/kg,比对照增加170%。对于低硒地区,叶面喷施硒肥效果更明显,叶面喷施硒肥200倍液,山药含硒量达到0.190 mg/kg,比对照增加3 700%。     

大豆叶面施氮对合丰55叶片叶绿素含量及干物质积累的影响

为研究大豆叶面氮素的应用效果,以黑龙江省三江平原大豆主栽品种合丰55为试验材料,研究不同时期叶面施氮量对大豆叶片叶绿素含量及干物质积累的影响。结果表明,随着施肥量增加,叶绿素含量及干物质积累量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,不同时期普遍在B3处理达到最高值;A1时期叶面施氮有利于叶绿素含量及无子粒干物质积累量增加,A3时期叶面施氮有利于子粒干物质积累及产量形成。在A1B3处理组合下大豆叶片叶绿素含量最高,SPAD值为49.04;在A3B3处理组合下子粒干物重最高,为25.84g,该处理喷施时期为RS初粒期,时间为7月20日,喷施浓度为1.0%。因此,就合丰55这一品种而言,利于产量形成的最佳处理组合为A3B3。     

水氮耦合对苜蓿叶片叶绿素含量的影响

通过不同灌水量及不同氮肥施用量处理下的田间小区试验,研究了水氮耦合对苜蓿叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:不同灌水量处理叶绿素含量大小依次为W3W2≥W4W1,不同氮肥用量处理苜蓿叶绿素含量大小依次为N2N1N4N3,灌水量较大和施氮肥量为中下水平时有利于叶片叶绿素含量的积累。在不同灌水量和施氮量的处理中,以W3(200 m3/667 m~2)N2(2.5 kg/667 m~2)处理的苜蓿叶片叶绿素含量最高。     

光碳核肥对石榴叶片矿质元素含量的影响

研究叶面喷施不同浓度光碳核肥对石榴各生育时期叶片中矿质元素含量变化的影响，确定石榴合理施肥时间和用量，为石榴的科学精准施肥和优质丰产提供理论依据。在云南省永胜县以‘突尼斯’软籽石榴为材料，在常规施肥的基础上研究不同浓度光碳核肥处理(1.3%、1%、0.7%、0.5%)下石榴生育期内叶片矿质元素变化规律。随着石榴生长发育，石榴叶片中N、P、Ca、Zn元素含量呈现上升趋势，K、Mg、Fe元素含量呈现下降趋势。1.3%处理抑制了石榴叶片中N、P的含量；0.7%处理对石榴叶片N、P、K含量有明显的促进作用，较对照（清水喷施）分别提高了22.3%、47.6%、121.9%，且显著提高了石榴成熟期叶片Fe含量；0.5%处理石榴叶片Ca、Zn含量显著增加，最高分别为19.72、144.54 g/kg，较对照分别增加了5%、1.05倍，同时对石榴营养生长期叶片P、K含量有一定促进作用。可以通过叶面喷施一定浓度光碳核肥调控石榴叶片中矿质元素的含量，其中喷施浓度0.7%处理能显著提高石榴叶片N、P、K、Fe含量，0.5%处理对Ca、Zn、P、K含量的提高有促进作用，可根据不同生育时期矿质元素含量的差异制定...     

外源硒对谷子叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了探讨外源硒对谷子叶绿素荧光特性的影响,在大田条件下以‘长农35’为试验材料采用随机区组设计,在谷子抽穗期叶面喷施不同浓度亚硒酸钠,分析谷子叶绿素含量、叶片SPAD值以及叶绿素荧光参数的变化趋势。结果表明:叶面喷施亚硒酸钠提高了谷子功能叶的叶绿素含量并且显著影响谷子叶绿素的荧光特性,叶面喷施合理浓度的硒可以提高谷子叶片的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),对电子传递(ETR、ФPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)有增强作用,一定程度上降低了非光化学猝灭系数(q N),从而削弱PSⅡ光能的热耗散,增大PSⅡ的光化学效率。由此可见,叶面喷施硒对谷子叶绿素光和色素、叶片SPAD值以及叶绿素荧光参数相关指标有明显正效应,在谷子抽穗期叶面喷施硒浓度67.84 g/hm2对其叶绿素荧光特性增益效果最佳。     

纳米制剂对小白菜生长及氮肥利用率的影响

为提高肥料利用率,研发环境友好型肥料,从源头上控制农业面源污染,采用土培试验,研究了纳米制剂对小白菜产量、养分吸收量、氮肥利用率、叶片叶绿素含量及部分品质指标的影响。结果表明,氮肥中添加纳米氢醌和纳米茶多酚均可提高小白菜产量和叶片叶绿素含量、增加氮磷钾养分吸收量、提高氮肥利用率,以上效果在纳米制剂添加量增加时更加明显。在本试验所设的4种添加纳米制剂处理中,以4%茶多酚处理的效果最好,与未添加纳米制剂处理相比,小白菜产量增加44.6%,氮肥利用率增加134.1%。添加纳米制剂对小白菜品质的影响却不同,可溶性糖含量变化不大,硝酸盐含量有所提高,维生素C含量也有提高趋势,但干重增加最多的（4%茶多酚）处理维生素C含量并没有提高。总之添加纳米制剂可以提高作物产量并能提高肥料利用率。     

钙处理桃果肉钙离子的分布及其与果实品质形成的关系

为探讨钙元素对桃果实品质、耐贮藏性的影响,确定最佳的叶面喷施钙元素的浓度,研究了喷施钙后,桃果肉组织中钙元素的分布特征、叶片叶绿素的含量以及对果实可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、大小、硬度和耐贮藏性的影响。结果表明,果肉中Ca2 的含量随着喷施钙元素浓度的提高而增加,当喷施CaCl2浓度为0.5%时叶绿素的含量最大,当喷施CaCl2浓度为1%时,SSC、果实大小和果肉硬度达到最大值;当喷施CaCl2浓度为2%时,放置3天后果实硬度最大。本研究确立了最佳的喷施浓度,为深入研究果实钙离子浓度梯度在果实品质形成方面的作用提供了依据。     

叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾和锌锰对旱地冬小麦的效应

田间试验结果表明：旱地冬小麦拔节—孕穗期叶面喷施硫酸锌、硫酸锰,或灌浆期喷施磷酸二氢钾均能取得较好效果。叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾能提高千粒重,覆膜N120处理、N240处理小麦分别较其相同氮水平下常规对照提高3.4g和4.3g;提高幅度分别为7.9%和10.4%;但喷施KH2PO4不影响籽粒蛋白质含量。拔节孕穗期叶面喷施锌、锰,具有显著增产效果,较清水对照增产18.4%。     

钙处理对桃果肉钙离子的分布及果实品质的影响

为探讨钙元素对桃果实品质、耐贮藏性的影响,确定最佳的叶面喷施钙元素的浓度,研究喷施钙后,桃果肉组织中钙元素的分布特征、叶片叶绿素的含量以及对果实可溶性固形物含量(SSC)、大小、硬度和耐贮藏性的影响。结果表明,果肉中Ca~(2+)的含量随着喷施钙元素浓度的提高而增加,当喷施CaCl_2浓度为0.5%时叶绿素的含量最大,当喷施CaCl_2浓度为1.0%时,SSC、果实大小和果肉硬度达到最大值;当喷施CaCl_2浓度为2%时,放置3天后果实硬度最大。本研究确立了最佳的喷施浓度,为深入研究果实钙离子浓度梯度在果实品质形成方面的作用提供了依据。     

Leaf Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) as Influenced by Nitrogen Supply

An experiment was conducted using a greenhouse hydroponics system to investigate the influence of N nutrition on leaf growth and chlorophyll content in oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.) during both vegetative and generative growth. Plants were treated continuously with one of three levels of N supply (30, 100 or 170ppm N). Leaf expansion in terms of lamina area of individual leaves and leaf area per plant, and chlorophyll content of leaves during both growth phases were increased significantly by N supply up to 100 ppm N, which was found to be the optimum level for oilseed rape. N supply of 30 ppm N resulted in N stress while 170 ppm N represents an excessive supply. N supply of 100 ppm N enhanced leaf expansion during H–6 weeks after transplanting by 88–260 % over that of 30 ppm N. Lamina areas of younger leaves responded to N nutrition better than did those of older leaves. Leaf area per plant increased 155–194 % due to increasing N supply but leaf number was increased less remarkably (by 25–44 %). N supply enhanced the contents of leaf chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and total chlorophyll but had very little influence on chlorophyll a/b ratios; except that increasing N supply tended to reduce these ratios. Results suggest that variation in leaf chlorophyll content of rape plants in response to N nutrition is a function of leaf age and position. The significance of these results in terms of certain physiological implications for the rape plant is discussed.     

Quantifying nitrogen status of corn (Zea mays L.) in the field by reflectance measurements

Nutrient deficiencies can seriously reduce yield and economic returns to farmers. Tools that can rapidly quantify the nutritional status of plants are needed for efficient fertilizer management. Reflectance measurements have shown to be a useful tool to identify the nutritional status of different plant species. A set of calibration curves relating reflectance ratios to the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe) concentrations in corn leaves was established in greenhouse trials in a previous study. In this paper these calibrations were examined for their ability to identify nutrient deficiencies under field conditions. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to check and define the regions of the spectra that are influenced by leaf N concentration and to set up possible equations for quantifying the leaf N status in the field. The experiment was carried out on a loess derived soil in south-western Germany. Reflectance of corn leaves, from plants grown with six different N fertilization treatments ranging from 0 to 160 N kg ha⁻¹, was determined once a week from the beginning of June until the end of July. Reflectance measurements were performed at the 4th leaf of corn plants with a digital LEICA S1 Pro camera under controlled light conditions. Reflectance was measured in different wavelength ranges in the visible and infrared spectra. Leaf scans were evaluated within the L*a*b*-color system. Total N concentration of corn leaves was determined chemically and correlated with reflectance patterns. Significant correlations between corn N status and leaf reflectance changes were obtained at a nitrogen level of N<3.0%. Reflectance patterns at 510₇₈₀, 516₁₃₀₀, 540₁₃₀₀ nm were found most suitable to the corn N status in the field regardless of the year or sampling date. The results indicate that the spectral patterns and the defined calibration curves of N deficiency from greenhouse studies could be used in field studies. Thus, reflectance measurements may serve as a rapid, non-destructive approach to discriminate nitrogen deficiency in the field.     

施氮肥对盐胁迫下Bt棉生长和叶片Bt蛋白含量的影响

 以Bt棉品系K638为材料,在盆栽条件下研究了施氮肥对不同程度盐胁迫（土壤含盐量：0(CK)、0.15%(轻度胁迫)和0.3%（中度胁迫））下棉株生长、氮素吸收、Bt蛋白含量和Bt蛋白氮占全氮量比例的影响;同时,在水培条件下研究了不同形态氮素（硝态氮和铵态氮）对NaCl胁迫下Bt蛋白含量的效应。结果表明,氮肥与盐胁迫对棉叶Bt蛋白含量有显著的互作效应。非盐和低盐胁迫下,施氮肥促进了棉株生长（生物量分别提高了3.0和2.8倍）、Bt蛋白合成（分别提高41.0%和90.9%）和全N向Bt蛋白N的转化（分别提高9.3%和15.6%）;中度盐胁迫下,施氮肥虽也促进了棉株生长（1.4倍）,并提高了叶片全N含量（98.8%）和Bt蛋白含量（83.3%）,但并未提高Bt蛋白N占全N量的比例。无论盐胁迫与否,施NO₃^--N处理的生物量和叶片全氮含量都显著高于施NH₄⁺-N的处理,但由于盐胁迫下NO₃^--N降低了Bt蛋白N占全氮的比例（11.0%）,叶片Bt蛋白含量则略低于NH₄⁺-N处理。据此认为,盐胁迫下施氮肥通过促进棉株对N素的吸收积累并影响全氮转化为Bt蛋白的比例,进而影响Bt蛋白含量。     

氮钾肥配施对藤三七叶片产量及品质的影响

在塑料大棚栽培条件下,研究了氮、钾肥配施对藤三七叶片产量和品质的影响。结果表明,氮、钾肥配施能显著促进藤三七的生长发育,提高叶片产量,改善叶片品质。在适量范围内随着氮、钾肥施用量的增加,叶片鲜产量、可溶性蛋白质、还原糖、Vc的含量明显提高。当施氮量达到7.75 kg/100m2以上时,产量和品质呈下降趋势,叶片的硝酸盐含量与氮肥施量呈正相关。在不同氮素水平下,配施钾肥可提高叶片可溶性蛋白、还原性糖、Vc的含量,并能显著降低硝酸盐的含量。本试验条件下,菜用藤三七优质、高产的氮、钾肥最佳配施方案为N 5.75 kg/100m2, K2O 3.90 kg/100m2。     

施氮量和播种量对大麦[2011(07)814]鲜叶产量和品质的影响

为了探究施氮量和播种量对新选育大麦[2011(07)814]鲜叶产量和品质的影响,采用二因素4水平裂区试验设计,研究4个施氮量（N1：150kg/hm²,N2：180kg/hm²,N3：210kg/hm²,N4：240kg/hm²）和4个播种量（S1：375万粒/hm²,S2：450万粒/hm²,S3：525万粒/hm²,S4：600万粒/hm²）对大麦孕穗期鲜叶产量、叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、旗叶面积、蛋白质和微量元素含量的影响。结果表明,施氮量、播种量及二者的互作效应对大麦孕穗期鲜叶产量、SPAD值、旗叶面积、蛋白质和微量元素含量的影响均达到显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）水平;随施氮量和播种量的增加,大麦孕穗期鲜叶产量、旗叶面积、SPAD值、蛋白质和微量元素含量均呈先增加后降低的趋势,在N2S3或N3S2处理组合下达到峰值;N2S3处理组合鲜叶产量、SPAD值、旗叶面积和蛋白质含量较N1S1处理组合分别提高了102.70%、16.09%、86.39%和33.31%,N2S3处理组合Fe（295mg/kg）、Mn（76.59mg/kg）、Cu（8.10mg/kg）、Zn（30.94mg/kg）元素含量显著高于其他处理组合。因此,在甘肃省河西地区种植大麦[2011(07)814]获取鲜叶时,根据土壤肥力情况建议一次性施氮量180~210kg/hm²以及播种量450万~525万粒/hm²,不仅能增加大麦鲜叶产量、SPAD值和旗叶面积,而且有利于提高鲜叶蛋白质和微量元素含量。     

不同供氮形态对烤烟烘烤特性的影响

为探明不同供氮形态对烤烟烘烤特性的影响。采用大田试验方法,以烤烟品种K326为试验材料,设置5个不同供氮形态的处理,即N1(100%硝态氮)、N2(30%氨态氮+70%硝态氮)、N3(50%氨态氮+50%硝态氮)、N4(70%氨态氮+30%硝态氮)、N5(100%氨态氮),研究烘烤过程中不同处理的烟叶水分、叶绿素、多酚氧化酶、丙二醛等指标变化规律,比较烤后烟叶经济性状。结果表明:在施氮量为165 kg/hm2条件下,不同供氮形态对烤烟烘烤特性有不同影响。其中,30%氨态氮+70%硝态氮处理的烟叶在烘烤过程中各阶段失水速率接近其72 h内失水速率的平均值,烟叶失水均衡性好;其叶绿素降解速率与失水速率协调同步,有良好的变黄特性;同时,烟叶多酚氧化酶活性最低,丙二醛积累少且缓慢,膜脂过氧化水平最低,烟叶耐烤性好。此外,30%氨态氮+70%硝态氮处理的中上等烟比例和产值最高。可见,在粤北烟区,采用30%氨态氮+70%硝态氮的供氮形态可以获得优良的烟叶烘烤特性和烟叶质量。     

设施栽培对杨梅光合特性的影响

为了研究设施栽培对杨梅光合作用特性的影响,以‘丁岙’杨梅（cv. ‘Dingao’）为试材,于2011年5月（杨梅果实发育期）用Li-6400光合作用仪测定大棚内外杨梅叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、光合有效辐射（PAR）、叶片温度（Tleaf）、空气相对湿度（RH）等生理生态因子的日变化,同时对大棚内外‘丁岙’杨梅的叶片光响应、CO2响应曲线进行测定。结果表明,大棚内外杨梅Pn日变化都为双峰型曲线,大棚杨梅的CO2补偿点、饱和点以及净光合速率要大于大棚外杨梅;Pn与PAR、CO2浓度呈双曲线关系,与RH呈二次曲线关系,与Tleaf呈三次曲线关系。杨梅光合特性与环境因子有密切关系,研究结果可为设施杨梅环境调控提供理论支持。     

Effects of partial shading of the potato plant on photosynthesis of treated leaves,leaf area expansion and allocation of nitrogen and dry matter in component plant parts

Literature shows that the distribution of nitrogen (N) over leaf layers tends to follow the distribution of light. Nitrogen is regarded as moving away from poorly illuminated leaves. If operative in plant canopies, such mechanisms affect leaf longevity and the allocation of N and dry matter to plant parts. To examine such mechanisms in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) we conducted pot experiments with spaced plants in which the primary axis of the plant was subjected to shade treatments (50 or 90% shade), while the apical branches of the plant were illuminated as the control plants. N treatments were a limiting rate of N supply (N1) and a high rate of N supply (N2). Changes in leaf area, dry weight, N content (organic N and nitrate) and light saturated photosynthetic rate (P_max) were recorded for particular leaf numbers. Leaf area, dry weights and total N content of all component plant parts were determined. Shaded leaves showed a lower specific leaf weight while leaf area was not affected. Fifty percent shade had little effect on age-related changes of leaf properties, but leaves senesced fast when subjected to 90% shade. Shading the primary axis enhanced apical branching, increased sizes of individual leaves and reduced stem:leaf weight ratio of non-shaded apical branches; partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen to tubers was less than in controls. It was concluded that these changes were not associated with enhanced remobilization of N from shaded plant parts; nor were they related to enhanced senescence of shaded leaves.     

尖孢镰刀菌侵染对香蕉幼苗叶片细胞结构的作用研究

研究病原菌侵染对香蕉植株叶片结构的作用,以期为香蕉枯萎病防治提供理论依据。利用温室溶液培养植株接种病原菌的方法,测定了病原菌侵染之后香蕉叶片结构及成分含量的变化。结果表明:(1)叶片纤维素含量在轻病株和重病株中分别降低了16.5%和37.4%,质外体汁液电导率分别增加了4倍和19倍。(2)叶片氮素含量在轻病株和重病株中分别降低了5%和12%,羧化效率也显著降低。(3)显微镜观察发现发病叶片呈颜色不均一、水渍状镂空症状。(4)透射电镜观察表明发病叶片细胞膜和叶绿体均遭到严重破坏。综上所述,病原菌侵染使得香蕉植株叶片细胞壁、细胞膜和叶绿体均遭到破坏,继而影响叶片对CO_2的同化能力。     

日光温室甜樱桃叶片叶绿素含量影响因子初探

为探索日光温室甜樱桃叶片叶绿素含量的影响因子,试验测定不同温室方位、不同树体方向、不同树形、不同品种以及叶面肥处理下甜樱桃叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量。结果表明,温室东部甜樱桃叶片叶绿素含量显著低于温室西部和中部;树体南向和东向叶绿素含量显著大于树体西向和北向;甜樱桃品种间叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量不同,且差异性不同;施用叶面肥可显著提高温室甜樱桃叶片叶绿素含量;试验中3种树形之间甜樱桃叶片叶绿素含量差异不显著。