Intermodal Rail in Western Europe: Actors and Services in a New Regulatory Environment

ABSTRACT In Western Europe, the rail freight industry is presently being liberalised, and many of the new intermodal services involve cooperation between various actors, including the port authorities, shipping lines, port terminal operators, and logistics providers. These cooperative relations are presently multiplying as the actors seek to position themselves in a partially deregulated rail freight environment. The objective of this paper is to understand the roles played by the different actors and the forms of cooperation that are necessary to mount intermodal rail services. The authors demonstrate that despite being bound by a common policy, a wide range of relationships between the actors has emerged. The new services have the potential to reinvigorate rail freight transport in Europe.     

对完善中国农业技术推广体系的思考

随着中国市场经济的不断完善,原计划经济条件下建立起来的国家农业技术推广体系在推广体制与机制、推广经费、推广人员素质、推广法制建设等方面已远不能适应市场经济的发展。对此,提出建立适应市场经济需求的农业技术推广体制,增加政府投资,提高农技推广队伍素质,加强农业技术推广法制建设等对策,完善中国农业技术推广体系。     

Logistics Strategy and Transport Service Choices: An Adaptive Stated Preference Experiment

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of a microanalysis of freight transport demand in a logistics context. Current research concentrates, with few exceptions, on shippers’ choice of a transport mode. However, in a global context, shippers’ behavior has to be conceived as a complex decision, which considers transport mode choice as only a part of a firm's logistics strategy. Since no data exist to directly estimate the marginal values for different qualities of transport and logistics services, a stated preference approach is applied. Adaptive stated preference experiments were performed for twenty‐two firms in Italy and in Switzerland. The experimental results—forty hypothetical binary choices per firm—were completed by background information on the firms’ long‐term logistics strategies. The results confirm the relevance of the logistics context (e.g., JIT strategies on the supplier's or customer's side) for transport demand. The calculated marginal values of time and characteristics (reliability, frequency, etc.) provide important insights and permit generalized costs in freight transport models to be recalibrated.     

Can urban rail transit systems alleviate air pollution? Empirical evidence from Beijing

Improving air quality across mainland China is an urgent policy challenge, while rapidly increasing use of vehicles poses a great menace to the urban population and air quality. Public transportation has received increasing attention as emissions‐ friendly transport options, but whether the urban rail transit system has a significant effect on curbing air pollution has been unclear, and there is a lack of explicit case studies in mainland China. Therefore, the effects of the opening of the Beijing Metro on air pollutants emissions in Beijing were quantified through a regression discontinuity design. Beijing has seen a brisk growth in its rail transit infrastructure and a downward trend of air pollution index since 2005. The regression results show that the operation of the rail transit system was observed to have a significant effect on reducing most of the air pollutants concentrations (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, and CO) but had little effect on ozone pollution. The results obtained were highly robust across a variety of tests. This study contributes to empirical evidence on the air pollutants associated with the opening of rail transit and traffic‐related pollution control policy making in Beijing.     

China’s transport and communications firms: transforming national champions into global players

China’s entry into the World Trade Organisation (WTO) exposes its state‐owned maritime, aviation and telecommunications operators to unprecedented competition. This development raises a series of critical issues about China’s transition from a state‐planned regime towards a real market economy. How will China’s leading state‐owned firms in deep‐sea container shipping, air passenger transport and telecommunications respond to the dilemma posed by the World Trade Organisation and to what extent has Hong Kong been involved in China’s transport and communications restructuring process? These broad issues are addressed by examining progress on the Chinese Government’s post‐1993 plans to restructure each of the key state enterprises in sea‐land transport, air transport and telecommunications. Specifically we are concerned with the degree to which China’s national champions in these transport and communications arenas have been remade into global players. Particular attention is paid to the role of Hong Kong in this transformation since its return to China in 1997. Our studies show that China has transformed its national champions into a global players in container shipping. The process may be beginning to happen in air transport but has yet to get underway in telecommunications.     

退耕还林工程与二元结构问题研究

退耕还林工程所面临的是一个由二元结构所衍生出的矛盾和问题,即如何解决不同地区和产业因发展阶段的差异而产生的对同一土地(坡地)不同利用方式之间需求弹性和效用函数的错位。问题的核心是协调发达的现代部门对森林的多样化需求与欠发达的传统部门对生存和发展需求之间的矛盾。现有退耕还林的政策投入仅是该工程成功的必要条件,而非充分条件。为此,应加大事后介入力度,采取综合措施来保证退耕还林工程的长远效果。     

退耕还林工程与二元结构问题

退耕还林工程所面临的是一个由二元结构所衍生出的矛盾和问题,即如何解决不同地区和产业因发展阶段的差异而产生的对同一土地（坡地）不同利用方式之间需求弹性和效用函数的错位。问题的核心是协调发达的现代部门对森林的多样化需求与欠发达的传统部门对生存和发展需求之间的矛盾。现有退耕还林的政策投入仅是该工程成功的必要条件,而非充分条件。为此,应加大事后介入力度,采取综合措施来保证退耕还林工程的长远效果。     

基于GM(1,1)回归模型的生鲜农产品市场需求预测研究

为实现对生鲜农产品市场需求的精确预测,本文分析了国民经济、政策投资、物流行业及市场消费等影响生鲜农产品市场需求的因素,构建了影响生鲜农产品市场需求的关键指标体系,建立了基于GM(1,1)回归的预测优化模型,并以天津市为例进行实证研究,最后得到未来十年天津市生鲜农产品产量预测值,以期为未来生鲜农产品市场科学合理化决策提供参考。     

Governing climate change in Hong Kong: Prospects for market mechanisms in the context of emissions trading in China

Hong Kong continues to struggle over which environmental governance approach is in its best interest while fulfilling its environmental obligations. With regard to climate change, Hong Kong's approach is characterised by a passive form of governance that is highly dependent on China's national policy directions. This is reflected, for example, in Hong Kong having not set its own mitigation targets. Market mechanisms have received little attention in developing a city‐wide climate change strategy. A transformative impulse, China's national emissions trading scheme, may provide momentum to a market‐based approach. However, the necessary conditions for such a market mechanism to be successfully implemented in China remain relatively undeveloped. This raises question about early participation by Hong Kong. Direct benefits are likely to be limited, due to Hong Kong's economic structure and weak demand for emissions reduction. Besides, there are regulatory barriers to enforcing emissions targets and/or recognising emissions allowances and credits from China. We therefore argue that nationwide emissions trading may, at this time, present more challenges than opportunities for Hong Kong to leverage its efforts on climate change mitigation. An alternative is to promote voluntary emissions trading that will require active involvement and leadership by businesses.     

The relationship between China's income inequality and transport infrastructure,economic growth,and carbon emissions

Since the beginning of the 21st century, accompanied by the tremendous achievements of China's economic growth is an increasingly severe income gap between the rich and the poor. Based on panel data from 2000 to 2018, this study systematically examined the relationship among transport infrastructure, economic growth, carbon emissions, and income inequality in China, using the panel vector autoregressive model estimated by the generalized method of moments. We further divided China into three regions to investigate the regional heterogeneity of these relationships. The results show a long‐run equilibrium relationship between transport infrastructure, economic growth, carbon emissions, and income inequality. Income inequality in the previous year significantly affects that in the current year positively. Whether at the national or regional level, economic growth affects income inequality negatively. For the national sample, the highway reduces income inequality, while the railway increases income inequality. For both the subsamples and the national sample, carbon emissions significantly increase income inequality and are the Granger test cause for income inequality. Furthermore, we discuss some of the possible mechanisms of these results. Our findings generate policy implications for reducing income inequality in regard to economic growth, transport infrastructure, and carbon emissions.     

Analysis of Inverted Asphalt Pavement Structure Based on Cross -Anisotropy

Based on the established cross-anisotropic layered elastic theory,the effect of inverted asphalt pavement structure by granular cross-anisotropy is analyzed.The result shows that,with the decrease of granular horizontal elastic modulus,the pavement surface deflection and tensile strain at bottom of AC are increased,but the tensile stress at bottom of semi-rigid base and compressive strain at top of subgrade are decreased.The thickness of AC has significant effect on the pavement surface deflection,tensile strain at bottom of AC and compressive strain at top of subgrade,while the granular cross-anisotropy has little effect on the critical inverted pavement responses for the thicker AC.     

县域低碳经济发展的制约因素和路径选择

摘要：低碳经济已成为世界潮流,将引领全球生产模式、生活方式、价值观念和国家权益所发生的深刻变革。大力发展低碳经济是我国未来发展的必然选择。本文在分析我国县域低碳经济发展的制约因素的基础上,提出了县域低碳经济发展的总体思路和政策建议。     

An Application of the Stock Adjustment Model in Estimating Employment Multipliers for the South Central Louisiana Petroleum Economy 1964–84

The South Central Louisiana Petroleum Economy received an economic rent from its petroleum resources during the energy crisis of the 1970s and early 80s. A differential export-base model incorporating a geometric lag was developed for estimating dynamic employment multipliers. This technique is especially applicable to regional economies in which exports are a major economic factor. Employment multipliers were estimated using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Results from the analysis indicate that agriculture, oil and gas mining, and manufacturing are highly significant employment generators. Both long-run and short-run employment multipliers were derived from the model. It is estimated that a five-dollar change in the real price of crude oil will result in a long-run employment change of 8,027 for the oil and gas mining industry. Based on estimates of the long-run multiplier, this will result in a total employment change of 28,014 for this economy.     

“重农轻牧”思想与中国北方草地资源的利用

从分析中国北方草地资源利用中存在的问题入手，引出了这类问题产生的深层次文化根源—“重农轻牧”思想。并指出“重农轻牧”思想作为中国农耕文化的核心部分，长期以来通过影响国家的土地利用政策导向、民众的思想意识以及土地利用行为而导致中国北方草原地区严重的生态环境问题的产生。     

青岛地区农村青年的生存状态、思想状况与对策思考

农村青年的生存状态和思想状况关乎中国农村经济的未来发展,关乎整个民族的前途和命运。只有发展好农村经济,建设好农民的家园,让农民过上宽裕的生活,才能保障全体人民共享经济社会发展成果,才能不断扩大内需和促进国民经济持续发展。通过调查问卷、实地调查等形式,多方面的反应了当前农村青年的生存状态和思想状况,并提出了一些思考。     

Short-and Long-Term Effects of the Construction Industry on the Economy Growth

The construction industry could be developed as a pillar industry of the national economy,since it has a strong pulling role in economic growth.However,little definite empirical evidence supports this argument.Using co-integration and Granger causality tests and error-correction model with taking Sichuan for an example,this article studies both short-term and long-term effects of the construction industry on the economy growth.Empirical tests show that in the long term the economy maintained equilibrium relations with the construction industry.A growth in the construction industry will lead to the economic growth;however the pulling role of the construction industry on the economy is limited.A growth in the construction industry will not predict economic growth in the short run.Thus,for Sichuan case the government is unable to stimulate the economy by focusing on development of the construction industry in the short run.Instead,in order to promote long-term development of the national economy it could implement stable and healthy development policies for the construction industry.     

High-Speed Railway CFG Pile Composite Foundation Settlement Influence Factors Analysis

Because of high bearing capacity and small settlement of CFG pile, CFG pile have been used widely in foundation treatment of engineering construction, but it has applicant in high-speed railway roadbed only in the initial stage. In this paper, based on the project of Beishahe of Hada high-speed rail, simulated with the finite element model by ADINA by changing the parameters of CFG pile and roadbed height in the situation of permafrost and unpermafrost of foundation, obtained the relationship of parameters and foundation settlement, it has the directive significance for high-speed railway with CFG pile composite foundation.     

海南热带水果生产优势的比较分析

随着中国加入WTO,《中国－东盟全面经济合作框架协议》的签署,海南的热带水果产业将直接面临国际和国内两个市场的挑战,充分发挥热带水果的比较优势已经成为发展海南经济的共识。随着生活水平的提高,人们对热带水果的要求也越来越高,农产品的种植结构面临着严重的调整,如何适应市场的需要,又充分发挥热带水果的比较优势,非常关键。本文在基于比较优势的基础上,对海南省热带水果的比较优势进行测算,并在此基础上提出了海南省热带水果产业发展的若干建议。     

中国高粱产业工程技术研究的定位思考

为了解决制约中国高粱产业发展的全链条工程技术问题,通过研究分析高粱产业对国民经济和社会发展的作用,并剖析高粱产业工程技术研究的现状问题,进而探讨高粱产业发展的工程技术研究对策,针对性的提出7个对策：高粱种质资源收集、保存;高粱育种种质资源创新;专用高粱新品种选育;高产优质高效栽培技术集成创新;病虫草害综合防控技术研发;完善技术推广服务体系;高粱深加工利用技术研究。旨在推动中国高粱产业的快速、持续、健康发展。     

中国生猪价格波动的经济学解释

生猪养殖业在中国具有举足轻重的地位。近年来生猪市场价格波动频繁,对国民经济平稳运行和产业良性发展具有一定影响。对相关文献进行梳理可知,生猪价格波动具有内生性因素和外生性因素,进而文章提出以经济学理论研究生猪价格波动的成因。蛛网模型是解释农产品价格波动的主要工具。以2000年1月至2012年7月的数据为分析对象,发现中国生猪价格波动呈现出整体发散,但局部封闭、收敛的“蛛网紊乱”状态,认为这与中国宏观经济环境的变化,尤其是以利率为代表的货币政策的变化有密切关联。通过仔猪和饲料价格变化分析养殖户的行为,以及根据宏观劳动需求与产量供给分析真实工资与生猪养殖行业之间的关系,是2种探索性的解释,有助于弥补蛛网模型的不足。