云南春季特色蜜源植物——苕子

<正>苕子是豆科、蚕豆属中各地作为绿肥或饲料的许多种类的统称,在农业上具有重要的应用价值。苕子在农田用作绿肥时,是水稻、棉花、玉米等作物的前作,适时耕翻,增产效果显著。苕子还可用作开垦荒地的先锋作物,有良好的压制杂草及改良土壤等效果;同时苕子也是一种重要的蜜源植物。苕子花俗名"野豌豆",我国主要有光叶苕子(通称广布野豌豆)和毛叶苕子(通称长柔毛野豌豆)等种类,前者南方种植较多,后者主要分布     

毛野豌豆的栽培与利用

毛野豌豆又名毛叶苕子、长柔毛野豌、冬巢菜等,原产于苏联、匈牙利,德国等。我国引种后主要分布于四川、陕西、甘肃、江苏、云南、安徽等省区。毛野豌豆的适应性较强,在平原和海拔1600米的山区均可栽培种植。 一、植物学特征 毛野豌豆为豆科野豌豆属一年生或越年生草本植物。全株长茸毛,主根深长1.2米左右,侧根很多,主     

生草对油橄榄园土壤性质和油橄榄成花生理的影响

以油橄榄园为研究对象,设置了间作野豌豆和自然生草两个生草处理,通过测定果园土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、微生物数量以及油橄榄新梢生长量、花芽分化率、每花序花朵数等指标,探讨生草措施对油橄榄园土壤和树体成花生理的影响。研究结果表明,间作野豌豆和自然生草均显著提高了果园土壤含水量、碱解氮含量、速效磷含量、土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性,其中间作野豌豆的效果较好;生草还提高了土壤有机质含量,降低了土壤容重和pH值,增加了土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌的数量,显著抑制了油橄榄新梢伸长,促进中短枝的发育;间作野豌豆降低了土壤过氧化氢酶活性,而自然生草提高了该酶活性;间作野豌豆也促进了油橄榄花芽分化率及单枝单位长度花序数的增加,特别是短枝的花芽分化率提高显著。总之,在油橄榄果园间作野豌豆和自然生草可以改善土壤性质,提高土壤肥力水平,从而控制新梢旺长,促进花芽分化。     

柑橘园行间生草对土壤养分的影响

为研究不同生草处理对柑橘园土壤养分的影响,在‘宫川’柑橘园进行行间生草处理,设置自然生草及黑麦草、野豌豆、黄花苜蓿、菊苣、高羊茅和鼠茅草6个人工生草处理,对不同草种的干鲜重及0-20cm土层pH值、有机质、大量元素、中量元素和微量元素含量等养分指标进行测定分析。结果表明：（1）野豌豆和黑麦草的干重占鲜重的比例较其它草种低;（2）行间种植黑麦草和野豌豆对春秋季橘园土壤有机质的促累积作用较好;（3）与其它草种相比,春秋季野豌豆生草处理的土壤水解性氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均较高;（4）行间种植黑麦草和野豌豆对秋季土壤中交换性钙含量的提升效果优于其它草种,而行间种植黑麦草和黄花苜蓿对秋季土壤中交换性镁含量的提升效果较好;（5）野豌豆生草处理的春季土壤有效锰、有效锌、有效铜含量及秋季土壤有效硼含量均高于其他草种,野豌豆和菊苣、黑麦草、自然生草和野豌豆生草处理分别对秋季土壤有效铁、有效锌和有效铜、有效钼含量的提升效果更显著。橘园行间生草可有效调节土壤有机质、大量元素、中量元素和微量元素的供给能力,但不同生草类型的调控效果各异。与其它草种相比,行间种植野豌豆和黑麦草对橘园土壤养分的综合提升效果最佳。     

武川旱农区旱滩地野豌豆高产高效综合栽培模式的研究

通过北方旱农区旱滩地上主要饲草作物野豌豆的种植，初步明确，在这一类型的土壤上，种植野豌豆最适宜的施肥深度，获得最高产量、最佳经济效益下的氮磷配比量，以及施肥对土壤速效养分的影响。为依据在这一类型的土地上合理种植野豌豆提供科学依据。     

免耕春小麦套种牧草土壤养分动态研究

研究免耕春小麦Triticum aestivum套种牧草土壤养分的动态变化,分析了小麦套种白花草木樨Melilotus albus、野豌豆Vicia villosa、英吉沙豌豆Pisum sativum、玉米Zea mays、毛苕子V.villosa对土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷的影响。结果表明,套种牧草能提高土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷的含量,特别是套种白花草木樨和套种野豌豆增加更为明显,其中套种白花草木樨土壤碱解氮含量增加4.8 mg/kg,增幅19.4%,套种野豌豆土壤有机质增加0.39 g/kg,增幅1.6%,土壤速效磷含量增加了8 mg/kg,增幅23.9%;土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效磷含量随土层深度的增加而降低。     

种植西红柿（番茄）的一种新方法

种植西红柿（番茄）的一种新方法一种种植西红柿的新方法给菜农和保扩土壤环境带来了好消息。美国农业部农业研究委员会植物生理学家Ａｒｅｆａ·Ａｂｄｕｌ－Ｂａｋｉ说：“使用植物覆盖物是我们成功的关键。今年，在两组分别种植的西红柿地里，用长柔毛野豌豆代替了传统...     

贵州野豌豆属植物的核型研究

对贵州窄叶野豌豆，广布野豌豆，光叶紫花苕和救荒野豌豆４种野豌豆及其种下不同类元的核型进行了研究，结果表明，广布野豌豆和光叶紫药苕的染色体数目为２ｎ＝１４，属于较为原始的类群，窄叶野豌豆和救荒野豌豆的染色体数目２ｎ＝１２，属于较进化的类群，窄叶野豌豆和救野荒豌豆下类元的核型研究表明，种下类元间的核型差异明显，并对野豌豆属核型的趋势作进行了探讨。     

盐分胁迫下乌拉特肋脉野豌豆种子萌发特性的研究

采用不同浓度的NaCl和Na2SO4对乌拉特肋脉野豌豆种子在不同温度下进行了发芽试验。在2种盐的5个不同浓度梯度下对种子的发芽势、发芽率和种子活力指数等指标进行测定。结果表明,乌拉特肋脉野豌豆种子在对照时有最高发芽率和发芽势,分别为60％和25％。随着温度的降低和盐浓度的增加,种子发芽率、发芽势及种子活力指数变化趋势相同,都呈下降趋势。乌拉特肋脉野豌豆种子寿命大于20年,刚收获的种子有休眠现象。种子发芽率、发芽势随贮藏年份的增加而降低。     

贵州几种野豌豆属植物的核型研究

对贵州广布野豌豆、小巢菜、四籽野豌豆、黑荚野豌豆四种牧草的核型进行的研究结果表明，广布野豌豆、小巢菜、四籽野豌豆的染色体数目为2n=12，属于较为进化的类群，而黑荚野豌豆的染色体数目为2n=14，为较原始的类群。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein