森林生态系统碳蓄积与碳循环

通过系统论述森林生态系统碳蓄积与碳循环的研究方法、森林生态系统碳蓄积与碳循环过程的时空特征以及森林与大气间碳交换的环境响应机制,发现：生物量法是研究碳蓄积的经典方法,而涡度相关法侧重于碳交换的过程与机制研究;森林生态系统在低纬度地区表现为碳源,而在中高纬度地区表现为碳汇,随着演替过程的进展,森林碳蓄积逐渐增大,直到顶级群落表现为相对碳平衡状态;辐射、温度和水分状况等环境因子通过对森林生态系统光合生产力（光合生产力）和生态系统呼吸的影响决定净生态系统碳收支的环境响应。同时指出我国森林生态系统碳蓄积和碳循环研究存在的问题和发展前景。     

农田生态系统碳循环模型研究进展和展望

农田生态系统是陆地生态系统碳循环过程中最活跃的碳库。研究农田生态系统碳循环,对温室气体减排及研究全球气候的变化都具有极其重要的意义。农田生态系统碳循环研究是一个非常复杂的过程,碳循环模型是研究农田生态系统碳循环最有效的手段。该文综述了农田生态系统碳循环的最新研究进展,总结了农田生态系统碳循环的流动过程,介绍了碳素在不同碳库以及碳库不同组分之间迁移转化的规律,梳理了从1960年至今的农田生态系统碳循环模型并进行了分类,阐述了国际主要模型以及中国自主开发的碳循环模型的应用情况。未来农田生态系统碳循环的研究方向为:1)探索农田生态系统碳循环机制;2)从空间时间上完善对碳循环过程的研究;3)考察氮循环、水循环、微生物与碳循环的关系;4)利用碳循环模型来估算不同的管理实践下碳在不同农田的再分配;5)开发利用碳循环模型,为政府制定相关政策提供相关数据参考。     

陆地土壤碳循环研究进展

[目的]对近年来国内外碳循环方面的研究进展进行综述,为退化土地的生态恢复及环境治理和保护提供依据。[方法]总结了当前土壤有机碳循环研究中的几种主要方法(室内培养法、同位素示踪法、碳循环模型和计算机模拟法等),分析对比了这几种方法的特点和存在的问题,并对土壤有机碳循环机理和影响土壤有机碳循环的主要因素进行分析。[结果]目前,在土壤有机碳库的估算方法、数据依据、结果以及土壤有机碳循环模型上存在较大差异,给土壤有机碳变化和循环研究带来一定的困难。土地利用方式和土地覆盖变化是影响陆地土壤有机碳变化及循环最直接的人为因子。[结论]应注重土地利用及覆被变化在土壤碳循环中的作用及地位。并建立适用于中国国情的碳循环模型。未来的土壤碳循环研究应探索标准化、高精度的有机碳库储量估算方法。     

根际微生态系统中的碳循环

本文综述了根际微生态系统中碳素循环的研究动态。着重讨论了碳在根际微生态系统中的分配和去向 ,分析了根际沉积及其影响因素与根际微生态系统中碳素平衡之间的关系 ,并提出了今后有关研究的若干重点     

火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳影响研究进展

森林生态系统土壤有机碳作为陆地碳循环研究的重要内容,在全球变化和全球碳收支的研究中占据了重要地位。火干扰能改变森林生态系统中土壤与大气的碳素交换,是森林生态系统碳循环的重要影响因子。为此,加强火干扰下森林生态系统土壤有机碳循环研究,了解火干扰与森林生态系统土壤有机碳循环之间的交互关系,有助于揭示火干扰下土壤碳库动态机理。本研究简要综述了火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳影响研究进展,探讨了不同强度林火对土壤有机碳的影响,分析了其产生机理;阐述了火干扰不同时间后土壤有机碳变化、火干扰对不同土层土壤有机碳的影响,并分析了其原因。最后讨论了火干扰对森林土壤有机碳影响研究中存在的相关问题,提出了在今后研究中应关注的问题,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

森林生态系统土壤呼吸研究进展

森林土壤碳是全球碳库的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环方面发挥着重要作用。土壤呼吸是当前碳循环研究领域中的一个热点问题,而且目前土壤呼吸已经成为陆地生态系统中向大气释放CO2最大的源。把土壤呼吸量与植物群落生长之间的关系进行分析比较,是理解森林生态系统碳素平衡的核心。在综合介绍国内外有关土壤呼吸的各种测定方法的基础上,对国内外有关森林土壤呼吸的已有研究成果进行了述评,指出了森林土壤呼吸研究工作今后的努力方向。     

我国湿地碳循环的研究进展

湿地生态系统的碳循环正成为全球变化与陆地生态系统碳循环研究中的一大热点,在稳定全球气候变化中占有重要地位,其重要性主要表现在湿地土壤是陆地重要的有机碳库,土壤碳密度高,能够相对长期地储存碳,是多种温室气体的源和汇。目前湿地碳循环的研究主要集中在碳循环的影响因素方面,对我国湿地土壤有机碳储存的变化及其空间分布规律的特点研究较少。本文通过文献综述,研究我国不同气候区湿地土壤有机碳的储存变化及空间分布规律,对于了解湿地土壤有机碳的储存特点及其与陆地生态系统碳循环的关系,评价和保护湿地生态系统都具有重要的科学意义。     

青藏高原农田生态系统碳平衡

为探讨青藏高原农田生态系统碳平衡规律及其影响因子 ,并揭示其对全球含碳温室气体源、汇变化的贡献与响应 ,1 998～ 1 999连续 2年在拉萨农业生态站农田用静态箱法和生物量取样法开展土壤—植被界面CO2 吸收与排放的试验研究。农作物生长季 ,以冬小麦为例 ,生长前期 (从播种到拔节 )土壤碳排放量高于植被碳固定 ,生长后期 (灌浆到成熟 )则是植被碳固定高于土壤碳排放量 ,从全年来看 ,土壤碳排放量略高于植被碳固定     

森林生态系统模型PnET及其应用

森林生态系统模型已经成为一门新兴的科学,可以为森林资源的管理利用、森林最大收益的获取提供科学依据。PnET模型是美国复杂系统研究中心（Complex System Research Center）开发研制的,最初是为了模拟森林生态系统碳水平衡而创建,目前该模型可以模拟完整的氮循环过程。PnET模型已经在美洲、欧洲以及亚洲的一些地区得到了验证和运用,可用于森林乃至陆地生态系统的模拟。PnET模型可用来分析森林林木生长规律,不同土壤类型及气候条件对森林生态系统碳氮通量变化的影响;还可用于估算森林生态系统最大生产潜力,对生长在不利条件以及地区的林木生长进行预测等。该模型对可持续林业的发展具有积极的指导作用。     

Drought and ecosystem carbon cycling

Drought as an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle interacts with the carbon cycle differently than the ‘gradual’ climate change. During drought plants respond physiologically and structurally to prevent excessive water loss according to species-specific water use strategies. This has consequences for carbon uptake by photosynthesis and release by total ecosystem respiration. After a drought the disturbances in the reservoirs of moisture, organic matter and nutrients in the soil and carbohydrates in plants lead to longer-term effects in plant carbon cycling, and potentially mortality. Direct and carry-over effects, mortality and consequently species competition in response to drought are strongly related to the survival strategies of species. Here we review the state of the art of the understanding of the relation between soil moisture drought and the interactions with the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystems. We argue that plant strategies must be given an adequate role in global vegetation models if the effects of drought on the carbon cycle are to be described in a way that justifies the interacting processes.     

The carbon cycle and global forest ecosystem

Attempts to account for the fluxes by quantifying C sources and sinks have provided evidence of a missing C sink (Detwiler and Hall, 1988), which may be located somewhere in the temperate region of the northern hemisphere (Tanset al., 1990). Until recently, most estimates have concluded that the temperate forest is a small C source. Two recent papers (Sedjo, 1992; Kauppiet al., 1992) provided evidence that the temperate forests are substantial C sinks. This paper combines these earlier findings on temeperate forest carbon sequestration with a new estimate of the annual C releases due to tropical deforestation, 1.7 Gt, which is obtained using the FAO estimates of the rate of deforestation in the tropics over the decade of the 1980s and conservative estimates of C releases associated with this deforestation. Finally, to this is added the crude estimate of C export by the global river system found in Hallet al. (1992). Applying these estimates of the C sink function of both temperate and tropical forests to Detwiler and Hall's alternative C budgets largely eliminates the “missing C” hypothesized by Detwiler and Hall, and Tanset al.     

森林生态系统经营研究

森林生态系统中各种要素相互联系和相互作用,以此维持系统物质和能量的循环与转化,并保持系统物质和能量输入与输出的相对平衡。从这一原理出发论述了公益林、商品林和生物多样性自然保护区不同利用的森林生态系统特征,并对商品林和公益林的森林生态系统经营进行了探讨。     

连栽对杉木人工林碳贮量的影响研究

选择不同栽植代数(1、23、代)、不同发育阶段(幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林)的杉木人工林进行不同栽植代数杉木林含C率、C贮量和年净固C量比较研究结果表明,不同栽植代数杉木林的含C率在45%~55%之间,不同代数间差异不明显,同一栽植代数相同发育阶段杉木林乔木层各器官含C率表现为皮>叶>干>根>枝。随栽植代数增加,杉木林C贮量和年净固C量明显降低,但不同发育阶段杉木林代数间差异程度不同,中龄林代数间差异最明显,与1代中龄林相比,2、3代杉木林C贮量分别下降16.98%和63.60%,年净固C量分别下降14.01%和25.14%。     

Potential contribution of Lumbricus terrestris L. to carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from a forest soil

 Potential effects of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) inoculated into soil on fluxes of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O were investigated for an untreated and a limed soil under beech in open topsoil columns under field conditions for 120 days. Gas fluxes from L. terrestris, beech litter and mineral soil from soil columns were measured separately in jars at 17  °C. The inoculation with L. terrestris and the application of lime had no effect on cumulative CO₂ emissions from soil. During the first 3–4 weeks earthworms significantly (P<0.05) increased CO₂ emissions by 16% to 28%. In contrast, significantly lower (P<0.05) CO₂ emission rates were measured after 11 weeks. The data suggest that earthworm activity was high during the first weeks due to the creation of burrows and incorporation of beech litter into the mineral soil. Low cumulative CH₄ oxidation rates were found in all soil columns as a result of CH₄ production and oxidation processes. L. terrestris with fresh feces and the beech litter produced CH₄ during the laboratory incubation, whereas the mineral soil oxidised atmospheric CH₄. Inoculation with L. terrestris led to a significant reduction (P<0.02) in the CH₄ oxidation rate of soil, i.e. 53% reduction. Liming had no effect on cumulative CH₄ oxidation rates of soil columns and on CH₄ fluxes during the laboratory incubation. L. terrestris significantly increased (P<0.001) cumulative N₂O emissions of unlimed soil columns by 57%. The separate incubation of L. terrestris with fresh feces resulted in rather high N₂O emissions, but the rate strongly decreased from 54 to 2 μg N kg^–1 (dry weight) h^–1 during the 100 h of incubation. Liming had a marked effect on N₂O formation and significantly (P<0.001) reduced cumulative N₂O emissions by 34%. Although the interaction of liming and L. terrestris was not significant, N₂O emissions of limed soil columns with L. terrestris were 8% lower than those of the control. Received: 2 September 1999     

林火对土壤有机质的影响研究综述

火干扰被认为地球化学循环和土壤碳循环的主要干扰因素,主要包括森林火灾和计划烧除。就火干扰对土壤有机质的影响进行归纳总结,火干扰对土壤有机质的影响差异很大,主要取决于火灾类型、火强度、火干扰持续时间、可燃物特性、土壤类型、土壤含水率等,高强度火灾后土壤有机质显著减少、腐殖质急剧转化成溶解性物质,火干扰土壤中各粒度级碳含量增加、游离脂肪链的长度有选择性降低、土壤芳香烃和烷基大量增加、土壤腐殖酸与富里酸中的胡敏素数量增加,更高温度下胡敏素是残留在土壤中的主要有机成分,森林可燃物不完全燃烧后经过冷凝形成黑碳;森林火灾直接杀死部分菌类,改变土壤微生物结构和营养成分,通过核磁共振光谱比较腐殖质中的有机化合物,发现火干扰土壤的腐殖质羧基缺位。根据归纳现有研究现状,并提出今后的研究重点与方向。建立火干扰后土壤有机质连续跟踪调查研究机制,土壤有机质变异数据库,加强火干扰对土壤有机质影响机理的模拟研究。     

Land use effects on soil carbon fractions in the southeastern United States. II. changes in soil carbon fractions along a forest to pasture chronosequence

Since land use change can have significant impacts on regional biogeochemistry, we investigated how conversion of forest and cultivation to pasture impact soil C and N cycling. In addition to examining total soil C, we isolated soil physiochemical C fractions in order to understand the mechanisms by which soil C is sequestered or lost. Total soil C did not change significantly over time following conversion from forest, though coarse (250–2,000 m) particulate organic matter C increased by a factor of 6 immediately after conversion. Aggregate mean weight diameter was reduced by about 50% after conversion, but values were like those under forest after 8 years under pasture. Samples collected from a long-term pasture that was converted from annual cultivation more than 50 years ago revealed that some soil physical properties negatively impacted by cultivation were very slow to recover. Finally, our results indicate that soil macroaggregates turn over more rapidly under pasture than under forest and are less efficient at stabilizing soil C, whereas microaggregates from pasture soils stabilize a larger concentration of C than forest microaggregates. Since conversion from forest to pasture has a minimal impact on total soil C content in the Piedmont region of Virginia, United States, a simple C stock accounting system could use the same base soil C stock value for either type of land use. However, since the effects of forest to pasture conversion are a function of grassland management following conversion, assessments of C sequestration rates require activity data on the extent of various grassland management practices.     

Effect of grazing on wind driven carbon and nitrogen ratios in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia

Wind erosion and dust storms are common phenomena in the semi-arid Xilingele grassland (Inner Mongolia) and contribute considerably to matter balances. Dust emission and dust deposition affect particles of the silt and clay fraction and the organic matter predominantly, the carriers for nutrients in soils. Based on wind erosion measurements in spring 2005 and 2006 the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of dust were analyzed to determine the contribution of wind erosion processes on C- and N-ratios to the grasslands.     

森林生态系统健康评估研究进展

 森林生态系统健康评估是当前热门研究方向之一,已成为国内外森林状况评估和森林资源管理的标准。笔者在浏览国内外大量文献的基础上,从森林生态系统健康概念、评估指标体系、评估方法、评估公式和评估标准与结果表达等方面,分析研究森林生态系统健康评估的研究现状,指出其存在的问题,并展望森林生态系统健康评估研究的发展趋势。