复方盐酸土霉素、泰妙菌素可溶性粉对鸡毒支原体和大肠杆菌混合感染的疗效试验

通过人工诱病鸡毒支原体和大肠杆菌混合感染,用复方盐酸土霉素、泰妙菌素可溶性粉进行治疗试验,结果表明：高剂量组（含盐酸土霉素360mg／L、泰妙菌素120mg／L）、中剂量组（含盐酸土霉素180mg／L、泰妙菌素60mg／L）的治疗有效率分别为90．0％、83．3％,均高于单个的盐酸土霉素组（含盐酸土霉素180mg／C）60．0％（P〈0．05）与单个的延胡索酸泰妙菌素组（含延胡索酸泰妙菌素60mg／L）63．3％（P〉0．05）。本研究显示,盐酸土霉素与延胡索酸泰妙菌素联合使用,能够增强治疗效果。     

复方延胡索酸泰妙菌素可溶性粉对猪支原体肺炎的疗效试验

为了评价复方延胡索酸泰妙菌素可溶性粉对猪支原体肺炎的治疗效果,在饮水中添加30、45、60 mg/L复方延胡索酸泰妙菌素可溶性粉,对猪支原体肺炎进行混饮治疗,同时设立支原净对照组。试验结果表明,复方延胡索酸泰妙菌素可溶性粉剂量为45、60mg/L两个试验组中有效率、治愈率、肺损伤改善率、相对日增重率、料重比与支原净基本相同。复方延胡索酸泰妙菌素可溶性粉剂量为60 mg/L试验组中有效率为100%,治愈率为95%;复方延胡索酸泰妙菌素可溶性粉剂量为45 mg/L试验组中有效率为95%,治愈率为90%。南此得知,复方延胡索酸泰妙菌素可溶性粉在饮水中的推荐混合剂量应为45~60 mg/L。     

延胡索酸泰妙菌素对支原体和大肠杆菌混合感染的治疗试验

以人工诱发鸡毒支原体和大肠杆菌混合感染为模型,以酒石酸泰乐菌素为对照药物,评价了延胡索酸泰妙菌素的疗效.按每1 L水中分别加入312.5、468、625 mg延胡索酸泰妙菌素及500 mg酒石酸泰乐菌素的用量给病鸡饮水给药,连用5 d.试验表明,用药组的成活率、日增重、料肉比、气囊损伤度与感染对照组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01);延胡索酸泰妙菌素大剂量组日增重与小剂量组比较差异显著(P＜0.05),与其他各用药组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01),料肉比与其他各用药组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01);酒石酸泰乐菌素组的料肉比与延胡索酸泰妙菌素小剂量组比较差异不显著(P＞0.05);而与其他各组比较差异极显著(P＜0.01).数据分析表明,延胡索酸泰妙菌素大剂量组能有效地降低气囊损伤度,提高饲料转化率.     

延胡索酸泰妙菌素对猪支原体肺炎的临床疗效实验

为了研究延胡索酸泰妙菌素对猪支原体肺炎的临床疗效,选用体重90 kg左右的2月龄健康杜洛克长白杂交猪,通过建立疾病模型和疗效评价指标判别延胡索酸泰妙菌素的治疗效果。结果表明,按1000 kg饲料添加100 g或200 g延胡索酸泰妙菌素,可以显著减轻感染猪的临床症状和病理变化,提高猪的增重,其效果优于磷酸泰乐菌素预混剂。     

泰妙菌素及其在养猪生产中的应用

泰妙菌素(Tiamulin/Thiamutin/Dynamutilin),又称硫姆林、泰妙霉素、泰妙灵、枝原净、泰牧霉素,分子式:C28H47NO4S,分子量:493.75,实际使用多为合成泰妙菌素延胡索酸盐,延胡索酸泰妙菌素分子式:C28H47NO4S·C4H4O4,分子量:609.8.其商品药有:①枝原净:白色结晶粉末,以拌入饲料内给药,含泰妙菌素85%,上海诺华动物保健有限公司经营。②双原清(延胡索酸泰妙菌素预混剂),有100%可溶性粉剂、80%预混剂、10%预混剂三种剂型产品,山东胜利股份生产。③延胡索酸泰妙菌素预混剂,山东鲁抗医药集团有限公司生产。④菁华康欣,主要成分为延胡索酸泰…     

副猪嗜血杆菌病的综合防治措施

每吨饲料中加入80％延胡索酸泰妙菌素100克＋15％金霉素2500克＋青霉索250克。     

复鸡方毒盐支酸原土体霉和素大、泰肠妙杆菌菌素混可合溶感性染粉的对疗效试验

通过人工诱病鸡毒支原体和大肠杆菌混合感染,用复方盐酸土霉素、泰妙菌素可溶性粉进行治疗试验,结果表明:高剂量组(含盐酸土霉素360mg/L、泰妙菌素120mg/L)、中剂量组(含盐酸土霉素180mg/L、泰妙菌素60mg/L)的治疗有效率分别为90.0%、83.3%,均高于单个的盐酸土霉素组(含盐酸土霉素180mg/L)60.0%(P<0.05)与单个的延胡索酸泰妙菌素组(含延胡索酸泰妙菌素60mg/L)63.3%(P>0.05)。本研究显示,盐酸土霉素与延胡索酸泰妙菌素联合使用,能够增强治疗效果。     

80%延胡索酸泰妙菌素预混剂研究进展

延胡索酸泰妙菌素在动物物体内吸收迅速、靶组织药物浓度较高、分解代谢较为完全、体内分布广泛、残留较低,同时该药基本没有环境危害;80%延胡索酸泰妙菌素颗粒预混剂主药均匀度高,并且颗粒表面光滑,提高了该颗粒的流动性和分散性,使用时易于混合.     

两种抗生素对长途运输肉牛的抗应激和促生长作用及对比研究

为了探讨延胡索酸泰妙菌素、泰乐菌素对经长途运输后肉牛的抗应激和促生长作用及效果,试验将经长途运输后的27头肉牛随机分为试验1组、试验2组和对照组,每组9头,试验1组和试验2组肉牛运后10 d内每天分别灌服延胡索酸泰妙菌素和肌肉注射泰乐菌素,对照组不做任何处理。结果表明:试验1组肉牛发病率比对照组低8.89%,且平均每头牛体重增长量比对照组多7.150 kg;试验2组肉牛发病率比对照组低15.01%,且平均每头牛体重增长量比对照组多8.710 kg。说明延胡索酸泰妙菌素、泰乐菌素对经长途运输后肉牛的抗应激和促生长均有一定作用,且后者的作用效果优于前者。     

延胡索酸泰妙菌素预混剂（支原净）

有效成分:延胡索酸泰妙菌素含量规格:每1000g中含泰妙菌素100g或800g。适用动物:猪作用与用途:用于猪支原体肺炎和嗜血杆菌胸膜性肺炎,也可用于猪密螺旋体引起的痢疾。用法与用量:混饲。每1000kg饲料添加40～100g(以有效成分计),连用5～10d。注意:避免接触眼及皮肤;禁止与莫能菌素、盐霉素等聚醚类抗生素混合使用;休药期5d。延胡索酸泰妙菌素预混剂(支原净)     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein