影响荷斯坦牛妊娠期长短的因素分析

妊娠期长短是影响奶牛繁殖性能以及牧场经济效益的重要性状之一。为探索影响荷斯坦奶牛妊娠期长短的因素,本文收集了江苏省某奶牛场2016年1月至2017年4月正常健康产犊的荷斯坦牛产犊记录共7 164条。用一般线性模型对犊牛性别、胎次、产犊季节、是否产双犊、犊牛初生重、产犊时母牛体况评分和是否使用性控精液对妊娠期长短的影响进行分析。结果表明:胎次、犊牛性别、产犊季节、产犊时母牛体况评分、犊牛初生重以及是否使用性控精液极显著影响妊娠期长短(P0.01),2胎母牛的妊娠天数显著高于1胎和3胎;产公犊牛母牛的妊娠期显著高于产母犊的奶牛;春季产犊的奶牛妊娠期最长,冬季则最短;产犊时母牛体况评分越高,其妊娠期越短;犊牛初生重越大,则母牛的妊娠期越长;采用性控精液的奶牛妊娠期显著短于非性控精液配种的奶牛;是否产双犊对妊娠期长短无显著性影响(P0.05)。该结果为控制荷斯坦奶牛妊娠期长短,提高其繁殖性能和经济效益等方面提供了科学依据。     

β-胡萝卜素对奶牛繁殖性能的影响

为了研究β-胡萝卜素对奶牛产后繁殖性能的影响,试验选择胎次、体况评分及产犊日期相近的健康荷斯坦围生奶牛60头,均分成3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1组、试验2组分别在基础日粮中添加200,400 mg/头β-胡萝卜素,试验期为90 d。结果表明:奶牛产后添加β-胡萝卜素有缩短奶牛产后首次发情时间和首次配种时间,提高情期受胎率的趋势(P0.05),可减少配种次数,降低乳房炎的发病率(P0.05),且400 mg/头的效果优于200 mg/头。     

围产期肥胖对奶牛生产性能的影响

为分析肥胖对围产期奶牛生产性能的影响,并阐明奶牛从分娩到产后30d这一时间段的最佳体况标准,研究应用BCS软件对某集约化牛场的泌乳天数在0~30d的荷斯坦奶牛共40头进行体况评分(BCS),将体况评分≥3.75的20头奶牛设为试验组,体况评分在3.0~3.5的20头奶牛设为对照组,跟踪统计两组奶牛的年龄、胎次、产犊难易、胎儿出生重、泌乳量等指标。结果表明,30d时试验组产奶量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);试验组奶牛的怀孕天数和干物质采食量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组10d体况损失和30d体况损失显著高于对照组(P<0.05),表明围产期肥胖会导致奶牛的泌乳性能下降和早产,因此在牧场的日常生产管理中要合理控制牛群的体况,提高奶牛的生产性能。     

胎次、犊牛性别和初生重及产犊季节对奶牛繁殖性能的影响

为研究不同胎次、犊牛性别和初生重以及产犊季节对繁殖性能的影响,为奶牛的科学配种与产后护理提供参考,本研究测定了120头荷斯坦奶牛产后第一次发情、配种时间、胎衣排出时间、子宫粘液评分及直肠检查评分等繁殖性能指标,并与奶牛的胎次、犊牛性别和初生重以及产犊季节进行相关性分析。结果表明,4胎及以上奶牛的产后第一次发情时间比前3胎要迟10~18d,其产后子宫粘液评分低0.59~0.79分,直肠检查评分低0.53~0.85分(P0.05);产母犊的奶牛第一次发情时间比产公犊的早3.15d,当犊牛初生重大于45kg时奶牛胎衣排出时间最长(17h);冬季奶牛产后第一次发情时间比其它季节早10~12d(P0.05)。研究认为,不同胎次、犊牛性别和初生重以及产犊季节对奶牛产后的第一次发情时间、胎衣排出时间、子宫粘液和直肠检查评分有显著影响。     

奶牛繁殖的科学管理

繁殖管理是奶牛生产的关键环节,奶牛只有经配种、妊娠、产犊后才能产奶？奶牛理想的繁殖周期是1年产1胎,即胎间距365d,减去60d干奶期,一胎的正常泌乳天数为305d。奶牛适宜的胎间距范围为340～390d,适宜的泌乳期为280～330d,产后适宜的配种妊娠时间为60～110d。胎间距过短,影响当胎产奶量,胎间距过长,影响终生产奶量。因此,搞好奶牛的繁殖管理对提高产奶量和经济效益意义重大。     

添加V_E可提高奶牛生产性能

1提高奶牛的繁殖性能意大利米兰大学的一位研究者每天喂给荷斯坦母牛2000IU的VE,减少了乳腺炎,并提高了母牛的繁殖性能。比仅补充1000IU的母牛明显降低了体细胞数,补充的时间是产犊前7d至产犊后的14d。此外,补充高剂量VE的母牛平均在产后83.3d受孕,每次妊娠的配种授精次数仅1.3     

奶牛几项繁殖指标的最佳参数

<正> 1 发情周期通常的发情周期为18～24天。如果母牛发情未配,或配后未受胎,通常约21天后再会发情。若发现其发情周期不正常,应给予关注。2 第一次产犊的年龄育成牛应于22～25月龄产犊,即第一次配种年龄为16～19月龄。具体情况视犊牛体况而定,体况较好的可早配,若体型、体况达不到标准的配种时间可适当推迟。3 输精次数一次受胎的输精次数应为1.5次。若屡配不孕,要及时给予治疗。4产后第一次配种时间80%～90%的奶牛产犊后60天开始持续发情。具有正常产犊间隔、无繁殖疾病的奶牛早在产后50～55天就应配种,这样,可     

奶牛繁殖的科学管理

繁殖管理是奶牛生产的关键环节,奶牛只有经配种、妊娠、产犊后才能产奶.奶牛理想的繁殖周期是1年产1胎,即胎间距365 d,减去60 d干奶期,一胎的正常泌乳天数为305 d.奶牛适宜的胎间距范围为340～390 d,适宜的泌乳期为280～330 d,产后适宜的配种妊娠时间为60～110 d.胎间距过短,影响当胎产奶量,胎间距过长,影响终生产奶量.因此,搞好奶牛的繁殖管理对提高产奶量和经济效益意义重大.     

影响高产奶牛繁殖性能的营养因素

本文从奶牛泌乳、采食及体重变化入手,简要论述了饲粮蛋白质和能量水平对奶牛繁殖性能的影响,探索高产奶牛繁殖力较低的原因。奶牛场追求高产奶量,多会采取高比例精料、高蛋白水平的饲粮,从而造成过量氮化物对奶牛繁殖性能的毒害。产后泌乳量的快速上升和饲料干物质采食量的不足足导致了能量负平衡、体况评分下降过大、卵泡发育迟缓、产后发情晚、配种受胎率低、产犊间隔长等一系列问题。     

浅谈奶牛适宜产犊间隔的调控措施

奶牛产犊间隔是指母乳牛两次分娩之间的间隔天数,也称为胎间距。其适宜的产犊间隔是365d,即母牛在产后85d内配种妊娠,经280d的妊娠期后产犊,实现一年一胎,其泌乳期为305d,干奶期60d,很多国家将一年一胎的产犊间隔(365d)作为奶牛养殖场最佳经济效益的繁殖学指标。黑龙江省是我国养奶牛数量最多的省份,而且多分布在农村,由于很多因素影响用母牛不能达到一年一胎的目标,经济效益相对较低,因此,有必要采取有效的调控措施,提高母牛的繁殖水平。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.