不同添加剂对苎麻青贮品质的影响

为探讨绿汁发酵液、糖蜜和纤维素酶对苎麻青贮饲料品质的影响,试验设对照组、2%绿汁发酵液组(FJLB)、糖蜜组(M)及5%纤维素酶组(C),添加量分别为10 mL/kg、10mL/kg、50g/kg、10mL/kg。每组3个重复。常温下贮存60天后开窖取样,测定其发酵品质与化学成分。结果表明,绿汁发酵液处理显著(P0.05)降低青贮料的丙酸含量,纤维素酶显著(P0.05)提高青贮料的可溶性碳水化合物含量和半纤维素含量,糖蜜处理显著(P0.05)提高青贮料的乳酸含量和干物质含量,显著(P0.05)降低青贮料的乙酸含量和氨态氮含量,且青贮料的pH和丁酸含量最低,效果最佳。     

添加绿汁发酵液、乳酸菌制剂和葡萄糖对象草青贮发酵品质的影响

为评价添加绿汁发酵液、乳酸菌制剂和葡萄糖对象草青贮发酵品质的影响,试验设6个处理组:即对照组(无添加剂),绿汁发酵液组(FJLB),乳酸菌制剂组(LAB),葡萄糖组(G),绿汁发酵液＋葡萄糖组(FJLB+G),乳酸菌制剂＋葡萄糖组(LAB+G);在青贮第3,7,14,30天开窖,取样分析发酵品质。结果表明,与对照组相比,LAB处理对发酵品质影响不大,FJLB处理显著(P<0.05)降低了乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量,显著(P<0.05)提高了pH值、乙酸、丁酸和氨态氮含量,使发酵品质变差,而G、LAB+G和FJLB+G处理均显著(P<0.05)提高了青贮早期的乳酸含量,在整个青贮过程中保持较高的乳酸/乙酸值,并显著(P<0.05)降低了最终青贮饲料的pH和氨态氮含量,但与G处理相比,LAB+G和FJLB+G处理没有显示出更优的效果。综上所述,添加葡萄糖可促进同型乳酸发酵,对象草青贮发酵品质的改善效果优于接种乳酸菌。     

绿汁发酵液和纤维素酶对香蕉茎玉米面粉混合青贮品质的影响

旨在研究绿汁发酵液和纤维素酶对香蕉茎与玉米面粉混合青贮发酵品质的影响。调制香蕉茎单贮(BSS)和香蕉茎玉米面粉混合青贮,在香蕉茎玉米面粉混合青贮中,设对照组(CON),添加2mL/kg绿汁发酵液(FGJ)组,添加0.05g/kg、0.15g/kg和0.25g/kg纤维素酶(CEL1、CEL2和CEL3)的3个水平组,添加FGJ+CEL1(MIX1)、FGJ+CEL2(MIX2)和FGJ+CEL3(MIX3)的3个混合组。每个处理重复3次。常温下贮存60d开封,测定青贮的发酵品质和化学成分。香蕉茎青贮混合玉米面粉后,pH和氨态氮/总氮(AN/TN)极显著降低。各添加剂在改善青贮的干物质方面均有不同的影响。在3个CEL组和3个MIX组中,丁酸(BA)含量有随着CEL水平的增加而减少的趋势。3个MIX组的酸性洗涤纤维显著或极显著低于FGJ组(P0.05,P0.01);3个MIX组分别在干物质回收率(DMR)和pH上优于CEL组。结果表明:香蕉茎玉米面粉混合青贮的效果优于香蕉茎单独青贮。各添加剂均能改善青贮品质,且混合添加绿汁发酵液和纤维素酶的青贮效果优于单独添加。     

添加剂、含水率对象草青贮品质的影响

用两种含水率(高含水率79.9%,低含水率68.3%)象草调制了青贮。设添加0.2%绿汁发酵液(绿汁发酵组)、0.0001%纤维素酶(纤维素酶组)、0.2%绿汁发酵液 0.0001%纤维素酶(混合组)及对照(对照组)4个处理,在常温下贮存50d开封,测定青贮的发酵品质和化学成分。结果表明,添加绿汁发酵液组和绿汁发酵液 纤维素酶混合组在两种含水率下,pH值和氨态氮降低,干物质回收率和粗蛋白质含量提高(P<0.01,P<0.05);在对照组、绿汁发酵组和绿汁发酵液 纤维素酶混合组中,低含水率青贮品质优于高含水率青贮。低含水率的绿汁发酵组和绿汁发酵液 纤维素酶混合组青贮的品质相近,优于其他处理。     

添加糖蜜和乳酸菌制剂对西藏青稞秸秆和多年生黑麦草混合青贮发酵品质的影响

为探究不同添加剂对青稞秸秆与多年生黑麦草(4∶6)混合青贮发酵品质的影响,试验设对照组(C)、乳酸菌制剂组(LAB)、糖蜜组(M)、乳酸菌制剂+糖蜜组(LAB+M)4个处理,青贮后第7, 24和45天打开,测定青贮发酵品质。结果表明,添加乳酸菌制剂加速了青贮早期乳酸发酵进程,但由于底物不足,青贮后期丁酸含量和氨态氮/总氮值有所升高;添加糖蜜补充了发酵底物,促进了乳酸发酵,显著(P<0.05)提高了乳酸含量,降低了pH值(P<0.05),从而有效地抑制了有害微生物的活性,减少了丙酸和丁酸的生成。乳酸菌制剂+糖蜜组与单独添加乳酸菌制剂组相比显著提高了青贮发酵品质, 但与单独添加糖蜜组相比差异不显著,表明发酵底物不足是限制青稞秸秆与多年生黑麦草混合青贮发酵品质的主要因素。     

添加剂和混合比例对杂交狼尾草苎麻混合青贮品质的影响

以杂交狼尾草和苎麻为原料,进行添加剂和混合比例两因素对杂交狼尾草苎麻混合青贮效果影响的研究,为生产提供优质杂交狼尾草苎麻青贮饲料提供理论依据。试验设计7个杂交狼尾草和苎麻混合比例,按鲜重计分别为100∶0(P100)、70∶30(PR73)、60∶40(PR64)、50∶50(PR55)、40∶60(PR46)、30∶70(PR37)和0∶100(R100)。每个混合比例均有4个处理,即对照(CK)、2%绿汁发酵液(FJLB)、5%糖蜜(M)和2%纤维素酶(C),每个处理均设3次重复。结果表明:糖蜜处理显著降低青贮料的pH、丁酸含量和氨态氮含量(P0.05),DM含量和乳酸含量显著升高(P0.05);纤维素酶处理显著提高青贮料的WSC含量和CP含量(P0.05),显著降低了青贮料的ADF含量(P0.05)。随着杂交狼尾草混合比例的升高,青贮料的pH值和氨态氮含量下降,乳酸含量、DM含量、NDF含量和HC含量升高。添加剂和混合比例处理能够有效改善苎麻的青贮品质,3种添加剂,糖蜜处理的效果最好。     

淋雨和添加剂对苜蓿青贮品质的影响

为研究淋雨和添加剂对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)青贮品质的影响,试验设新鲜和淋雨苜蓿青贮2个因素,添加剂分别为对照、甲酸、绿汁发酵液、改良绿汁发酵液、玉米粉、绿汁发酵液+玉米粉、改良绿汁发酵液+玉米粉7个水平,共14个处理。青贮90 d后,测定各处理的pH、氨态氮、有机酸、营养成分和硝基化合物含量。结果表明:淋雨和添加剂均极显著降低苜蓿青贮饲料pH、氨态氮、乳酸和乙酸含量(P<0.01)。改良绿汁发酵液+玉米粉组的乳酸含量显著高于对照和其他处理组(P<0.05)。淋雨和添加剂显著影响苜蓿青贮饲料的干物质、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量和缓冲能值(P<0.05),添加剂对粗灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和水溶性碳水化合物含量有显著影响(P<0.05)。淋雨、添加剂及其交互作用极显著影响苜蓿青贮饲料的硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量(P<0.01)。添加剂可改善淋雨苜蓿青贮的发酵品质,其中改良绿汁发酵液+玉米粉组合效果最明显。     

添加剂对西藏混合青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响

为评价添加糖蜜、山梨酸钾和山梨酸钾+糖蜜对西藏地区燕麦(Avena sativa)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)(7:3)混合青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响,设对照组(C),4%糖蜜组(M),0.15%山梨酸钾组(S)和山梨酸钾+糖蜜(S+M)4个处理,青贮后第30,45,60 d开窖取样,测定青贮饲料的发酵品质,其他青贮窖在发酵60 d后全部打开,暴露于空气中5,10,15 d后取样分析其有氧稳定性.结果表明:与对照组相比,M组及S+M组pH显著降低,乳酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),有效地改善了混合青贮发酵品质,S组改善效果不显著.有氧暴露过程中,对照组和M组pH值迅速升高,乳酸含量显著减少(P<0.05),S组和S+M组的pH值、乳酸、水溶性碳水化合物等含量相对稳定.表明S+M组既能提高燕麦和紫花苜蓿混合青贮发酵品质,又能改善有氧稳定性.     

不同添加剂对水葫芦发酵品质的影响

本研究旨在以水葫芦为原料,以米糠、糖蜜为吸收剂,以发酵蔬菜汁为接种菌剂,对水葫芦的发酵品质进行评估。将水葫芦萎蔫7 h至干物质含量为240～250 g/kg后进行以下处理:T1组发酵原料仅含水葫芦,T2组T1+40 g/kg糖蜜,T3组水葫芦+10 mL菌剂,T4组T2+T3,T5组T1+150 g/kg米糠,T6组T3+T5,T7组T2+T5,T8组T2+T3+T5。添加添加剂后,不同处理的青贮原料混合在一起,储存在1500 mL的聚乙烯罐中。结果 :在地窖里贮存3 d后,除了T1和T3组外,其他组pH均降低到4.0,之后一直维持到14 d。青贮56 d后,pH较青贮14 d提高0.4～0.9。青贮料添加米糠使青贮水葫芦干物质含量从242 g/kg显著提高至301 g/kg,再次添加糖蜜后,青贮水葫芦干物质含量进一步显著提高至334 g/kg(P 0.05)。青贮料中添加米糠和糖蜜均使水溶性碳水化合物提高5 g/kg(P 0.05),而添加米糠显著降低了青贮水葫芦的粗蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维含量(P 0.05)。除青贮饲料的重量损失外,米糠、糖蜜和菌剂对其他变量的影响均存在显著交互作用(P 0.05)。添加糖蜜和米糠显著降低了青贮水葫芦中的氨氮水平(P 0.05)。青贮料添加的添加剂中,仅有米糠降低了水葫芦青贮后重量损失(P 0.05)。与其他处理相比,T3组乳酸含量(95.4 g/kg)显著提高(P 0.05)。结论 :添加糖蜜和米糠对水葫芦的青贮最终产物的形成和pH有显著影响。     

糖蜜和乳酸菌对福建香茅草青贮品质的影响

为探讨添加糖蜜、乳酸菌对香茅草青贮品质的影响,以福建香茅草为原料,分别添加50 g/kg糖蜜,109 cfu/kg乳酸菌和50 g/kg糖蜜+0.1 mL/kg乳酸菌混合,无添加为对照组.每个处理3个重复,室温贮存60 d后开封,分析青贮料的品质.结果表明,糖蜜和糖蜜+乳酸菌混合处理显著提高青贮料的干物质含量、粗蛋白含...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.