Factors that contribute to the mycoparasitism stimulus in Trichoderma atroviride strain P1

Trichoderma atroviride strain P1 has been used extensively to study the mycoparasitic mechanisms in the interaction between plant pathogenic host and beneficial antagonistic fungi. Mutants of P1 containing the green fluorescent protein (gfp) or glucose oxidase (gox) reporter systems and different inducible promoters (from the exochitinase nag1 gene, or the endochitinase ech42 gene of P1) were used to determine the factors that activate the biocontrol gene expression cascade in the antagonis…     

Heterologous expression of the glucose oxidase gene in Trichoderma atroviride leads enhanced ability to attack phytopathogenic fungi and induction of plant systemic disease resistance

A transgenic strain of Trichoderma atroviride that expresses the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene goxA under a homologous pathogen-inducible promoter (nag1) has been constructed, with the aim of increasing the ability of this biocontrol agent (BCA) to attack phytopathogenic fungi and enhance plant systemic disease resistance. The sporulation and growth rate of the transgenic progenies were similar to the wild-type strain P1. goxA expression occurred immediately after contact with the p…     

Proteomic study of three component interactions： plant, pathogens andantagonistic fungi

The molecular factors involved in the three-way interaction between plant, pathogenic fungi and antagonistic/biocontrol fungi, such as Trichoderma, are still poorly understood, even if they represent a matter of interest for improving crop management and developing new strategies for plant diseases control. The aim of this work is to investigate the components involved in this interaction and, for this purpose, a proteomic approach was used. 2-D maps of the protein extracts from the single co…     

Study of signal transduction factors involved in mycoparasitic response of Trichoderma atroviride

Numerous Trichoderma spp. are mycoparasites and commercially applied as biological control agents against a large number of plant pathogenic fungi. The mycoparasitic interaction is host-specific and several research strategies have been applied to identify the main genes and compounds involved in the antagonist-plant-pathogen three-way interaction. During mycoparasitism, signals from the host fungus are recognised by Trichoderma, stimulating antifungal activities that are accompanied by mo…     

木霉菌对五种植物病原真菌的重寄生作用

研究了哈茨木霉（Trichoderma harzianum)T88菌株和深绿木霉（T.atroviride）T95菌株对立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）、杨树料皮病菌（Valsa sordida）、杨树水泡溃疡病菌（Botryosphaeria ribis）、苹果树腐烂病菌（V.ceratosperma）、贝伦格葡萄座腔菌梨生专化型（B.berengeriana f.sp.piricola）的重寄生作用。对峙培养的结果可观察到，多数情况下，接种后2d内木霉与病原菌接触，随后覆盖或侵入病菌菌落，抑制其生长。光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察结果表明，木霉对不同的植物病原真菌重寄生作用方法不同。可观察到木霉菌缠绕病原菌的菌丝，或沿着病原菌的菌丝平行或波浪式生长，或产生铯状分枝、吸器或附着胞吸附于病原菌的菌丝上，或穿透病原菌的菌丝，最终使病原菌的菌丝细胞原生质浓缩，菌丝断裂等现象。     

Genetic regulation of conidiation in Trichoderma hamatun

Achieving a balance between vegetative growth and spore production is essential for successful biocontrol by fungi. Low sporulation rates in the field can result in poor establishment and survival,whereas failure of conidia to recognise hosts can lead to persistence without efficacy. Commercial biocontrol products involve bulk preparations of conidia, however considerable variability in conidiation rates exists between biocontrol agents, which can restrict choice of strain for production. The majority of studies on Trichoderma conidiation have focused on the species T. viride and T. atroviride.These species form conidia in response to blue and near-UV light and/or nutrient deprivation and conidiation proceeds in a highly co-ordinated fashion, however relatively little is known on the genetic basis of Trichoderrma conidiation. In addition, whilst photoconidiation appears to be a general response detailed studies in other Trichoderma species are absent. In this study, conidiation in the lesser known biocontrol species T. hamatum is being investigated using a combined morphological and molecular approach. In contrast to T. atroviride, conidiation in response to blue-light was weaker and variable and suggested that additional triggers may be required for the T. hamatum photoresponse. A series of comparative photoconidiation assays are currently being undertaken investigating the effect of inoculum type and abiotic factors on timing and intensity of the response.Results will be discussed in relation to the current knowledge on conidial morphogenesis in Trichoderma. In addition to these morphological assays, a selection of genes implicated in sporulation and the blue-light responses are currently being isolated and characterised from T. hamatum. Two genes, phr1 and cmp1 , which were isolated previously from T. atroviride will be used as early and late markers of gene expression during the photoresponse in T. hamatum in order to define time points for harvesting comparable stage-specific RNA from T. hamatum and T. atroviride. Using degenerate PCR putative sporulation gene orthologues have also been identified in T. hamatum.Work is currently underway to isolate genomic clones of these genes from T. hamatum and T.atroviride. Sequence and expression analysis of orthologues, including expression in response to abiotic factors will be presented and discussed in relation to the current knowledge of the molecular basis of conidiation in Trichoderma and other filamentous fungi.……     

Mechanisms involved in biocontrol and plant induced resistance by Trichoderma asperellum（ T. harzianum T-203）

Growing awareness of the environmental damage caused by the use of chemical substances for plant disease control in agriculture has raised the need to study biological alternatives, such as activating the defense response of plant crops by inducers not toxic to the environment. Trichoderma spp. are effective biocontrol agents for a number of soilborne pathogens, and are also known for their ability to enhance plant growth and to induce systemic resistance (ISR) in plants.     

Use of Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei) as a model system for Trichoderma biocontrol of Pythium blight identifies new targets for genetic strain improvement

Biocontrol by Trichoderma has been studied mainly with selected isolates of T. harzianum, T. atroviride and T. asperellum, which are members of sections Pachybasium and Trichoderma. In contrast, species from section Longibrachiatum have only rarely been studied. On the other hand, one taxon from this section-Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: Trichoderma reesei)-has been widely used for the production of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes and recombinant proteins. As far as T…     

Novel understanding of Trichoderma interaction mechanisms

Trichoderma- based biofungicides are a reality in commercial agriculture, with more than 50 formulations registered worldwide as biopesticides or biofertilizers. Several research strategies have been applied to identify the main genes and compounds involved in the complex, three-way interactions between fungal antagonists, plants and microbial pathogens. Proteome and genome analyses have greatly enhanced our ability to conduct targeted and genome-based functional studies. We have obtained repr…     

The Trichoderma-plant interaction is mediated by avirulence proteins produced by this fungus

The molecular basis of Trichoderma -plant interaction is very complex and still not completely understood. The colonization of the root system by rhizosphere competent strains of Trichoderma results in increased development of root/aerial systems, in improved yields and in plant disease control. Other beneficial effects, such as the induction of plant systemic resistance, have also been described. To understand the mechanisms involved we are using different approaches, including the making…     

Mechanisms involved in biocontrol and plant induced resistance by richoderma. asperellum (T. harzianum T-203)

Growing awareness of the environmental damage caused by the use of chemical substances for plant disease control in agriculture has raised the need to study biological alternatives, such as activating the defense response of plant crops by inducers not toxic to the environment. Trichoderma spp. are effective biocontrol agents for a number of soilborne pathogens, and are also known for their ability to enhance plant growth and to induce systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. In our laborator…     

农杆菌介导的绿木霉ZBS6的T-DNA转化研究

应用农杆菌介导的T - DNA转化技术,成功转化了生防绿木霉(Trichoderma viride)ZBS6,共获得368个转化子,转化效率为每106个分生孢子产生92个转化子.PCR和Southern blot分子鉴定以及遗传稳定性测定结果表明:转化子T - DNA插入率为90％,均能够稳定遗传,且T-DNA单拷贝插...     

3株茶藨生柱锈重寄生木霉菌的形态鉴定及ITS序列分析

[目的]探讨更为客观的木霉菌鉴定手段。[方法]在形态分类的基础上结合分子鉴定手段(rDNA-ITS序列分析),对3株茶藨生柱锈重寄生木霉菌进行分类鉴定。[结果]依据TR1的培养性状和显微特征描述,初步鉴定该菌株为深绿木霉(T.atroviride);TR2、TR3的培养性状和显微特征在一定程度上相似,依据其形态特征,初步鉴定这2个菌株为绿色木霉(T.viridePers.ex Fr.)。从Genbank中深绿木霉和绿色木霉的6个菌株与TR1、TR2T、R3所作的系统发育树可知,TR1应该归为深绿木霉,TR2和TR3属同种真菌,应该归为绿色木霉,这与形态学观察结果一致。[结论]形态特征结合ITS序列分析可作为木霉菌分类鉴定的依据。     

Commercial development of Trichoderma species for control of soil-borne vegetable diseases and their integration into standard crop management practices

A 10 year research programme at Lincoln University, investigating the use of Trichoderma species for biological control of soil-borne diseases of vegetable crops, has resulted in the development of two commercial products. Trichodry TM. 6S and Trichoflow TM. 6S based upon Trichoderma hamatum isolate 6SR4, are used to control Sclerotinia lettuce drop disease. The Trichodry 6S product is formulated as a dry flake, which is incorporated into nursery seedling mix and the Trichoflow 6…     

Effect of rare earth application on the growth of Trichoderma spp. and several plant pathogenic fungi

Rare earth elements (REEs) enriched fertilisers are currently used in China for soil and foliar applications to crops, but little is known about the effect of REEs applications on the growth of beneficial and detrimental soilborne microorganisms. The growth of biological control agents Trichoderma atroviride strain P1, Trichoderma harzianum strain A6 and strain T22, plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia scleroti…     

Construction of engineering Trichoderma strains and their characteristics against tomato gray mold

The transformed Trichoderma strains Ttrm31, Ttrm34 and Ttrm55 were obtained from Trichoderma wild strain T21 mutated by REMI technique for more effective biocontrol of tomato gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) with Trichoderma agent. Those transformants appeared much better in biocontrol activity in vitro or in vivo against tomato gray mold were better than that of wild strain T21. The main results were as follow: The transformed Trichoderma strains were detected in their genetic …     

韩国平菇菇床上流行的木霉分离物的形态学和分子生物学分析

自韩国平菇生产地分离到26株木霉(Trichoderma),基于培养特性和菌落形态,这些菌株分为4组,鉴定为Trichoderma sp．K1、Trichoderma sp．K2、T．harizianum,和T．atroviride,其中优势种为Trichoderma sp．K2,其次是Trichoderma sp．K1和T．atroviride。K1和K2不仅在形态上与其它的组有区别,而且相互在生长温度(35℃),菌落形态,分生孢子的形态,分生孢子小梗及其分枝类型,分生孢子的形态等方面有显著差异。对这些菌的ITS、EF-1(和RPB2的序列比较显示出这2个待鉴定的种(K1和K2)不仅与早期报道的木霉种有差异,而且相互间也显著不同。同时发现,EF-1(和RPB2序列比ITS序列在木霉的系统分类上更加客观可靠。基于以上研究结果,我们认为K1和K2是木霉属中的新种,即将给予它们新的名称。     

Variations on conserved signaling pathways in biocontrol and development:G protein and MAPK genes of Trichoderma. atroviride and T. virens

Filamentous fungi employ conserved eukaryotic signaling pathway to detect and respond to environmental signals, including the presence of the host. Genetic experiment in which a particular signaling protein is lost, or its activity enhanced, have defined some of the function of heterotrimeric G proteins and MAP kinases in development and virulence. A hallmark of these studies is that orthologs in different species may have different functions. Antagonistic fungal-fungal interactions form …     

Diversity of Trichoderma in greenhouse soil

The protected agricultural production has become one of the fast growing and wid espread cultivation technology in the north parts of China. Continuous cultivati on of single crop or less rotation of crops usually resulted in the large amount of accumulation of soilborne pathogens and serious crop diseases in the greenho use. After a few years of investigation of soilborne fungi in the north parts of China, nearly one hundred species of mictosporic fungi have been identified by the authors.…     

钩状木霉在辣椒根际定殖动态及其对辣椒疫病的生物防治

木霉菌（Trichoderma spp.）是自然界广泛分布的一类重要生防真菌资源。生防菌在宿主根际及其组织中定殖能力的强弱是评价其生防潜力的重要指标。选择钩状木霉（Trichoderma hamatum）真菌、辣椒及其重要土传病害菌辣椒疫霉（Phytophthora capsici）三者互作体系,通过绿色荧光蛋白标记的钩状木霉菌株灌根接种辣椒植株,通过平板拮抗试验和温室盆栽试验,检测钩状木霉菌在辣椒植株及根际的定殖情况,及其对辣椒疫病的生物防治效果。结果表明,钩状木霉菌在辣椒根、茎和叶等组织中和辣椒根际土壤中均能够定殖。在辣椒根际土壤中,钩状木霉菌呈动态变化的定殖过程。灌根接种1～25 d,钩状木霉菌定殖量呈缓慢增长,在第33 d,达到最高值(700×107 conidia·g-1),然后逐渐下降,呈现先增加后减少的动态变化过程。钩状木霉菌在辣椒根际和植株的定殖过程中,对辣椒疫病具有生物防治作用,防治效果达到5333％。综上,钩状木霉菌能够成为辣椒根际微生态中的有益微生物,可以有效预防辣椒疫病的发生,研究为辣椒疫病的生物防治提供了理论依据和有效途径。