多孔调湿材料湿缓冲特性的实验研究

利用NORDTEST实验方法对中国长江中下游地区(以南京为例)多孔调湿材料的湿缓冲值(Moisture Buffer Value)进行测定,同时,研究湿缓冲值对建筑能耗及室内湿度的影响。实验结果显示,高湿度区间内材料的湿缓冲测定值较大,且不同材料的湿缓冲值存在较大差异。分析表明在长江中下游地区,使用具有吸放湿特性的建筑内表面材料可有效降低建筑能耗10%以上,同时,室内环境湿度也会得到一定程度的调节。     

Study on Heat and Mass Transport of Porous Saline Materials

On_site measurement and numerical modeling are made for the interior heat mass distribution. The heat and mass coupling equation system to the porous saline materials in one-dimensional temperature and mass degree field was established. The dynamic distribution features of the materials in moderate temperature and mass degree field were obtained. The result of numerical modeling coincided with that of actual measurement and testified to the numerical model. The study has significance in promoting the interrelated sciences in their studies on the problem of heat and mass transport in porous saline materials.     

葡萄贮藏保鲜库管理关键技术

贮藏库管理技术在葡萄果实贮藏中起着极其重要的作用.介绍了葡萄贮藏库管理中的消毒灭菌、入贮预冷、包装箱码垛、贮藏温湿度、通风换气和葡萄进出库等各环节的关键技术要点,为葡萄贮藏生产管理提供参考借鉴.     

A Modified Budaiwi Model and Its Experimental Evaluation

Based on Fourier and Fick law, a modified Budaiwi model considering phase change within wall and the effect of solar radiation was established by using air humidity ratio in wall and temperature as the driving potentials.The term omitted in the mass transfer equation of the original model was added in the modified model.To evaluate the accuracy of the model, a test system was set up to measure relative humidity and temperature within a porous wall under actual weather conditions and compared with the prediction of the model.It was found that the predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results.At the interface close to outdoor, the average deviation of the relative humidity was 4.44% and average temperature deviation was 1.31K.At the interface close to indoor, the average deviation of the relative humidity was 6.3% and average temperature deviation was 1.26K.     

Analysis on Summer Thermal Environment Characteristic of a TeachingBuilding Cluster and Validation of Its Calculation Model

A 33-hour field test of outdoor thermal environment was carried out in a typical teaching building cluster located in the hot and humid zone in summer. From the experiment results of local climate data, air temperature, humidity, wind velocity and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) at the pedestrian-level, and the typical ground surface temperature, the main characteristics of summer outdoor thermal environment of teaching building cluster in hot and humid zone are obtained. The results show that the patio, overhead and porous pavement can reduce the pedestrian air temperature and WBGT effectively at summer daytime. And the function of the following design methods to improve the outdoor thermal comfort at the summer daytime has the order like overhead>patio>porous pavement>imporous pavement>concrete road. The WBGT at all measuring points at nighttime are almost the same. The test results are further used to verify the existing mathematical models of outdoor velocity and WBGT. The results show that the relative errors are within 6%. Then, the calculation values are in good agreement with the experimental values.     

Reconstruction of Pore Structures and Water Vapor Transfer Properties of Porous Medium

Isotropic and anisotropic porous medium with the same porosity, different pore size distributions and pore surface fractal dimensions were constructed by random growth method, and the impact of microscopic pore structure on moisture migration process in pores of porous medium was theoretically studied. The results show that the internal transport properties of porous medium are not only determinded by porosity, but also greatly influenced by pore size distribution and pore surface fractal dimension. The biggest water vapor diffusion concentration differences of three kinds of isotropic and three kinds of anisotropic porous medium with the same porosity, different pore size distributions and pore surface fractal dimensions are 30.6% and 23.3%, respectively. Better water vapor diffusion properties in pores of isotropic porous medium demands for bigger tiny pore size distribution rate and larger pore surface fractal dimension, which means the pore connectivity is better. While better water vapor diffusion properties in pores of anisotropic porous medium(water vapor diffusion direction is perpendicular to the direction of larger growth rate of anisotropic porous medium) demands for more big pore size distribution and smaller pore surface fractal dimension. The method lays a theoretical foundation for preparing indoor humidity control of building materials.     

人工老化对两个玉米自交系生理特性的影响

探讨玉米种子老化过程中活力与生理特性变化的规律,以自交系NT6621和自交系T6种子为试材,通过人工加速老化的方法进行研究。结果表明：高温(45±1℃)、高湿（100%相对湿度）密闭条件下随老化时间的延长而两个玉米自交系的发芽率、发芽势、脱氢酶活力降低,MDA随老化程度的加剧而升高。酯酶同工酶试验,自交系NT6621有6条酶带（Rf值分别为0.60、0.45、0.40、0.30、0.14、0.04）,当老化24h时Rf值为0.30、0.14、0.04的酶带突然变浅,酶活性开始降低,随着老化时间的延长酶活性逐渐降低;自交系T6有6条酶带（Rf值分别为0.60、0.48、0.40、0.29、0.14、0.05）,当老化24h时Rf值为0.40、0.29、0.14、0.05的酶带开始变浅,酶活性开始降低,随着老化处理时间的延长酶活性逐渐降低.     

高温高湿对沼泽小叶桦光合和生理特征的影响及其恢复效应

为了解短期高温高湿处理对沼泽小叶桦的光合和生理特征的影响及其恢复效应,采用盆栽实验,利用人工智能气候室,研究了沼泽小叶桦在3个不同的温度湿度处理时的光合作用等生理特征的变化,及其经过10天高温高湿处理后在对照条件下的恢复效应。结果显示：高温高湿（30~40℃,90%）会抑制沼泽小叶桦叶片的光合等生理作用以及其生长。但经过短时间高温高湿处理后,沼泽小叶桦的蛋白质,可溶性糖以及光合等生理指标均能即时恢复;叶绿素、脯氨酸等指标恢复较缓。说明沼泽小叶桦对短时间高温高湿处理具有一定的耐受性,能够通过自身生理调节来适应外界温度湿度等环境变化,可以在上海及周边滨海城镇绿化造林进行引种运用。     

屋顶花园对建筑微气候的影响

通过对屋顶绿化和对照屋顶主要气候要素的观测,对各时段屋顶内外表面的温度、空气温度、空气湿度的变化进行了研究和相关分析。研究表明应用屋顶绿化形式可以部分改变温湿度,可以降低室内气温约1℃,降低室外气温约1.7℃,增加室内湿度2%~4%。     

The Volume Shrinkage Characteristics of Porous Materials During Drying Process

In this paper,elementary mechanism and experimental results are analysed onthe volume shrin kage characteristics of the wet porous eapillary materials during drying process. Atthe same time, the influence is discussed of mean pore radius and solid matrix strength of the wetporous material,as well as the temperature and velocity of hot air on the volume shrinkage rate onthe basis of the experimental results.     

高温高湿对辣椒抗氧化系统的影响及不同品种抗氧化性差异研究

选用10个具有代表性辣椒品种(系),于人工气候室内分别在正常和高温高湿条件下,研究苗期抗氧化系统生理性状的变化以及不同品种(系)抗氧化性差异。结果表明:10个辣椒品种(系)抗坏血酸(AsA)含量增加,谷胱甘肽(GSH)、类胡萝卜素(CAR)含量下降,类黄酮(Fla)含量变化不一致;脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低,过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性增强。根据各生理指标的相对值通过隶属函数法10个辣椒品种(系)的抗氧化性强弱顺序为:I>C>W>D>J>H>F>G>E>K。     

Effect of Air Humidity on Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Soybean Leaves

The responses of photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, leaf conductance and cuticular transpiration to water vapour pressure deficit (VPD) have been simultaneously measured in single attached leaves of soybean in order to test the mechanism in the effects of air humidity on photosynthesis and transpiration. The results of present experiments have shown that the affecting mechanism of VPD or air humidity on the photosynthesis and transpiration is by means of controlling not only the stomatal behavior, but also the cultivars behavior, and the stomatal closure at high VPD or low air humidity is a function of the cuticular transpiration, rather than the stomatal transpiration.     

北京城市绿地不同下垫面对环境微气候影响研究

［方法］采用小尺度定量测定方法对北京城市绿地不同下垫面夏季空气温度、相对湿度、舒适度等进行研究。［目的］究明不同绿地下垫面对环境微气候的影响规律,以期为城市绿地规划、设计和建设提供参考与依据。［结果］结果表明：1)下垫面类型与空气温度、相对湿度存在极显著性相关关系,其他16项样地特征要素指标与温、湿度无显著相关关系。2)不同下垫面昼均降温增湿效应排序为乔灌草>乔草>灌草>草地>裸地>水泥地面。3)8:00～18:00,除18:00外,不同下垫面在各时段的降温增湿效应排序与昼均效应一致;各类下垫面的温湿效应(含负效应)在14:00达到最大值,其中,乔灌草型下垫面降温4.50℃,增湿7.45%,水泥地面增温2.03℃,降湿2.82%。4)不同下垫面人体舒适度大体呈现出乔灌草>乔草>灌草>草地>裸地>水泥地面的规律。     

基于WiFi的室内智能蔬菜无土栽培结构设计

运用互联网、新材料等技术研究蔬菜无土栽培,设计了基于WiFi 的室内智能蔬菜无土栽培结构。该结构由管道式无土栽培结构、喷雾培结构和环境因子结构组成。管道式无土栽培结构主要由栽培管、支架和定植杯等组成;喷雾培结构主要由营养液栽培桶、自动定时供水器、营养液进液管和回流管、气泵、喷头等组成;环境因子结构由温度、湿度、CO2和光照系统构成。结构内的温度、湿度、CO2浓度和光照等是影响蔬菜生长发育的重要因子。通过WiFi 的控制,可以使这些环境因子之间的关系处于最佳状态,从而有利于蔬菜的生长发育。     

Study on Heat and Moisture Transport Properties of Moist Porous Media

By analyzing heat and mass transport process and transport properties of moist porous media, this paper established a computational model for one dimensional field of heat and moisture transport process. Based on the distinguishing characteristic functions, the inner temperature and humidity distribution of porous media was worked out. With the actual spot measurement, the heat and moisture properties were obtained by nonlinear least square method.     

大樱桃大棚小气候特征分析及预报

为了研究大樱桃种植大棚内的小气候变化规律,为更好地开展大樱桃特色农业气象服务,笔者于2012—2014年在山东省临朐县开展了大樱桃大棚小气候观测试验,通过与外界气象条件对比,分析了大棚内小气候特征,并建立了大棚内小气候预报方程。结果表明,在观测期内,大棚内日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度均较棚外高;大棚内气温的最高值、相对湿度的最小值均出现在午后时段,大棚内最低气温和最大相对湿度一般都出现在早晨;晴天时,棚内气温、相对湿度的日较差最大,阴天时最小。大棚内小气候与大棚外当天及前一天的诸多气象因子相关关系显著。对大棚内小气候预报方程进行了检验,温度预报误差大部分在2℃以内,最小相对湿度预报误差大部分在10%以内,预报效果较好。     

间伐对杨-油菜复合模式内油菜产量及品质的影响

[目的]旨在提出合理地间伐模式提高杨-油菜复合经营的效益。[方法]以长江流域滩地杨-油菜复合模式为研究对象,针对3年树龄的杨树进行间伐处理,各处理类型分别为：砍小留大、隔2伐1及隔1伐1。通过不同间伐处理下林内小气候因子、油菜产量及品质等的测定,初步研究了间伐处理对杨-油菜复合模式的影响。[结果]结果表明,对照样地空气及土壤温度较低、湿度较大,而隔1伐1样地空气及土壤温度较高、湿度较小,光合有效辐射最大。通过间伐处理的3种样地内油菜性状要好于对照样地。其中,隔2伐1样地内油菜籽含水率最低为12.89%且产量高达215.48 g.m-2,同时油菜籽脂肪含量最高为35.9%。[结论]说明隔2伐1这种间伐模式表现最好。通径分析表明,小气候对油菜产量及品质均产生了直接或间接影响。     

空气温湿度对水稻灌浆及空壳率的影响研究

对1996—2005年10个年份的晚稻孕穗至成熟期的空气温度与相对湿度对水稻空壳率和灌浆影响进行了研究，结果表明：相对湿度对水稻的灌浆速度没有显著影响；灌浆期气温的升高对水稻灌浆速度的增加有显著影响；日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻秕粒率的影响是不显著的；但孕穗期至抽穗开花期日最高温度大于或等于30℃的天数对水稻空壳率的影响是极显著的。最后对防御高温危害提出了建议。     

冰蓄冷低温送风空调系统㶲损因素分析

低温送风空调系统引进新型冰蓄冷设备,采用正丁烷作为制冷剂,制冷剂与水直接接触,换热更强烈且稳定。为了研究该系统相应㶲损因素条件下的节能薄弱环节,实现系统性能优化,基于该系统及各表冷器㶲分析模型,分析了热湿比、新风比、送风温差等㶲损因素对系统㶲效率和各表冷器㶲损率的影响。结果表明:当热湿比变化时,处理二次混风的表冷器㶲损率随之呈正比变化,其他表冷器㶲损率及系统㶲效率随之呈反比变化;当新风比变化时,处理新风的两级表冷器㶲损率随之呈正比变化,其他表冷器㶲损率及系统㶲效率随之呈反比变化;当送风温差变化时,处理一次回风的表冷器㶲损率随之呈正比变化,其他表冷器㶲损率及系统㶲效率随之呈反比变化。     

Atmospheric humidity and genotype are key determinants of the diurnal stomatal conductance pattern

Great understanding of the genotypic difference in diurnal stomatal conductance (g_s) pattern and the key determinants of the pattern is important for saving water by adopting cultivars appropriately. Fifteen wheat genotypes were studied under different soil conditions and various meteorological conditions with pot cultivation in rain shelter for two years. Genotype and air humidity were found to be key determinants of diurnal g_s pattern. All genotypes under low relative humidity (LRH) and most genotypes under high relative humidity (HRH) displayed a gradual decline pattern from morning through the afternoon. Under moderate relative humidity (MRH), all genotypes present a single-peak curve pattern, but they differed in peak time, which may lead to unreliable g_s comparison between genotypes and get ostensible contrasting materials. The stomatal conductance was significantly different among genotypes under LRH and the increased g_s magnitude is also significantly different when it was compared between LRH and HRH. The present results provide new thinking for selecting and adopting appropriate cultivars with specific stomata traits for the area with various meteorological conditions.