反刍动物舔砖加工系统的控制研究与设计

论述了反刍动物舔砖加工控制系统的设计思路,可编程控制器(PLC)及微机在控制系统中的应用,结合加工工艺流程与工作原理,提出了用PLC进行控制的设计思路及控制设计方法。     

黄麻工艺纤维细度的研究

研究表明：圆果种比长果种工艺纤维支数高65公支左右；品种间差异极显著；工艺纤维细度与单株原麻重等5个经济性状呈极显著负相关，与出麻率等性状呈显著正相关；麻株各部位中以中部工艺纤维支数最高，梢部次之，基部最低；适时播种、适当密植、适量适时施肥，适时早收等栽培技术措施能提高工艺纤维支数。通过对构成产量和工     

THE ALGORITHM OF COMPUTEROPTICAL-FIBERDIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION to show POSITIVE SEQUENCE FAULTED COMPONENT CURRENTS

Because of unsatisfied relaying protection of short transmission lines, a new differential protection system consisting of microcomputer and optical fiber channel has been presented in this paper. According to this system, a new algorithm including a differential criterion used for the positive sequence currents caused by faults and a difference-half cycle Fourier filtering method has been set up.     

钾肥对小黑麦拔节期生物量及品质的影响

通过对不同钾肥处理条件下小黑麦的地上生物量、地下生物量、株高、粗纤维、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量的测定,探讨钾肥对拔节期小黑麦生长特性及营养物质含量的影响,为小黑麦钾肥管理提供理论参考。结果表明:小黑麦的地上生物量和地下生物量达到最高值,同时也获得最高株高;施用钾肥能够显著提高小黑麦的粗蛋白、粗纤维和粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),施钾量为0.157g/m²和0.304g/m²时各种营养物质达到最高值;钾肥施用能够显著降低粗灰分含量(P<0.05),当施钾量为0.157g/m²时灰分含量最低。     

Effects of source and level of fibre in pig diets on methane production from pig faeces

Fibres from a number of different sources (oat hulls, maize hulls, lupin hulls, maize cobs, soya bean hulls, pea hulls, wheat bran, lucerne stems and lucerne leaves) were fed to pigs at different levels together with a basal fibre-free diet, and the resulting faeces were used to measure methane production in laboratory scale digesters.The amount of methane produced ranged from 71·8 ml g⁻¹ for faeces from the lucerne leaf diet, fed at a level of 5% fibre in the diet, to 226·8 ml g⁻¹ for faeces from the wheat bran diet, fed at a level of 30% fibre in the diet. The amount of methane produced per gram of Volatile Solids destroyed ranged from 184·8 ml for faeces from the maize hull diet, fed at the 22·5% fibre level, to 337·2 ml for faeces from the wheat bran diet, fed at the 30% fibre level.The time taken for 50% of the possible methane to be produced ranged from 56 h for faeces from the lucerne leaf diet fed at the 20% fibre level to 179 h for faeces from the pea hull diet fed at the 30% fibre level. The Volatile Solids destruction ranged from 34·0% for faeces from the lucerne leaf diet fed at the 10% fibre level to 80·4% for faeces from the maize hull diet fed at the 30% fibre level.It is concluded that different sources of fibre in the diet of pigs, and different levels of feeding, can result in widely differing characteristics of pig faeces in terms of methane production under conditions of anaerobic digestion.     

Combining ability estimates for yield and fibre quality traits in 4 × 13 line × tester crosses of Gossypium hirsutum

The aim of this study was to estimate the general combining ability of the parents and specific combining ability of hybrids considered for the development of high yielding and better quality cultivars. Seventeen genotypes and 52 F₁ hybrids obtained by crossing 4 lines and 13 testers in line × tester mating system during 2003 were sown in randomized complete block design in 2004. Line × Tester analysis revealed significant GCA and SCA effects for all the traits except fibre elongation. Preponderance of non-additive gene action was obtained for seed cotton yield per␣plant and majority of its component traits including fibre traits. Among the parents: PIL-8 for days to 50% flowering, CCH-526612 for boll weight, CITH-77 for number of open bolls per plant and CNH-36 for seed cotton yield per plant were detected with higher general combining ability. Parent, CCH-526612 for 2.5% span length, fibre strength and fibre elongation and AKH-9618 for micronaire value, fibre strength and fibre elongation were good combiners for fibre quality traits. The F₁s achieved high seed cotton yield by producing more number of open bolls. The high yielding hybrids with acceptable fibre quality traits were: CISV-24 × LH-1995, H-1242 × PIL-8 and RS-2283 × SGNR-2 deducted with significant SCA effects for seed cotton yield and fibre characteristics; 2.5% span length and fibre strength. These cross combinations involved at least one parent with high or average GCA effect for a particular trait.     

Research of the winding ratio to prevent yarn overlapping

Unapt winding parameters may cause yarn overlapping with the problems of low yarn density, winding vibration, breaking and disorder when unwinding yarn and others. The yarn arrangement rules and its relationship with the winding ratio are analyzed using geometrical and mathematical methods. It is revealed that winding ratio is an important parameter to prevent yarn overlapping. When the winding ratio is proper, the yarn can be staggered regularly and yarn overlapping can be prevented effectively. A new method for the determination of the proper winding ratio is introduced. The alteration of yarn angle and interval and their effect for the determination of the winding ratio are discussed. The particular process of the method is given and an example is presented.     

An Attentive Problem of 35 kV Power Lines in Mountain Area on Protecting Against

To counteract capacitive current and resume power system, the neutral point of 35 kV power system at the mountainous area is grounding through the arc winding widely. In fact, there is great difficult in selecting the arc winding to satisfy the requirement of system. In a 35 kV power system which neutral point is grounding through the arc winding, the capacitance current are measured in site when a single-phase is grounding. From the measure data, the imbalance of three-phase voltage whether the arc winding exist or not and the operating situation of arc winding are discussed, and bring forward an attentive problem about operation of arc winding and decrease of lightning outage rates.     

Selection Criteria for Short-fibre Flax

The industrial utilization of short fibres of Linum usitatissimum L. is advantageous for the environment and conserves natural resources due to savings in the production and waste management process. In 1990 a project was started to breed flax for short fibres in combination with oil production. In field experiments 22 (1990) and 20 (1991) varieties and progenies of earlier crosses, respectively, were tested. Phenotypic variation and linear correlations of parameters characterizing yield and its stability were examined with regard to their suitability as selection criteria. The results were as follows: A total harvest of 3 t/ha of short fibre and oil was produced, most of it fibre. The cross progenies tested in 1991 showed a high genetic potential for the combined use of fibre and oil, but their maturity needs to be synchronized better. Simultaneous selection of short-fibre flax genotypes for fibre content and seed yield on the one hand, or for oil content and fibre yield on the other, seems to be practicable. The plants should not exceed I m in height. Thousand-seed weight and oil content were not correlated in the progenies, thus making it possible to select for small-seeded genotypes.     

Breeding high-yield upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) lines with high-quality fibre by mutation

The yield and fibre quality of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars are very difficult to improve simultaneously. Attempts to breed upland cotton cultivars with high-quality fibre that can spin more than 40 yarn count (Ne) and present yields equal to those of commercial cultivars have not been successful. The seeds of the high-yield upland cotton line Tai 8033 were mutagenized in a Chinese Practice No. 8 recoverable satellite, and the mutated line was selected to produce high-quality and high-yield lines by pedigree selection. The eight mutated lines fit the Chinese standard of high-quality cotton class I, were suitable for spinning more than 40 Ne and had yields that were 12.7%, 7.1% and 3.5% higher than the current control cultivar yield in the cotton cultivation area tested in Jiangsu Province. The fibre of one line successfully spun 80 Ne that fit the high-quality yarn standards. After seeds were mutagenized by exposure to a space environment in a satellite, the fibre quality of upland cotton cultivars was improved through pedigree selection.     

Histochemical and supramolecular studies in determining quality of hemp fibres for textile applications

Summary The composition and supramolecular structure of hemp primary bast fibres have been assessed using microscopy, compositional analysis, wide-angle X-ray diffractometry and CP-MAS ¹³C-NMR, in order to unambiguously define some quality parameters. The main components of the fibre wall were detected by histochemical reactions and modifications occurring during the plant growth have been pointed out. Some differences in fibre lignification degree were recorded among cultivars and confirmed by means of compositional and structural analysis. As for flax and kenaf, X-ray patterns revealed semicrystalline structure of hemp cellulose. NMR spectra and their probabilistic elaboration by MaxEnt method gave further insight on the presence of paracrystalline and amorphous phases and provided an accurate evaluation of polymeric components.     

Heritability and predicted selection response of yield components and fibre properties in an inter-specific derived RIL population of cotton

Exploiting genetic variation through inter-specific breeding has improved cotton yield, fibre properties and adaptability. The objectives of this study were to examine heritability and predicted selection response of yield components and fibre properties in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from an inter-specific cross between Gossypium hirsutum (Gh) variety Guazuncho 2, and G. barbadense (Gb) line VH8-4602. A population of 93 and 82 RILs was tested in two seasons, with two parents and local controls, Sicot 75 (Gh) and Sipima 280 (Gb) in field experiments. Seed cotton samples hand harvested before and after defoliation were used to measure lint percent, boll weight, 100 seed weight and the lint to measure fibre length, uniformity, short fibre index (SFI), elongation, strength, micronaire, maturity ratio (MR), percent of maturity (PM) and fineness. There was large phenotypic variation for individual traits and transgressive segregation occurred in lint percent, lint weight/seed, fibre no./seed, uniformity, SFI, elongation, MR and PM. Narrow sense heritabilities were moderate for yield components (34.3–41.2%) and for key fibre properties, length, strength, micronaire and fineness (38.3–42.1%), which led to a predicted selection response of 6.7–24.0% for yield components and 3.9–10.9% for key fibre properties under a selection intensity of 10%. Favourable associations were found between key fibre properties, but an adverse association between lint percent and each of these fibre properties. Only five RILs were identified with desirable combinations. The results demonstrated the value of exploiting inter-specific variation to develop cotton germplasm and how breeding strategies can be improved.     

不同微生物有机肥对草莓生长影响研究

该论文主要研究了5种不同微生物有机肥对草莓生长和果实品质的影响。将不同的微生物有机肥以1.2kg/m2施入到试验田之后翻地插苗,定期记录草莓生长的株高、分枝数、叶面积、果重等指标,并检测了后期成熟果实的维生素C、糖分、磷、钾含量。试验结果表明供试的微生物有机肥能提高草莓的产量,改善草莓的果实品质。     

AN ON-LINE ALGORITHM FOR PREDICTING THE TEMPERATURE OF POWER TRANSFORMER WINDINGS

The paper presents an on-line algorithm for predicting the average temperature of power transformer winding according to its load current. The algorithm has accounted for the whole history of load current and variations of ambient temperature. The overload capabilities of transformer can be increased by monitoring and controlling the winding temperature and the necessary durability of the transformer can be ensured. The algorithm can also forecast the future winding temperature and the time of reaching the max, permitted the assumed future load current and oil temperature.     

Chemical Composition and In Vitro Digestibility of Whole-Crop Pea and Pea–Cereal Mixture Silages Grown in South-western Quebec

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fibre (IVNDFD) digestibilities of silages made from whole‐crop pea [Pisum sativum L. (PS)], pea–wheat [Triticum aestivum L. (PW)], pea–barley [Hordeum vulgare L. (PB)] and pea–oat [Avena sativa L. (PO)] mixtures harvested 8 weeks (H8) and 10 weeks (H10) after seeding. Forty‐five days after ensiling, all forages were well ensiled as indicated by low pH and low water‐soluble carbohydrate content and high lactic acid concentration. Regardless of forage type, crude protein (CP) and IVNDFD were higher while starch and acid detergent lignin were lower in H8 than H10. However, harvest date had no effect on neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fibre of the silages. Within each harvest date, CP was higher while NDF was lower for PS than pea–cereal silages. Differences in CP and fibre fractions between the pea–cereal mixture silages were not consistent for the two harvest dates. The IVDMD of PS was higher than that of the three pea–cereal mixture silages in H8 but was only higher than that of PB in H10. For the pea–cereal mixtures, IVDMD was higher for PO than PB and PW in H8 and was higher for PB than PW in H10. It was concluded that silage from pea monoculture had similar forage yields and a generally higher nutritive value than silages from pea–cereal mixtures.     

Screening Saccharum Barberi and Sinense Accessions for Flood Tolerance and Biomass Production

This study evaluated the biomass production potential of Saccharum barberi (Jeswiet) and Saccharum sinense (Roxb. Amend. Jeswiet) accessions under short‐term flooded conditions. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized design with 20 S. sinense and 29 S. barberi accessions, two flood durations with non‐flooded controls and three replications of each treatment. There were no significant flood effects. However, in two individual accessions, ‘China’ and ‘Lu Cane’, sucrose production increased with additional flooding. The plant cane produced larger plants with a greater percentage of fibre and sucrose. Higher Brix values were obtained with the ratoon crop. Brix and fibre were negatively correlated with stem diameter. Stem length in S. barberi was the only physical characteristic that was correlated with sugar factors Brix and optical rotation. S. barberi accessions had high loadings for variables associated with sugar production and stem length, and fibre had moderate loadings for factor 1. Factor 1 explained 35 % of variance in the data. The second principal factor revealed high loadings for variables associated with plant size. Factor 2 explained 30 % of the proportional and together with Factor 1 explained 65 % of the cumulative variance in the data. Several accessions with low sucrose, high plot weight and low fibre were identified. These accessions make attractive selections in breeding for biomass production.     

Breeding for high yield and fibre quality in coloured cotton

In the present study, three types of coloured fibre cottons, i.e. white, brown and green, were compared for their fibre quality and yield. The comparison of fibre quality suggested that coloured fibre cotton was inferior as compared with white fibre cotton. To understand the effect of cellulose, mineral elements [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)] and pH of fibre cells on the quality of fibre, these components were studied at different fibre cell developed stages in all three fibre cotton types. The cellulose content is closely associated with the quality of fibre. The higher fibre quality of white fibre cotton might be the result of the high cellulose content in it compared with coloured fibre cotton. A rapid and slow decrease in pH in white and coloured cottons, respectively, might have some effects on fibre elongation. Among the mineral contents, potassium is positively correlated with the fibre quality traits. The pigment development patterns in brown and green fibre cottons are not similar. In green fibre cotton it takes more time to deepen in colour as compared with brown fibre cotton. Possible strategies for the improvement in quality of coloured fibre cotton are discussed. The results of heterosis studies in coloured fibre cotton suggest that heterosis could improve yield and quality of coloured fibre cotton. In the present study, the hybrids between ZJU12A x ZJU05R and ZJU18A x ZJU01R, having an acceptable lint colour types plus better fibre quality and high yield performance, may be exploited further for their heterotic advantages.     

Evaluation of newly developed SSR markers and identification of quantitative trait loci for bast fibre cellulose in white jute (Corchorus capsularis)

Cellulose is one of the main chemical component of bast fibre in jute. However, quantitative trait loci (QTL) for bast fibre cellulose content remains elusive. In this study, we identified 846 new SSR markers from 70,792 unigenes in the NCBI and validated them in a panel of 24 diverse jute accessions. Of 846 SSRs, 748 (88.41%) were successfully amplified, and 585 (69.14%) showed polymorphisms, implying that these are high‐quality SSRs. Furthermore, 585 SSRs along with 5,074 polymorphic SLAF (specific locus amplified fragment) and 173 InDel markers were used to reconstruct a high‐dense linkage map in a recombinant inbred population with 104 F₈ lines. Totally, 835 markers were successfully mapped to a whole length of 604.5 cM with a mean distance of 2.84 cM between adjacent markers. Furthermore, five QTLs for bast fibre cellulose were identified. One major QTL (qBFC1‐1) was stable in 2 years and explained average phenotypic variance with 14.34%. These results may be useful for developing enhanced bast fibre quality in white jute through marker‐assisted selection (MAS) breeding.     

Simulation analysis of the thermal-electric analogy calculation model of transformer winding hot-spot temperature

The winding hot-spot temperature is one of the most critical parameters that determines the power transformer overloading capability and the aging rate of the oil-paper insulation. Based on the traditional thermal theory, the paper proposes a simulation model to predict transformer winding hot spot temperature taking into account oil viscosity changes with temperature, and combined with the thermal-electric analogy method and hot spot temperature rise model recommended by IEEE. The Runge-Kutta method is used to calculate top-oil temperature and winding hot-spot temperature of the transformer, and then compare them with the measured data obtained from the 100 kVA/5 kV (ONAN) experimental transformer. The simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data.     

Robust Control System for the Optical Extra-precise Vibration Isolation System

The robust control theory is used to solve the uncertainty of the optical extra-precise vibration isolation system. The wavelet theory is used to analyze the random vibration signal in the time-frequency domain and get the low frequency signal from the random vibration signal. The robust controller designed by the robust control theory is used to restrain the low frequency vibration. The active vibration isolation exploits the theory of robust control, which overcomes the uncertainty of model and the disturbance, and makes the control system to restrain the uncertainty of the model and the disturbance of the vibration. The simulation results prove that this method has shown good robustness and control precision in the vibration isolation of the optical extra-precise instrument and have good performance on restraining the low frequency vibration.