Carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide from the eruptions of mount st. Helens

Ash from the massive 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens readily gave off large amounts of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide gases at room temperature. These findings suggest that the sulfur that enhances the Junge sulfate layer in the stratosphere after volcanic eruptions could be carried directly to the upper atmosphere as carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide adsorbed on ash particles from major volcanic eruptions.     

一次抽气分离分光光度法测定水中硫化物和二硫化碳

[目的]研究一次抽气分离分光光度法测定水中硫化物和二硫化碳。[方法]通过试验采取一次抽气,分步改变流量法分离水中硫化物和二硫化碳,并用分光光度法进行测定。[结果]最佳抽气分离条件：向100 ml水样中加1＋5硫酸10 ml酸化,再用10 ml乙酸锌-乙酸钠吸收液吸收硫化物,10 ml乙酸铜-乙醇吸收液吸收二硫化碳。先以100 ml/min的流量抽气50 min,分离吸收二硫化碳。取下二硫化碳吸收管,只联接硫化物吸收管。再以600 ml/min的流量抽气30 min,加强吸收硫化物。该方法用于水中硫化物和二硫化碳分离测定的回收率均达到90%以上。[结论]该方法可用于水中硫化物和二硫化碳两种物质同时存在时的分离及测定,且抽气分离装置简单、操作方便。     

Carbonyl sulfide: potential agent of atmospheric sulfur corrosion

Laboratory exposure experiments demonstrate that carbonyl sulfide in wet air corrodes copper at 22 degrees C at a rate that is approximately linear with total exposure (the product of exposure time and carbonyl sulfide concentration). The corrosion rate is similar to that of hydrogen sulfide, a widely recognized corrodant. The much greater average atmospheric abundance of carbonyl sulfide compared with that of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide suggests that carbonyl sulfide may be a major agent of atmospheric sulfur corrosion.     

Organogenic elements and compounds in surface samples from the sea of tranquillity

Organogenic elements, mainly carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur are present in the particulate material and in a breccia rock from Tranquillity Base in amounts ranging from 5 to 4200 parts per million. The major compounds of carbon released by heating are carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; the former predominates. Small amounts of other compounds of carbon have also been observed. Sulfur can be released as hydrogen sulfide by treatment with acid. The carbon isotopic delta(13L)C values are definitely nonterrestrial (+ 13 to + 18.5 per mil).     

Directional dynamics in the photodissociation of oriented molecules

We observed directional dynamics in the photodissociation of an oriented molecule. When a laser dissociated hexapole-oriented carbonyl sulfide molecules, the three-dimensional recoil of carbon monoxide fragments, which we measured with ion imaging, was strongly asymmetric. We obtained a microscopic view of molecular bond breaking that revealed both the sign and the magnitude of the deflection angle of the fragment in the molecular frame. This experimental approach can be applied to study and control the three-dimensional dynamics of photoinitiated reactions of fixed molecules or molecules oriented by emerging techniques.     

Is there any chlorine monoxide in the stratosphere?

A ground-based search for stratospheric chlorine monoxide was carried out during May and October 1981 with an infrared heterodyne spectrometer in the solar absorption mode. Lines due to stratospheric nitric acid and tropospheric carbonyl sulfide were detected at about 0.2 percent absorptance levels, but the expected 0.1 percent lines of chlorine monoxide in this same region were not seen. Stratospheric chlorine monoxide is less abundant by at least a factor of 7 than is indicated by in situ measurements, and the upper limit for the integrated vertical column density of chlorine monoxide is 2.3 x 10(13) molecules per square centimeter at the 95 percent confidence level. These results imply that the release of chlorofluorocarbons may be significantly less important for the destruction of stratospheric ozone than is currently thought.     

Carbon monoxide in rainwater

Concentrations of carbon monoxide in rainwater collected at widely diverse locations show up to a 200-fold supersaturation relative to the partial pressure of the gas in the atmosphere. These results indicate the existence of an additional natural source of carbon monoxide not heretofore considered. Production of carbon monoxide in clouds is tentatively attributed to the photochemical oxidation of organic matter or the slight dissociation of carbon dioxide induced by electrical discharges, or both. Methane concentrations measured in the same rainwater show that the partitioning of this gas, unlike that of carbon monoxide, is very close to a state of equilibrium.     

Microwave measurement of mesospheric carbon monoxide

Ground-based observation of atmospheric absorption of solar radiation at a wavelength of 2.6 millimeters has provided the first measurement of mesospheric carbon monoxide. The measurement agrees with photochemical predictions of a carbon monoxide source in the lower thermosphere due to dissociation of carbon dioxide by solar radiation, and has implications for the magnitude of vertical transport in the mesosphere.     

河源独头火蒜与独头蒜挥发成分测定

[目的]了解河源火蒜与普通蒜的香气成分差异。[方法]采用静态顶空进样-气相色谱-质谱联用法(SHS-GC-MS)对河源独头火蒜和独头蒜的挥发性物质及含量进行分析。[结果]该试验条件下,共检出独头蒜挥发性风味成分主要有23种,12种为含硫化合物,其中主要成分是二烯丙基三硫醚(25.11%)、二烯丙基二硫醚(19.78%)、3,4-二甲基-1,2-二硫环戊烯酮(18.65%)、二氧化硫(5.20%)、3-乙烯基-1,2-二硫环戊烯(2.61%)、烯丙基甲基硫醚(2.31%)、2-乙烯基-1,3-二噻烷(2.07%)、2-恶唑烷硫酮(2.00%)、甲硫基乙腈(1.78%)、硫氰酸乙酯(1.28%),共占总含量81.73%;共检出独头火蒜主要挥发性风味成分也为23种,14种为含硫化合物,其中主要成分是二烯丙基三硫醚(38.03%)、二烯丙基二硫醚(22.63%)、3-乙烯基-1,2-二硫环戊烯(7.95%)、3,4-二甲基-1,2-二硫环戊烯酮(7.55%)、二氧化硫(4.08%)、甲硫基乙腈(4.04%)、二烯丙基硫醚(2.99%)、异硫氰甲酸甲酯(2.08%)、硫氰酸乙酯(1.49%)、烯丙基甲基硫醚(1.41%)、硫化丙烯(1.25%)、2-乙烯基-1,3-二噻烷(1.15%),共占总含量95.59%。[结论]河源独头火蒜的挥发性物质的数量和含量比普通独头蒜都高。     

Mariner 6: ultraviolet spectrum of Mars upper atmosphere

Emission features from ionized carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were measured in the 1900- to 4300-angstrom spectral region. The Lyman alpha 1216-angstrom line of atomic hydrogen and the 1304-, 1356-, and 2972-angstrom lines of atomic oxygen were observed.     

Air pollutant emissions from kerosene space heaters

Air pollutant emissions from portable convective and radiant kerosene space heaters were measured in an environmental chamber. Emission factors for nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen depletion are presented. The data suggest that the use of such heaters in residences can result in exposures to air pollutants in excess of ambient air quality standards and in some cases in excess of occupational health standards.     

Titan: discovery of carbon monoxide in its atmosphere

The 3-0 rotation-vibration band of carbon monoxide in the near-infrared spectrum of Titan has been identified, and a reflecting layer model mixing ratio of carbon monoxide to molecular nitrogen of 6 x 10(-5) has been determined. This result supports the probable detection of carbon dioxide by Samuelson and his co-workers and strengthens possible analogies between the atmosphere of Titan and conditions on primitive Earth.     

Gaseous constituents in the plume from eruptions of mount st. Helens

Measurements in the stratosphere of gaseous constituents in the plume of Mount St. Helens were obtained during five flights of the NASA U-2 aircraft between 19 May and 17 June 1980. Mixing ratios from gas chromatographic measurements on samples acquired about 24 hours after the initial eruption show considerable enhancement over nonvolcanic concentrations for sulfur dioxide (more than 1000 times), methyl chloride (about 10 times), and carbon disulfide (more than 3 times). The mixing ratio of carbonyl sulfide was comparable to nonvolcanic mixing ratios although 3 days later it was enhanced two to three times. Ion chromatography measurements on water-soluble constituents are also reported. Very large concentrations of chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions were measured, implying large mixing ratios for the water-soluble gaseous constituents from which the anions are derived. Measurements of radon-222 present in the plume are also reported.     

Venus upper atmosphere neutral gas composition: first observations of the diurnal variations

Measurements of the composition, temperature, and diurnal variations of the major neutral constituents in the thermosphere of Venus are being made with a quadrupole mass spectrometer on the Pioneer Venus orbiter. Concentrations of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, molecular nitrogen, atomic oxygen, and helium are presented, in addition to an empirical model of the data. The concentrations of the heavy gases, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and molecular nitrogen, rapidly decrease from the evening terminator toward the nightside; the concentration of atomic oxygen remains nearly constant and the helium concentration increases, an indication of a nightside bulge. The kinetic temperature inferred from scale heights drops rapidly from 230 K at the terminator to 130 K at a solar zenith angle of 120 degrees , and to 112 K at the antisolar point.     

The viking carbon assimilation experiments: interim report

A synthesis of organic matter from atmospheric carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide, or both, appears to take place in the surface material of Mars at a low rate. The synthesis appears to be thermolabile and to be inhibited by moisture.     

Ices on the surface of triton

The near-infrared spectrum of Triton reveals ices of nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide, of which nitrogen is the dominant component. Carbon dioxide ice may be spatially segregated from the other more volatile ices, covering about 10 percent of Triton's surface. The absence of ices of other hydrocarbons and nitriles challenges existing models of methane and nitrogen photochemistry on Triton.     

Stability of the martian atmosphere

A detailed chemical dynamic model is presented for a moist martian atmosphere. Recombination of carbon dioxide is catalyzed by trace amounts of water. The abundances of carbon monoxide and molecular oxygen should vary in response to changes in atmospheric water and atmospheric mixing.     

Venus: composition and structure of the visible clouds

It is proposed that the visible cloud deck on Venus is composed of droplets of sulfuric acid. These are formed by the very rapid photooxidation of carbonyl sulfide in the upper atmosphere. The clouds are best described as an extensive haze since the predicted particulate scale height probably exceeds the gas scale height within the layer. The predicted mixing ratio for water is 10(-6) (lower limit), and for both carbonyl sulfide and sulfur dioxide it is 10(-7) (upper limit); these are in good agreement with observations. Gaps in the layer are not possible unless the planetary scale dynamics produce cloud turnover times of less than a few days. Under these conditions the water mixing ratio could approach 10(-4) and the formation of a thin hydrochloric acid haze at high altitude above the main cloud is possible.     

Atmospheric halocarbons, hydrocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride: global distributions, sources, and sinks

The global distribution of fluorocarbon-12 and fluorocarbon-11 is used to establish a relatively fast interhemispheric exchange rate of 1 to 1.2 years. Atmospheric residence times of 65 to 70 years for fluorocarbon-12 and 40 to 45 years for fluorocarbon-l1 best fit the observational data. These residence times rule out the possibility of any significant missing sinks that may prevent these fluorocarbons from entering the stratosphere. Atmospheric measurements of methyl chloroform support an 8-to 10-year residence time and suggest global average hydroxyl radical (HO) concentrations of 3 x 10(5) to 4 x 10(5) molecules per cubic centimeter. These are a factor of 5 lower than predicted by models. Additionally, methyl chloroform global distribution supports Southern Hemispheric HO levels that are a factor of 1.5 or more larger than the Northern Hemispheric values. The long residence time and the rapid growth of methyl chloroform cause it to be a potentially significant depleter of stratospheric ozone. The oceanic sink for atmospheric carbon tetrachloride is about half as important as the stratospheric sink. A major source of methyl chloride (3 x 10(12)grams per year), sufficient to account for nearly all the atmospheric methyl chloride, has been identified in the ocean.     

Chalcocite Oxidation and Coupled Carbon Dioxide Fixation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

The reaction of cell suspensions of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans with pulverized chalcocite (Cu(2)S) in a Warburg manometric apparatus resulted in oxygen uptake accompanied by increased solubilization of copper and fixation of carbon dioxide. Since the only detectable oxidized products were cupric ions and the more oxidized form of the sulfide mineral, that is, digenite or covellite, the apparent source of energy for the carbon dioxide fixation was provided by the oxidation of the cuprous copper of the chalcocite.