基于电子鼻的番茄成熟度及贮藏时间评价的研究

该文探讨了采用电子鼻系统对不同成熟度的番茄进行评价和对不同成熟度番茄在贮藏期间气味变化的电子鼻检测进行了研究。在按颜色进行成熟度区分时,从主成分分析(PCA)和线性判别式分析(LDA)中可以得到,电子鼻可以较好地区分半熟期和成熟期、完熟期的番茄,但成熟期、完熟期的番茄有部分区域发生重叠。按坚实度指标对番茄成熟度进行重新评价后,分析显示电子鼻可以区分坚实度的差异,当采用PCA方法分析时,电子鼻可以100%地区分不同成熟度的番茄。对不同成熟度番茄在贮藏期间电子鼻检测的研究表明:成熟期的番茄在贮藏1～6d、7～11d、14～17d之间可以较好地进行区分;完熟期的番茄采用LDA法在1～5d、6～11d、14～17d之间可以较好地进行区分。     

不同冰温条件对长期贮藏牛肉品质和货架期的影响研究

该研究旨在探究标准冰温（实验室恒温条件,-2～0 ℃）和商业冰温（工厂冰温库（-4～4 ℃））对长期贮藏牛肉品质的影响,以此明确当前商业冰温条件对牛肉的保鲜效果。试验测定了贮藏期间（20周）两种冰温条件下真空包装牛肉的pH值、肉色、微生物菌落数、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N）、脂肪氧化和感官品质等指标。结果表明：2种冰温条件下,牛肉在20周的贮藏期内均可以维持良好的肉色及感官品质。贮藏第9周时,商业冰温条件下牛肉样品的菌落总数和TVB-N值就已分别达到7.09 lg CFU/cm2和15.59 mg/100g。而标准冰温条件下的牛肉样品在贮藏期间其菌落总数始终低于7.00 lg CFU/cm2,TVB-N值在贮藏第12周时才超出限量阈值（≤15 mg/100 g）,达到16.66 mg/100 g。总体来看,标准冰温条件对真空包装牛肉的保鲜效果更佳,依据TVB-N值的限量标准,建议标准冰温和商业冰温条件下牛肉的货架期分别不超过9周和12周。     

Optimization of application of delactosed whey permeate treatment to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut tomato using response surface methodology

Optimization of delactosed whey permeate (DWP) treatment for fresh-cut tomato was accomplished by evaluating different quality, nutritional and microbial markers. Response surface methodology was applied to obtain polynomial model equations. DWP concentration (0-5%) and storage (0-10 days) were used as independent factors in order to optimize the process. The analyses showed that increases in DWP concentration extended the quality of the fresh-cut tomato significantly (p<0.05) by maintaining texture and antioxidant activity (FRAP) and controlling the spoilage during the storage. The total aerobic counts and yeast and molds were reduced by ～1.5 log cfu/g and ～1.0 log cfu/g respectively after 10 days of storage treated with 3% DWP. Ascorbic acid and lycopene were retained best within the range of 3 to 5% of DWP treatment. However, concentrations>3% were scored unacceptable by the sensory panel due to perceived off-odors. Predicted models were highly significant (p<0.05) for all the markers studied in fresh-cut tomato with high regression coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.79 to 0.99. The study recommends the use of DWP at a concentration of 3% to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut tomato by preserving its quality and antioxidant properties during storage.     

Modeling the secondary shelf life of ground roasted coffee

This work was addressed to study the secondary shelf life of ground roasted coffee. To this purpose, fresh dark-roasted ground coffee samples were equilibrated at increasing water activity (aw) values up to 0.44 and stored at 30 degrees C for up to 1 month. To simulate home storage conditions, the headspace atmosphere was periodically perturbed by opening for a short time and then closing the packaging. The changes of some chemical and physicochemical indexes of coffee staling were studied, and sensory analysis was carried out to determine the end point of coffee acceptability. The results showed that the volatile compounds in the headspace are representative indexes of the quality depletion of roasted ground coffee during home usage. The sensory and instrumental results were used to develop a mathematical model allowing to simply and quickly calculate the secondary shelf life of coffee on the basis of its aw value at a given temperature.     

Ozonated water extends the shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce

The use of ozonated water as a sanitizer to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce and the effect on the antioxidant constituents (polyphenols and vitamin C) were investigated. Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was washed at 4 degrees C using three different ozonated water dips [10, 20, and 10 activated by ultraviolet C (UV-C) light mg L(-1) min total ozone dose], and the dips were compared with water and chlorine rinses. Treated lettuce was packaged in air or active modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (4 kPa of O2 + 12 kPa of CO2 balanced with N2) and stored for 13 days at 4 degrees C. Despite its strong oxidizing activity, ozonated water did not stimulate the respiratory activity of fresh-cut lettuce. Moreover, ozonated water maintained the initial visual appearance of fresh-cut lettuce and controlled browning during storage in air. Initially, ozonated water and chlorine reduced the total mesophilic population by 1.6 and 2.1 log, respectively, when compared with water. Active MAP was effective in controlling total microbial growth, achieving 2.0 log reduction in relation to samples stored in air at the end of storage. On the other hand, active MAP caused a 2.0-3.5 reduction of coliforms on sanitized samples compared with water-washed samples. The most efficient treatments were ozone 20 and ozone 10 activated by UV-C, which were as effective as chlorine. Changes in individual phenolic compounds were independent of the washing treatments. In air, chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acid contents increased noticeably after 13 days while monocaffeoyltartaric and dicaffeoyltartaric acids remained unchanged. MAP effectively suppressed accumulation of caffeoylquinic derivatives, whereas caffeoyltartaric derivatives decreased during MAP storage to reach similar levels. The content of vitamin C (ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid) decreased during storage, particularly under MAP. Ozonated water could be an alternative sanitizer to chlorine for fresh-cut lettuce due to good retention of sensorial quality and browning control with no detrimental reduction in the antioxidant constituents.     

预测牛乳货架期的时间--温度指示器的研制

利用生物化学方法实验研究了牛乳品质与存放温度、时间的关系,并根据菌落总数和酸度作为依据得出时间-温度-货架期曲线。应用单片机技术,研制出能实测和记录冷藏链时间-温度变化和剩余货架期的指示器。以期实现冷藏链中牛乳的品质监测。研究结果表明,存放过程中,菌落总数随着温度的升高和时间的延长而增加,新鲜度随温度的升高和时间的延长而降低。对于经历了不同温度-时间存放的牛乳,应用指示器实测的剩余货架期和生物化学实验得到的结果相比,偏差在0.5 d以内。当牛乳剩余货架期少于1 d时,指示器发出声音报警。     

电子鼻检测鸡蛋货架期新鲜度变化

该文旨在通过气味检测鸡蛋的新鲜度。利用德国AIRSENSE公司PEN3型电子鼻对鸡蛋在20℃,70%相对湿度条件下罗曼鸡蛋货架期的气味进行了无损检测。通过测定哈夫单位,建立了不同货架期气味与鸡蛋哈夫单位等级的对应关系。首先,分析并对比了第0天与第36天的完整鸡蛋与蛋液所产生气体的变化情况,确定氨氧化物、烷烃和醇类等是鸡蛋贮藏中产生的恶化气体。其次,结合电子鼻,利用主成分分析、线性判别等多元统计方法进行数据分析,对不同货架期、不同等级的鸡蛋进行归类区分,发现线性判别（LDA）效果优于主成分分析法（PCA）。结合载荷分析,确认了检测鸡蛋新鲜度的主要传感器S1、S2、S3、S5、S6、S8。初步证明了气体传感器和模式识别方法在电子鼻区分鸡蛋货架期新鲜度的可行性,为建立利用气体传感器监控鸡蛋新鲜度的方法提供实验基础和理论依据。     

养殖鱼类货架期预测系统的设计与评估

以自然污染养殖罗非鱼贮藏在0℃、5℃、10℃、15℃过程中的特定腐败菌-假单胞菌生长动态数据,建立假单胞菌在0～15℃温度范围的生长动力学模型,选用Visual Basic为程序编写工具,建立了用于罗非鱼冷却链鲜品流通品质监控和剩余货架期预测的专家系统(FSLP)。剩余货架期预测值与实测值的可靠性评估表明,相对误差在±10%以内,显示建立的预测系统可以快速可靠地实时预测养殖罗非鱼的鲜度和剩余货架期。该研究采用以自然污染鱼得到试验数据建立特定腐败菌生长动力学模型的方法,增加了预测的准确度,并较好地解决了在波动温度下预测微生物生长相对困难的难题,提高了预报系统的实际应用价值。该预测系统为设计和评估生鲜鱼品冷却链的技术参数,预测和监控冷却链生鲜鱼的鲜度品质提供一种迅速而有效的工具。     

1-methylcyclopropene increases storability and shelf life in climacteric and nonclimacteric plums

The effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) at three different doses (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 microL L(-1)) on the ripening processes of a climacteric, cv. Santa Rosa, and a suppressed climacteric type, cv. Golden Japan, plum was studied. For both cultivars, positive effects were observed in terms of inhibition of ethylene production and delays of the physical, chemical, and biochemical changes associated with ripening. 1-MCP-treated plums were firmer with lower weight loss, reduced degrees Brix/titratable acidity ratios, and lower color changes during cold storage and subsequent shelf life at 20 degrees C than controls. For most factors, the effectiveness of 1-MCP was dose-dependent in Santa Rosa but dose-independent for Golden Japan.     

伽马辐照对冰藏大黄鱼品质和货架期的影响

为探索伽马辐照处理对冰藏鲜鱼的保鲜效果,试验分析了大黄鱼冰藏期间微生物、生化指标和感官指标的变化,探讨了低剂量辐照处理（1 kGy和2 kGy）对大黄鱼品质和货架期的影响。结果表明,辐照处理后大黄鱼的菌落总数、假单胞菌和产硫化氢细菌数量显著减少;在贮藏期间辐照处理的大黄鱼各种菌数量始终比对照组少;辐照处理可显著减缓大黄鱼挥发性盐基氮和三甲胺的增加;但会促进脂肪的氧化,2 kGy组大黄鱼在贮藏后期能闻到脂肪酸败的味道,而 1 kGy组和对照组大黄鱼始终没有闻到这种味道。辐照处理可增加大黄鱼的货架期,对照组货架期为17 d,而辐照剂量为1 kGy和2 kGy的货架期可延长至30 d和26 d。本试验为辐照商业化应用提供了技术依据。     

Stability and sensory shelf life of orange juice pasteurized by continuous ohmic heating

Electrical heating of food products provides rapid and uniform heating, resulting in less thermal damage to the product. The objective of this research was to examine the effects of ohmic heating on the stability of orange juice with comparison to conventional pasteurization. During storage at 4 degrees C, degradation curves of ascorbic acid followed a linear decrease pattern in both ohmic-heated and conventionally pasteurized orange juices. For five representative flavor compounds (decanal, octana, limonene, pinene, and myrcene), higher concentrations were measured during storage in the ohmic-heated orange juice than in conventionally pasteurized juice. Although residual pectin esterase activity remained negligible in both types of juices, particle size was lower in the ohmic-heated orange juice. The sensory shelf life was determined by using the Weibull-Hazard method. Although both thermal treatments prevented the growth of microorganisms for 105 days, the sensory shelf life of ohmic-treated orange juice was >100 days and was almost 2 times longer than that of conventionally pasteurized juice.     

莲子淀粉品质对莲子汁流变特性和保质期影响的研究

淀粉品质是影响淀粉类食品品质的主要因素,优选低含量直链淀粉的莲子为原料是确保莲子产品品质的关键。本研究收集了中国具有代表性的22个野生及栽培莲子品种,并测定各品种直链淀粉含量(AC),按AC梯度从中选择7个莲子品种为原料分别制作莲子汁,研究莲子汁的流变特性和贮存过程中淀粉返生所致的流变性质变化,利用逐步回归法,建立莲子汁返生沉淀量与直链淀粉含量、贮存时间之间的数学模型。结果表明：莲子直链淀粉含量品种间差异较大,莲子汁为假塑性流体,淀粉在返生过程中黏度呈下降趋势,直链淀粉含量越高,黏度在贮存初期下降越快。莲子汁返生沉淀量与直链淀粉含量、贮存时间之间的数学模型为：Y=0.5107exp(0.020T-7.562×10^-5T²+9.955×10^-8T³+0.05C-0.001C²),该模型为莲子汁保质期预测和莲子优质育种目标提供理论依据,同时对淀粉质食品深加工开发也具有重要的参考价值。     

基于电子鼻的带鱼货架期预测模型

为探索通过气味分析判断海产品贮藏品质的方法,利用电子鼻对带鱼在不同贮藏温度与贮藏时间下的挥发性气味变化进行了分析,对所获数据进行了主成分分析与货架期分析,并与理化品质指标值挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVBN）相联系,建立了带鱼在273～283 K下的货架期预测模型。结果表明：电子鼻18个金属传感器能很好地将贮藏于273与283 K下的带鱼随着贮藏时间变化的气味进行区分。贮藏于不同温度条件下的带鱼的TVBN值与菌落总数值均随着贮藏时间的增加而增长,且均符合一级化学动力学模型（R2＞0.9）。基于电子鼻货架期分析获得的273～283 K下的气味变化结果与该温度下理化品质指标变化具有较好的对应关系,采用Arrhenius动力学模型推导公式求得带鱼在（273～283 K）温度段内TVBN的Q10（温差为10 K的货架寿命之比）值,对照该温度段下电子鼻货架期分析获得的气味变化货架期分析值,得到带鱼在该温度段内的Q10货架期预测模型,经验证,其预测误差小于20%。可根据获得的货架期预测模型对带鱼在273～283 K条件下的货架期进行预测。     

外源添加物对自制生物有机肥保存期的影响

生物有机肥是传统有机肥和菌肥二者的有机结合体,研究乳酸和柠檬酸两种外源添加物对生物有机肥保存期间产品品质的影响,具有较为重要的实践价值。结果表明,添加乳酸和柠檬酸后,生物有机肥的品质在6 个月后仍能满足我国生物有机肥标准(NY 884-2012),其中,活菌数分别为0.6 亿和0.8 亿CFU/g,而对照处理有机肥在第5 个月结束时的活菌数仅为0.001 亿CFU/g,低于标准规定的0.2 亿CFU/g。与添加乳酸相比,柠檬酸的添加更有利于保存期间生物有机肥品质的提高,氮磷养分及小分子有机物氨基酸的含量均高于添加乳酸的处理,分别为5.76 和128.95 mg/g。     

采后褪黑素处理对鲜切花椰菜保鲜品质及货架期的影响

为研究采后外源性褪黑素处理对鲜切花椰菜货架期间品质及生理的影响,试验以雪白花椰菜为材料,拟从中筛选出有效的使用浓度,进而从生理、细胞和基因表达水平解析褪黑素对鲜切花椰菜保鲜品质的调节作用,以期为探索鲜切花椰菜保鲜和衰老调控的有效途径提供科学依据.采用0.05、0.10、0.50 mmol/L褪黑素溶液浸泡鲜切花椰菜...     

Effect of hexanal on the shelf life of fresh apple slices.

In this work the effects of hexanal, as a component of packaging atmosphere, on the shelf life of and evolution of naturally occurring microbial populations in fresh apple slices during storage at 4 and 15 degrees C were evaluated. Although hexanal had no bactericidal effects, in all conditions considered, this volatile molecule significantly extended the shelf life. In fact, the presence of hexanal in the storage atmosphere (at 4 degrees C) totally inhibited mesophilic bacteria and considerably prolonged the lag phase of psychrotrophic bacteria. Also, at 15 degrees C, hexanal strongly inhibited molds, yeasts, and mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria. Moreover, hexanal led to a yeast selection favoring species having a reduced spoilage potential due to their prevalent respiratory activity. When added to a modified atmosphere (70% N(2) and 30% CO(2)), this molecule was also very effective in preventing browning reactions for at least 16 days at 15 degrees C. No changes in hue angle values were observed in samples packaged in modified atmosphere with hexanal, even after 16 days of storage at 4 degrees C.     

葡萄籽提取物对无淀粉火腿肠保质期的影响

为了探讨葡萄籽提取物对无淀粉火腿肠保质期的影响,将葡萄籽提取物配成质量分数为0.05%、0.10%、0.15%和0.20%的溶液,添加于火腿肠中,于0～4℃贮藏,测定细菌总数、pH值等的变化。结果表明：在贮藏过程中,添加葡萄籽提取物火腿肠的感官品质明显好于对照样;处理样的细菌总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N值）、硫代巴比妥酸（TBA值）和黄色值（b*）明显低于对照组,亮度（L*）和红色值（a*）明显高于对照组;葡萄籽提取物的浓度越高,对细菌总数、pH值、L*的影响越明显,但对TVB-N值、TBA值、a*和b*的影响没有明显规律;从生产成本和使用效果综合考虑,建议生产中使用质量分数为0.20%的葡萄籽提取物。     

Effect of oxygen on volatile and sensory characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon during secondary shelf life

The oxidation of Cabernet Sauvignon wines during secondary shelf life was studied by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-qMS) and sensory tests, with the support of multivariate statistical analyses such as OPLS-DA loading plot and PCA score plot. Four different oxidation conditions were established during a 1-week secondary shelf life. Samples collected on a regular basis were analyzed to determine the changes of volatile chemicals, with sensory characteristics evaluated through pattern recognition models. During secondary shelf life the separation among collected samples depended on the degree of oxidation in wine. Isoamyl acetate, ethyl decanoate, nonanoic acid, n-decanoic acid, undecanoic acid, 2-furancarboxylic acid, dodecanoic acid, and phenylacetaldehyde were determined to be associated with the oxidation of the wine. PCA sensory evaluation revealed that least oxidized wine and fresh wine was well-separated from more oxidized wines, demonstrating that sensory characteristics of less oxidized wines tend toward "fruity", "citrous", and "sweetness", while those of more oxidized wines are positively correlated with "animal", "bitterness", and "dairy". The study also demonstrates that OPLS-DA and PCA are very useful statistical tools for the understanding of wine oxidation.