Assessing morphological and isozyme variation of jackfruit (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Artocarpus heterophyllus</Emphasis> Lam.) in Bangladesh

A farmers’ participatory survey was carried out in five different agroecosystems of Bangladesh to obtain information on the genetic diversity, consumers preferences for fruit quality and to assess the data to select potentially superior genotypes of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.). A wide variation in morpho-agronomic characters was identified from farmers’ information and also from laboratory analyses. Multivariate analysis of the data produced four discrete groups, represented by trees from different agroecological zones and soil types. Characteristics such as weight; length; diameter; girth of fruits; number of bulbs per fruit; percentage of pulp; percentage of rachis (core); and percentage of rind (peel) were found to be poorly correlated with environmental factors indicating that these characters may be genetically controlled. Other characters, such as seed weight, bulb weight, and brix (%) were found to be affected by environmental and genetic factors. Isozyme analysis of 50 accessions confirmed results obtained from field studies of morpho-agronomic characters. Ten potentially superior types were selected on the basis of yield, fruiting season, flesh colour, texture, sweetness, and farmers’ preference for recommendation to producers.     

海南省不同产区对越南油茶栽培性状的影响分析

为了探讨海南省不同产区的越南油茶在农艺性状和经济性状上的差异特点,本文对来自8个不同产区的越南油茶成年实生丰产树样本开展农艺性状和经济性状的调查和测定,比较不同产区间的差异。结果表明,不同产区的单株叶片和果实大小、果皮厚度等农艺性状差异显著,但叶片和果实形状无显著差异;种子数、百粒重、单位树冠面积产量等经济性状差异显著;各产区油茶油的过氧化值、皂化值和碘值差异显著,但酸价无显著差异;各产区油茶油的主要脂肪酸组成相似,但花生酸、花生-烯酸、硬脂酸这些小比重脂肪酸差异显著;理化性质和脂肪酸组成均符合《油茶籽油》(GB/T11765—2018)的质量要求,其中XS、HC、MN和HD等产区的油茶油各有表现特殊的品质因素;对全部样品作聚类分析,聚类结果打破了产区分布特征。可见,环境和基因型通过影响农艺性状如果实和种子大小等产量性状;海南不同产区的油茶油均为优质油,同时不同产区又有其特色;海南产区越南油茶的育种目标以丰产性、稳产性和抗性等的遗传改良为主。     

山杏果的表型多样性研究

以山杏果为研究对象,在山杏的主要分布区庆阳地区,调查了138株山杏果实的7个表型性状.利用方差分析和变异系数研究了其在此分布区内的变异情况.方差分析结果表明,山杏果各表型性状的差异都极显著.变异系数分析结果表明：试验区内山杏果的单果质量、单果大小、单核质量、果肉厚、单仁质量、出核率及出仁率7个表型性状在不同个体之间存在着较大的变异幅度,但各指标的变异幅度不一致,表型性状变异系数从大到小依次为单果大小、单果质量、单核质量、出核率、单仁质量、果肉厚、出仁率.     

文冠果人工种群的果实表型多样性及其变异

以文冠果果实为研究对象,调查了研究区内44株文冠果果实的19个表型性状,利用变异系数、方差分析和相关分析研究了调查区内文冠果人工种群的变异情况。方差和变异系数分析结果表明,研究区内文冠果果实表型性状差异都极显著,并在不同个体之间存在很大的变异幅度。其中,单株结果量和种子产量变异最大(变异系数大于76%),其次是单果质量、单果种质量和单果仁质量(变异系数约30%),再次是单果出种数和果柄长度(变异系数大于20%),而种子长、种子宽、种形比和心室数变异较小(变异系数低于10%),种仁出油率变异最小(变异系数6.13%);单株间丰产性差异明显,并具有一定的遗传稳定性。相关性分析结果表明,文冠果人工种群果实不同性状的相关性不一样并差异显著,其中果长、果宽、果质量、种质量、仁质量、种子长、出种数、出种率、千粒质量和果柄粗的相关性强,与多个性状呈显著相关,而果形比、出仁率、结果量和种子产量与个别性状呈显著相关,果实心室数和果柄长相关性最弱,与所有性状相关性不显著。     

文冠果表型性状的相关性及主成分分析

文冠果种子产量低,这是制约其大力开发与利用的瓶颈。为给文冠果优良品种的选育和文冠果资源评价和利用提供科学依据,对新疆维吾尔自治区奇台县的160株文冠果单株的种子质量、结果个数、果实质量等21个性状指标进行了调查,并采用变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析等分析方法,对影响其产量的主要因素进行了探讨。变异分析结果表明:被调查的160株文冠果单株各性状指标间均存在明显差异;其中,单株结果个数的变异系数最大,为82.98%;叶密度的变异系数最小,为8.77%。相关性分析结果表明:单株种子质量与树高、地径、冠幅、果实纵径、种子长、单果种子质量、单株结果个数、单株果实质量、百果质量、百粒种子质量、叶长、叶宽、叶面积、果皮厚度、单果种子粒数及种子宽之间均存在显著正相关。主成分分析结果表明:从21个性状指标中提取了7个主成分,即单果产量、单株产量、果实产量、叶形、种形、果形、树形这7个因子,其累积贡献率达74.693%;依据各主成分贡献率的大小,在育种中可选择单果种子质量大、单株结果个数多、单株果实质量大、叶长、种子长、果纵径长、冠幅大的单株作为优良高产植株。     

Phenotypic variation of baobab (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Adansonia digitata</Emphasis> L.) fruit traits in Mali

We analyzed the phenotypic variation of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruits from Mali to define the domestication potential of this species. 269 trees, selected from 10 provenances distributed along a rainfall gradient, were characterized. Five fruits were sampled from each tree. Total individual fruit weight was partitioned into shell, pulp, and seed weight. Ratios were calculated between pulp + seed and total weight, and between pulp and seed weight. For all the measured fruit traits, we detected significant differences between provenances, as well as between trees from the same provenance. Assuming that the measured traits are under genetic control, the latter facts indicate that there are considerable opportunities for tree selection on a local scale. However, candidate plus trees with specific properties, e.g., extremely high pulp or seed weight, were found only in some locations. Mean pulp yield per fruit might be considerably increased by selecting the 5% trees with the highest pulp weight (mean: 45 ± 1 g, best 5%: >100 g). The same might be true for seed production (mean: 71 ± 2 g, best 5%: >150 g). Also the ratio between pulp and seed weight can be an important fruit characteristic for selection: in fruits with a low ratio, relatively more pulp sticks to the seeds when separating the two fruit parts by grinding, and thus more pulp will be lost for further processing. We identified several trees with a high pulp weight combined with a high ratio between pulp and seed weight. It is concluded that there is considerable phenotypic variability in traits of baobab fruit in Mali, offering opportunities for cultivar selection.     

Screening <Emphasis Type="Italic">Azadirachta indica</Emphasis> tree for enhancing azadirachtin and oil contents in dry areas of Gujarat,India

Azadirachta indica seed samples were collected from four different agro-ecological regions(AERs) viz.,AER-2,AER-4,AER-5A and AER-5B of Gujarat state,India during 2000 to 2002 with an aim to assess variability in azadirachtin,oil and fatty acids content of the seeds and assess correlation of these parameters with morphological characters.Azadirachtin,oil and fatty acids content indicated significant(p<0.01) variations between years and AERs in Gujarat.The azadirachtin ranged from 142 to 9 527 μg·g-1 seed kernel with an average of 2 426 μg·g-1 for the state.AER-5B recorded highest azadirachtin and oil content.Fatty acid composition was found to be affected by environmental factors particularly varying degree of annual rainfall and temperature during fruit ripening period.Conclusively trees growing in AER-5B performed better in term of azadirachtin,oil and stearic acid content.Tree girth at breast height showed no significant relation with these biochemicals.     

药食两用黄栀子农艺性状的比较及其相关性

为给黄栀子的资源评价及良种选育提供理论参考和指导,对引种栽培的各类型黄栀子的树高、冠幅、叶片性状、果实表型性状以及单株产量等主要农艺性状进行了评价及相关性分析。结果表明:各类型黄栀子农艺性状间差异显著,主要经济性状间存在极显著差异。LH黄栀子多数农艺性状均优于其它类型黄栀子。在果实纵横径、单株果数以及单株产量等方面尤为明显。黄栀子单果鲜质量及单株果数与单株产量呈极显著相关性,相关系数分别可达0.989和0.929;果实纵横径、树高及冠幅与单株产量相关性均达到极显著水平,但萼长及叶片相关性状与产量相关性不显著。     

秸杆覆盖对梨树树体营养及果实产量与品质的影响

为探讨南方梨园秸杆覆盖对梨树树体营养及梨果产量品质的直接影响,进行了梨园秸秆覆盖田间试验以及叶、果室内理化分析.结果表明:秸秆覆盖可使梨树单叶面积提高5.1%～8.4%、叶绿素含量15.4%、叶绿素a/b值2.53%,有利于增强树体的光合作用,促进树体生长发育;秸秆覆盖可使叶片中N、P、K含量提高12.3%～26.8%,同时也可提高其它矿质营养元素的含量,改善树体的营养水平;秸秆覆盖还有利于果实生长发育,可使单果重提高2.8%～5.4%,单株产量提高4.6%～10.2%;可提高果实的糖酸比、改善砂梨的风味,从而提高果实品质.     

Variability of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) fruits’ physical characteristics and nutrient content in the West African Sahel

The present study was carried out to evaluate variability in fruit characteristics and nutritional quality of Baobab fruits with the aim of providing the background to select trees bearing fruit with desirable characteristics for further utilisation. Vitamin C, total sugar and ash contents were assessed in 178 Baobab fruit samples from 11 sites in Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. Furthermore the following tree and fruit physical characteristics were recorded: tree height, bark colour, fruit size, pulp weight, seed weight, seed size and pulp colour. The content (mean?±?SD) of vitamin C was 4.78?±?1.02?g?kg^?1, sugar 514?±?72?g?kg^?1 and fruit weight 293?±?96?g. There was a significant correlation between annual precipitation of the tree population site and vitamin C content but not with sugar content. For sugar, there were significant positive correlations with latitude and longitude. Negative correlations were found between fruit size and both longitude and latitude with smaller fruits generally being found to the north/east. No relation was found between pulp or bark colour and the sugar or vitamin C content. The contents of protein, lipid, carbohydrates, ash and moisture in the seeds ranged from 156 to 159, 143 to 150, 641 to 652, 44 to 49 and 50 to 55.7?g?kg^?1 respectively. The variation for vitamin C and sugar found within populations is a first indication that valuable gains could be made by selection of superior trees.     

高亚油酸含量油茶优良无性系的选育

在全国油茶优良无性系评选鉴定标准和方法的基础上,开展油茶产量和油脂品质及其相关特征性状的研究.结果表明:油茶产量和品质没有明显的相关性.油茶无性系间主要经济性状指标具有差异性和遗传稳定性,产油量与鲜果含油率和种仁含油率成极显著正相关,与脂肪酸组分间无明显相关,油酸与亚油酸、亚麻酸和棕榈酸成极显著负相关,亚油酸与鲜出籽率和棕榈酸成极显著正相关.本研究在茶油产量(750 kg·hm-2以上)和油脂品质(亚油酸含量8.5%以上)双重指标体系控制下,从60个油茶无性系中选育出赣石848,赣6,赣68,赣兴46,赣石834,赣71等6个高亚油酸油茶优良无性系,入选无性系产油量平均为1 063.1 kg·hm-2,油酸含量80.0%,亚油酸含量9.7%.     

山桐子优良无性系选择初步评价

以20个山桐子无性系为研究对象,通过分析其生长量、结实量、含油率等性状差异进而评价筛选优良无性系。结果表明:不同无性系间的果穗性状、果实表型、果实含油率存在显著差异;果穗长宽与果穗重相关性极显著,果实大小显著影响单果重量的大小;利用主成分分析法,综合评选出6个优良无性系,入选率30%,入选无性系具有含油率高、结实量大、树体健壮等特点。本研究筛选的山桐子优良无性系为四川地区选育良种或品种提供良好物质基础。     

Domestication potential of Marula (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerocarya birrea</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">caffra</Emphasis>) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple trait selection

An understanding of the inter-relationships between the traits characterising tree-to-tree variation in fruits and kernels is fundamental to the development of selected cultivars based on multiple trait selection. Using data from previously characterised marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and North Central Region of Namibia, this study examines the relationships between the different traits (fruit pulp, flesh/juice mass, and nut shell and kernel mass) as a means to determine the opportunities to develop cultivars. Strong and highly significant relationships were found between fruit mass and pulp mass in trees from South Africa and Namibia, indicating that size is a good predictor of fruit pulp production. However, fruit size is not a good predictor of nut or kernel production, as there were weak relationships between fruit and nut and/or kernel mass, which varied between sites and landuses. Generally, the relationships between fruit mass and kernel mass were weaker than between fruit mass and nut mass. Relationships between kernel mass and shell mass were generally weak. The lack of strong relationships between fruit and kernel mass does, however, imply that there are opportunities to identify trees with either big fruits/small nuts for pulp production, or trees with large kernels in relatively small fruits for kernel oil production. However, within fruits from the same tree, nuts could contain 0–4 kernels, indicating that even in trees with an inherent propensity for large kernels, improved pollination may be required to maximise kernel mass through an increase in kernel number. Finally, the relationships between percentage kernel oil content and the measured morphological traits were also very weak. The conclusions of these results are that there is merit in identifying different combinations of traits for the selection of trees producing either pulp or kernels. Consequently, fruit and kernel ‘ideotypes’ are presented as guides to the selection of elite trees for cultivar development. These results have important implications for the domestication of the species as a producer of fruits or kernels for food/beverages or cosmetic oils.     

安徽省油茶良种的特性分析与区域配置

自1999年以来,安徽各地先后开展油茶良种选育,并取得了可喜的成绩.至2011年12月,安徽共选育出油茶良种36个,其中选育于本地的良种31个,引种良种5个.果实特征:果实颜色有红色、青色、黄色;果实形状有球形、椭圆形、桃形、尖桃形、枣型、三棱柱形、吊钟形、鸡心形等;果实成熟期有寒露籽和霜降籽.经济性状:平均鲜出籽率、出仁率和果油率分别为47.71％(65.96％～ 36.02％)、60.55％(72.6％～43.2％)和8.015％(11.56％～5.6％);安徽省内油茶良种栽培区域按果实成熟期划分,寒露籽主要在皖东和皖西北,霜降籽主要在皖西南和长江以南.     

君迁子天然群体表型变异研究

以君迁子（Diospyros lotus）的13个天然群体为研究对象,对其果实纵径、果实横径、叶片纵径、叶片横径、种子长、种子宽、种子千粒重、2年生苗高、地径等9个表型性状的变异进行研究。结果表明：君迁子性状在不同群体间的果实、叶片和种子等表型均存在变异。果实分为长椭圆形和扁椭圆形2种。叶片的表型性状在种群间和种群内都存在变异,变异系数都超过了10%。群体间种子大小差异明显,群体间种子千粒重变化很大,桑植群体的千粒重为济源群体的4.25倍;群体内比较一致,个体间种子千粒重变异系数有9个群体小于3%,12个群体小于4%。2年生苗高、地径在群体间存在显著差异,其中卢氏群体的生长表现最好,苗高为94.70 cm,地径为16.7 mm;分宜群体生长表现最差,苗高为13.05 cm,地径为2.9 mm。多数表型性状与地理因子纬度、经度成正相关,与海拔成负相关。聚类分析显示,11个君迁子群体可分为4类,群体间的分类并没有依据地理距离的远近而聚类,说明君迁子群体间表型性状变异的不连续性。     

不同种苗类型白及物候及产量研究

对球茎、种子苗两种不同类型白及苗种植后的物候进行了定株观测,并调查了两种类型种苗在不同种植密度下的产量.结果表明:两种繁殖类型的白及植株出芽、展叶期基本一致,球茎和种子苗植株出芽期、展叶期、开花期、果期持续时间差异不大,而黄枯期差异较大.不同种苗类型和不同种植密度对白及产量有显著影响.采用球茎种植的白及产量显著高于种子...     

不同有机肥配比对中秋酥脆枣光合作用及果实品质的影响

[目的]探讨海藻素、菜粕和农家绿3种有机肥的不同施肥量配比对中秋酥脆枣叶片光合作用和果实品质的影响,以期筛选出能够提高肥料利用效率、改善中秋酥脆枣果实品质的有机肥施肥配方.[方法]以6年生中秋酥脆枣嫁接苗为试材,设置4个不同梯度的施肥量(0、2.5、5.0和7.5 kg/株)、9种处理(A-I)和1个对照(CK),采用...     

普通油茶优良单株产量与主要性状的主成分分析

应用主成分分析法,由样本相关矩阵出发,对11个油茶品系单株的10个主要性状（树高、冠幅、分枝级数、果形指数、单果重、出籽率、花蕾直径、雄蕊数、雌蕊长度、产量）进行分析,以性状的累积方差贡献率达到86．52％确定了4个反映油茶主要经济性状的主成分,并通过计算品系的重要主成分值,对供试品系进行比较,进而选择综合经济性状优良的品系。表明用主成分分析法对油茶主要经济性状综合评选,比采用优良性状打分评优法科学、简便;应用主成分分析对油茶品种的选择比传统的人为打分更具有准确性和科学性,为以后油茶优良品种的选择提供了理论依据。     

大棚设施栽培对黑莓主要经济性状的影响

为给大面积推广大棚栽培黑莓提供理论依据,就黑莓的大棚设施栽培进行了试验研究。结果显示:果实成熟期提前,延长了采收时间;生长期叶片叶绿素含量与露地栽培的基本一致;浆果中可溶性固形物和色素的含量略低于露地栽培,而总酸含量却高于露地栽培;果穗和穗柄明显长于露地栽培,果实大小的变化较小;株产量低于露地栽培,单位面积产量明显高于露地栽培,并且果实损耗小,收获率高。     

Negative effect of removing pulp from unripe fleshy fruits: seed germination pattern of Celtis sinensis in relation to the temporal context of fruit consumption

We explored the temporal effects of fruit consumption on the subsequent seed germination pattern of a fleshy-fruited tree, the Chinese hackberry (Celtis sinensis). Via nursery-based sowing experiments, we investigated (1) how pulp removal affected seed germination patterns at the different stages of fruit maturation, and (2) how the timing of seed dispersal (August, October, and December) affected the germination patterns of seeds from ripe fruits after the removal of pulp. We found that the removal of pulp from around the seeds of ripe fruit had no effect on the percentage and timing of germination. In contrast, the removal of pulp from seeds of unripe fruits largely reduced the germination percentage. The time of sowing did not affect the germination percentage, whereas the timing of germination was delayed for seeds that were sown later or under shaded environments.