灰飞虱发生消长规律与播期调控玉米粗缩病研究

为明确灰飞虱田间爆发的动态规律及其与玉米粗缩病发生的相互作用,降低粗缩病发病率和减少对玉米等作物产量损失,2008~2010年在麦田和玉米田系统调查了灰飞虱的发生消长规律,并设置11个播种期调查分析玉米粗缩病发病规律。结果表明:济宁市越冬灰飞虱虫量平均在75000头/hm²以上,大部分以2龄或3龄若虫在稻茬麦田越冬,越冬死亡率极低;初春后越冬若虫开始发育,5月上中旬始现一代灰飞虱成虫,下旬开始由稻茬麦田向旱作麦田和玉米苗田迁飞;6月上旬灰飞虱在旱作麦田密度达最大;6月中旬前后大量迁飞到玉米田;6月下旬随着温度和湿度升高一代灰飞虱大量死亡,部分迁到杂草上越夏,进入下一个生长周期。播种期是影响粗缩病的重要因子。5月初至6月上旬播种玉米后,玉米多处于10叶以下的敏感叶龄期,在灰飞虱成虫扩散高峰期和传毒率较高的环境下几乎完全致病,6月20日后播种的玉米出苗后能够避开灰飞虱成虫扩散高峰,受传毒的几率明显降低。因此,根据气候资料及时预报灰飞虱发生数量和动态,确定玉米安全播种期等农业措施,在时间和空间上严格有效控制玉米粗缩病发生,为科学防控灰飞虱危害提供技术支持。     

玉米粗缩病成因与防治措施

1 玉米粗缩病的发病原因 1．1传播途径 玉米粗缩病是由病毒引起的一种玉米病害，主要由灰飞虱以持久性传毒发病，蓟马危害后也可发病。玉米出苗后，小麦和杂草上的灰飞虱即带毒迁飞至玉米上取食传毒，引起玉米发病。在玉米生长后期，病毒再由灰飞虱携带向高粱、谷子等晚秋禾本科作物及马唐等禾本科杂草传播，秋后再传向小麦或直接在杂草上越冬。     

水稻秧苗期、玉米苗期灰飞虱防治技术

<正>根据今年江苏南通市通州区麦田灰飞虱发生量、越冬代带毒率以及水稻品种布局等综合因素分析,由灰飞虱传毒引发的条纹叶枯病呈偏轻发生,黑条矮缩病有潜在流行风险,对水稻安全生产将构成威胁。一、一代灰飞虱发生实况麦田灰飞虱发生量较往年有所下降。5月中旬调查,全区麦田灰飞虱加权平均亩虫量为8.46万头,列2005年以来同期水平的第8位。5月下旬调查,全区麦田灰飞虱加权平均亩     

淮北中稻区水稻条纹叶枯病发生特点与对策

由于灰飞虱带毒累积和暖冬气候的影响，水稻条纹叶枯病逐年加重并迅速上升为稻田主要病害；田块之间的发病轻重取决于灰飞虱传毒机会和植株抵抗力；采取“治虫防病”为主、“钝化病毒”为辅的综合防治措施可以有效地控制病害。     

杂交水稻制种田灰飞虱的危害与防治

灰飞虱是水稻条纹叶枯病、黑条矮缩病和玉米粗缩病的主要传毒媒介,是影响农业生产上夺取高产丰收的巨大障碍之一。我市自2004年灰飞虱大发生以来,连续几年水稻条纹叶枯病蔓延肆虐,给水稻生产造成了一定的损失,灰飞虱成为植保部门测报和农民防治的重点对象,灰飞虱危害逐渐地被农户所认识,水稻     

浙南山区水稻黑条矮缩病重发成因及综合治理

水稻黑条矮缩病在中国浙南山区缙云等县有间歇成灾的发病特点,在流行年份发病程度重,病害损失大,病区分布差异明显。导致病害间歇成灾的主要因子,耕作及栽培技术的变更,灰飞虱传毒期与水稻感病期相吻合,单一应用缓效性药剂扑虱灵,引起传毒昆虫灰飞虱的繁衍回升。增加了对稻苗的侵染传毒机率。控制水稻黑条矮缩病,应加强农业防治,狠抓秧田及本田初期治虫防病,并选用速效性好,击倒力强的吡虫啉类药剂     

浙南山区水稻黑条矮缩病重发成因及其综合治理

水稻黑条矮缩病在中国浙南山区缙云等县有间歇成灾的发病特点 ,在流行年份发病程度重 ,病害损失大 ,病区分布差异明显。导致病害间歇成灾的主要因子 ,耕作及栽培技术的变更 ,灰飞虱传毒期与水稻感病期相吻合 ,单一应用缓效性药剂扑虱灵 ,引起传毒昆虫灰飞虱的繁衍回升。增加了对稻苗的侵染传毒机率。控制水稻黑条矮缩病 ,应加强农业防治 ,狠抓秧田及本田初期治虫防病 ,并选用速效性好 ,击倒力强的吡虫啉类药剂。     

玉米粗缩病的防治技术

在玉米粗缩病的防治上,要坚持以农业防治为主、化学防治为辅的综合防治方针,其核心是根据灰飞虱传毒特点及玉米粗缩病发病规律,采取“切断毒源、治虫控病、综合防治、避开危害”的策略。     

太湖稻区水稻条纹叶枯病暴发原因及控制技术

水稻条纹叶枯病是太湖稻区水稻生产上新上升的重大病害,由媒介灰飞虱传毒产生.2004年麦田越冬代灰飞虱达123万头/hm2,比去年同期增加10～20倍,带毒率30.2%,同比增加5.5个百分点,5月底小麦田1代灰飞虱高达1500万～3000万头/hm2,比常年猛增150～200倍,水稻产量损失10%左右;在前中期不施药区内,香粳14等8个主栽品种产量损失率为21.11%～39.68%;春江06等9个具特异抗性的品种(系)产量损失率为0～5.16%,损失率比前者减少94.08%.采用优质、高产的抗性品种,加强虫情预、测报,推广治虫控病的综合防治技术,能经济有效地控制水稻条纹叶枯病的危害.     

江苏省农林厅要求:警惕水稻、玉米病毒病严重发生

<正>自2004年水稻条纹叶枯病暴发以来,由于传毒介体灰飞虱发生数量和带毒率居高不下,每年都存在大流行威胁。2007年起,同为灰飞虱传播的黑条矮缩病发生程度迅速加重,发生区域迅速扩     

植物新品种保护与品种审定的意义和异同

随着知识产权愈来愈受到社会各界的关注，植物新品种保护工作也显得尤为重要。该文着重介绍了植物新品种保护的发展概况、意义及其与品种审定的异同，使读者对植物新品种保护工作有所了解。     

大白菜施肥技巧与主要病虫害防治

1施肥技巧 大白菜施肥原则是：整地重施有机肥，苗后分次巧追肥。追肥要掌握“少量多次、前少后多、分期供给”。肥后及时浇水，以达到肥水均匀，充分发挥肥效。     

果蔬采后存在问题及贮藏保鲜技术发展

随着生活水平的提高,果蔬产品成为人们摄取营养元素的重要食品之一。分析了我国果蔬采后存在的问题,并对低温及气调保鲜、化学保鲜剂、涂膜保鲜技术及超声保鲜技术等贮藏保鲜技术研究进行了综述,指出我国果蔬贮藏保鲜技术持续、稳定、健康的发展要倚重于科技创新。     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and residues of oil and protein crops

Oil and protein crops are of growing importance in cropping systems. This study was carried out to compare oil crops of linseed, rapeseed, sunflower and protein crops of faba bean and white lupin for grain production, residual plant dry matter and nitrogen. Two field experiments with either oil or protein crops were conducted in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Total dry matter production, grain yield, residues, N concentrations and mineral N in the soil were measured. Dry matter production and distribution as well as N uptake and residues varied greatly among species and between years. In 1993, oil crops gave up to 3 t ha⁻¹ grain and 16 t ha⁻¹ residues with sunflower, while in 1994 up to 5 and 11 t ha⁻¹, respectively, were recorded with winter rape. Protein crops showed an opposite reaction in years. Nitrogen uptake and residual N amounts were correlated with dry matter production. Plant residues of oil crops contained 20–140 kg N ha⁻¹; those of protein crops up to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Despite the variation of residual plant N the variability of mineral N in the soil at harvest was hardly influenced by crops and amounted to only 20–50 kg NO⁻₃-N ha⁻¹.     

我国蔬菜产业和科学技术的发展与展望

1　我国蔬菜产业的发展现状蔬菜是人们日常生活中不可缺少的副食品,也是我国目前种植业中最具活力的经济作物。改革开放以来,随着市场经济的发展,农产品产销体制的不断改革和完善,特别是1988年实施“菜篮子工程”以来,蔬菜产业得到了蓬勃发展。1.1　播种面积1987~1999年,全国蔬菜播种面积由533.3万hm²,发展到1333.3万hm²,增长139.5%。1.2　总产量1987~1999年,全国蔬菜总产量由1.55亿t增加到4.05亿t,增长161.3%,使年人均鲜菜占有量达到330.7kg(世界各国人均105kg……     

向日葵抗盐碱生理生化机制与生长发育特性分析

以Y05-222A和Y06-136R杂交得到的135株F₂群体为研究材料,测定过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脯氨酸（Pro）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）等6个生理指标,并进行方差分析、相关性分析和通径分析,对F₂群体进行偏度及峰度分析。结果显示,以上6个生理指标在F₂群体中P>0.05,分布频率符合正态分布,同时存在双向超亲分离现象;相关性分析和通径分析显示,这些指标与抗盐碱系数均呈极显著相关（正相关或负相关）,且相关系数与总间接通径系数方向一致。POD活性的直接通径系数为0.5003,可见POD直接影响抗盐碱性;CAT活性和Pro含量的直接通径系数分别为-0.1317和-0.0384,间接影响抗盐碱性;SOD活性、MDA及可溶性蛋白含量直接或间接影响抗盐碱性。POD、SOD、Pro、CAT、可溶性蛋白和MDA各生理指标的抗盐碱作用表现为POD>CAT>Pro>可溶性蛋白>MDA>SOD。叶片数、株高、茎粗和盘径与抗盐碱系数呈极显著正相关,其相关性表现为叶片数>盘径>株高>茎粗。以上结果可为研究油用向日葵抗盐碱性提供一定的理论基础。     

Approaches and Applications of Chemomics and Chemoinformatics

Some novel concepts of chemomics/molomics are proposed including hydrocarbomics, alcophenomics, carboxomics, pepitomics, metabonomics, etc. like genomics, protomics and glycomics in bioomics. Some examples are given to demonstrate the chemomics and/or molomics methodology and technology based chemoinformatics and bioinformatics and their wide applications in Chemistry and Biology.     

On Fengshui and Rockery and Water Layout

Definition of Fengshui and the theories of selecting mountain and water environment in Fengshui were elaborated. Theories about mountain-water relationship were expounded from the perspective of piling of rockeries and layout of water, a residential area in Hefei City, Beijing Olympics Park, Hangzhou Prince Bay Park, mineral pit of Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, Beijing Beihai Park, Shanghai Changfeng Park were taken for example to demonstrate the influence of traditional rockery and mountain layout in Fengshui on modern landscape design.     

果蔬食品的褐变与控制

结合生产实际,对果蔬食品产生褐变的机理及其控制途径进行探讨。通过遗传学途径,培育果蔬新品种,使之不含易氧化变色物质,增强其天然抗褐变性,是控制果蔬褐变的根本途径。     

Acidity and sweetness in apple and pear

Summary Sweetness and acidity in apple and pear inherit independently and can be organoleptically evaluated separately, but less accurately in pear than in apple. For breeding purposes an analysis of fruits for acidity and sweetness with pH indicator paper and a hand refractometer is to be prefered to the organoleptic method.In apple, the acidity-decreasing with time-of the unripe fruit was already strongly indicative of that of the eating-ripe fruit; sugar-increasing with time-not before the fruit was picking ripe. Sugar content in apple and pear, and the pH in pear, appeared to be normally distributed; the pH in apple showed a segregation into an acid and a low-acid group, which occurred in both the unripe and ripe stage. The segregation ratio between these groups was found to be highly variable. On the whole, the mean acidity and sugar content of apple and pear progenies is significantly determined by that of the parents. Most of the observations made did not support the theory that low acidity in apple is determined by one recessive gene. The relationship between the pH of leaf juice and fruit juice in apple may offer a possibility for pre-selection.