Measurement and estimation of plastic greenhouse reference evapotranspiration in a Mediterranean climate

The standard FAO methodology for the determination of crop water requirements uses the product of reference evapotranspiration (ET_o) and crop coefficient values. This methodology can be also applied to soil-grown plastic greenhouse crops, which occupy extended areas in the Mediterranean basin, but there are few data assessing methodologies for estimating ET_o in plastic greenhouses. Free-drainage lysimeters were used between 1993 and 2004 to measure ET_o inside a plastic greenhouse with a perennial grass in Almería, south-eastern Spain. Mean daily measured greenhouse ET_o ranged from values slightly less than 1 mm day⁻¹ during winter to values of approximately 4 mm day⁻¹ during summer in July. When the greenhouse surface was whitened from March to September (a common practice to control temperature), measured ET_o was reduced by an average of 21.4%. Different methodologies to calculate ET_o were checked against the measurements in the greenhouse without and with whitening. The methods that performed best in terms of accuracy and statistics were: FAO56 Penman–Monteith with a fixed aerodynamic resistance of 150 s m⁻¹, FAO24 Pan Evaporation with a constant Kp of 0.79, a locally-calibrated radiation method and Hargreaves. Given the data requirements of the different methods, the Hargreaves and the radiation methods are recommended for the calculation of greenhouse ET_o because of their simplicity.     

Evapotranspiration of horticultural crops in an unheated plastic greenhouse

Large unheated greenhouse areas are located in the coastal lands of the Mediterranean Basin, based on low-cost structures covered with plastic. Water is a scarce resource in these areas and therefore it is necessary to optimise irrigation practice by applying the crop water needs, thus avoiding waste. This work was undertaken to determine the water requirements of four major horticultural crops grown in an unheated plastic greenhouse located in Almería, Spain.Drainage lysimeters were used to determine the seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) of four crops (melon, green beans, watermelon and pepper), which ranged from 170 to 371 mm and it was associated with the reference ET (ET₀). Compared to irrigated crops outdoors, the seasonal ET of the greenhouse horticultural crops is relatively low due to the lower evaporative demand inside the greenhouse and to a further reduction in solar radiation transmission by whitening in late spring and summer. Additionally, off-season greenhouse crops are grown during low evaporative demand periods, thus the low water requirements.Crop coefficient (K_c) curves were obtained for the four crops under different conditions. The K_c values varied with the crop, stage of development, and with management practices. Measured peak K_c values for crops, which were not vertically supported (melon and watermelon) were between 1 and 1.1, similar to the measured values for the same crops under field conditions. By contrast, peak K_c values for vertically supported (VS) crops (melon, green bean and sweet pepper) varied between 1.3 and 1.4, which are higher than those reported for outdoors. The tall and open canopy structures of the VS greenhouse crops, their high leaf area indices, along with the high proportion of diffuse radiation inside the greenhouse, allowed for more uniform light penetration within the canopies and ET rates in those crops higher than those of the short, non-supported crops.Management and climatic conditions combined to define an unusual K_c curve for sweet pepper. The crop is transplanted in late summer and reaches the peak K_c in early winter. Because of the low temperatures, K_c decreased thereafter down to about 1.0, until climatic conditions inside the greenhouse improved. From late winter to the end of the season, K_c was either stable or increased steadily. A simple K_c model based on thermal time for greenhouse crops with and without pruning, was proposed and validated. The model gave accurate estimates of measured K_c values for melon and pepper.     

遥感技术在农业塑料大棚识别中的应用

农业塑料大棚的使用对农业生产至关重要,但若使用不当会对农业生产和生态环境带来不利影响。因此,运用遥感技术监测农业塑料大棚的数量与规模对于农业的可持续发展具有重要意义。首先,分析及对比了不同分类原理、遥感数据源、分类器在农业塑料大棚识别中的具体应用,然后,简要阐述了遥感技术在大棚识别领域的发展前景,以期为相关研究提供参考。     

Irrigation scheduling of plastic greenhouse vegetable crops based on historical weather data

Irrigation scheduling based on the daily historical crop evapotranspiration (ET_h) data was theoretically and experimentally assessed for the major soil-grown greenhouse horticultural crops on the Almería coast in order to improve irrigation efficiency. Overall, the simulated seasonal ET_h values for different crop cycles from 41 greenhouses were not significantly different from the corresponding values of real-time crop evapotranspiration (ET_c). Additionally, for the main greenhouse crops on the Almería coast, the simulated values of the maximum cumulative soil water deficit in each of the 15 consecutive growth cycles (1988–2002) were determined using simple soil-water balances comparing daily ET_h and ET_c values to schedule irrigation. In most cases, no soil-water deficits affecting greenhouse crop productivity were detected, but the few cases found led us to also assess experimentally the use of ET_h for irrigation scheduling of greenhouse horticultural crops. The response of five greenhouse crops to water applications scheduled with daily estimates of ET_h and ET_c was evaluated in a typical enarenado soil. In tomato, fruit yield did not differ statistically between irrigation treatments, but the spring green bean irrigated using the ET_h data presented lower yield than that irrigated using the ET_c data. In the remaining experiments, the irrigation-management method based on ET_h data was modified to consider the standard deviation of the inter-annual greenhouse reference ET. No differences between irrigation treatments were found for productivity of pepper, zucchini and melon crops.     

新型大跨度单体塑料大棚温光性能分析

为提高塑料大棚土地利用率及提升农业机械在棚内的便利操作,设计一种新型大跨度单体塑料大棚,并对大棚温光环境性能进行分析,为浙南地区新型大棚的研发与推广提供理论参考.以大跨度单体塑料大棚为试验对象,对大棚内外温度和光照环境进行测试和分析.新型单体塑料大棚跨度为9.6 m,脊高4.5 m,棚门采用双轨道三扇推拉门设计有利于农...     

河南省钢骨架塑料大棚拱架结构标准化设计研究

为促进河南省塑料大棚的标准化发展,科学指导其设计和建造,以《温室结构荷载设计规范》中规定的河南省18个地区钢骨架塑料大棚为研究对象,利用Ansys Workbench软件分别建立了不同跨度下(8、10、12、14 m)7种常用拱架材料设计的塑料大棚模型,对比了河南省18地区不同跨度不同拱架材料塑料大棚在不同荷载组合下的节点最大应力,筛选出控制荷载和最不利荷载组合,然后利用最不利荷载组合下的承载能力极限状态验算了其安全性,给出了河南省塑料大棚拱架材料规格选型建议。结果表明：河南省18地区中,栾川、南阳、商丘和固始4地塑料大棚的控制荷载是雪荷载,最不利荷载组合为永久荷载+1.2×不均匀雪荷载,其他14地区塑料大棚的控制荷载为风荷载,最不利荷载组合为永久荷载+1.0×风荷载。在河南省18地区中,风荷载是塑料大棚的首要不利荷载,对塑料大棚的安全性影响最大,其次是雪荷载。在建立24个塑料大棚模型,模拟计算河南省18地区最不利荷载组合的节点最大应力,共432组安全性验算分析的基础上,提出了适用于河南省18地区不同跨度塑料大棚不同风荷载等级下的材料规格选择建议,具有广泛的适用性。     

北方后墙体塑料大棚绿色采暖智能控制方案

本文针对北方后墙体塑料大棚冬季绿色采暖，提出一种解决方案。该系统是典型的“互联网+”设施农业智能控制系统，其网络架构由底层传感网络层、中层汇聚层和顶层服务应用层构成，可实现远程监控。该系统白天利用阳光集热器将空气加热并通过管道循环泵将热空气输送到地下，利用热交换原理使得土壤升温蓄能，夜间缓慢释放热能来解决北方后墙体塑料大棚冬季采暖的问题。当发生连续阴天、倒春寒等情况时，可启动电地热辅助装置来维持棚内的温度。该方案与北方现有温室大棚智能系统相比，具有绿色环保，节能降耗等特点。     

温室采暖管道不同表面处理方式对散热量的影响

大型连栋玻璃温室常采用光管散热器作为采暖材料,一般采暖管道常采用喷塑、喷漆、挂镀等不同的表面处理方式。为减少能源消耗、保证热量利用率,研究了不同表面处理方式对采暖管道散热量的影响,结果表明,3种表面处理方式中,喷塑和喷漆的采暖管道散热量较大,喷塑管道的金属热强度最大。所得研究结果为采暖管道散热器在温室中的实际应用提供理论基础和经验数据。     

碳塑太阳能平板集热器热损系数的研究

传统金属平板集热器因水质影响易发生管路腐蚀,而碳塑平板集热器的塑料管道具有良好的抗腐蚀性能,可以极大延长集热器的使用年限。基于碳塑太阳能平板集热器对其热损系数进行研究,通过对平板集热器的热损系数理论分析,提出在无太阳辐射的室内条件下进行热损系数的测定试验方法,本文提出的碳塑平板集热器测得的热损系数约在7.2 W/(m^2·K),顶部热损系数在4.3 W/(m^2·K)左右,顶部热损系数约占总热损系数的60%,结构设计基本上合理,最后对比分析理论值与试验值,发现误差均在10%以内,说明测定方法可靠。该研究简化集热器热损系数的测定步骤,在设计集热器时可参考该研究降低热损失。     

生态日光温室设计

生态日光温室将使用绿色可再生能源替代常规能源,是日光温室的发展趋势.本文设计的生态日光温室,综合利用了太阳能、生物质能和雨水,同时考虑了太阳能与生物质能的互补利用,达到满足日光温室周年生产和农户日常生活用能.该温室具有良好的生态效益和经济效益.     

Water and nutrient use efficiency of a low-cost hydroponic greenhouse for a cucumber crop: An Australian case study

The Australian greenhouse industry is primarily dominated by low-cost hydroponic greenhouses for delivery of water and nutrients to plants to grow a variety of vegetable crops including cucumber and tomato. The nutrient rich drainage water from these greenhouses is generally released into the local environment causing pollution concerns. This study was initiated to investigate the opportunities in recycling drainage water to increase water and nutrient-use efficiency of hydroponic greenhouses and reduce the environmental impact of the drainage water discharge. Results indicated that a total of 4.15 ML/ha of irrigation water was applied during the 13 weeks crop growing period of which 2.56 ML/ha was drained off and 1.59 ML/ha was used to meet the crop evapotranspiration demand. The study showed that the recycling of the drainage water resulted in a 33% reduction in potable water used for irrigation in cucumber production. The drainage water contained 59% applied N, 25% applied P and 55% applied K and illustrated the potential for nutrient recovery and production cost savings through the reuse of drainage water. This case study demonstrates that some relatively simple changes in irrigation practices within greenhouse systems to recycle drainage water can considerably improve sustainability of low-cost hydroponic greenhouses and help minimise the environmental footprint of the greenhouse industry.     

Analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from the average Irish milk production system

Actions to moderate the major emission contributors of enteric fermentation, fertiliser and manure management on farms should not simply move the emissions elsewhere in the system, but actually reduce them. Life cycle assessment methodology was used to provide an objective framework for estimating emissions and to evaluate emission management scenarios with respect to kg CO₂ eq emitted per unit of milk produced. An average dairy unit was defined and emissions were compartmentalised to calculate a total emission of 1.50 kg CO₂ eq kg⁻¹ (energy corrected milk) yr⁻¹ and 1.3 kg CO₂ eq kg⁻¹ yr⁻¹ with economic allocation between milk and meat. Of the total emissions, 49% was enteric fermentation, 21% fertiliser, 13% concentrate feed, 11% dung management and 5% electricity and diesel consumption. Scenario testing indicated that more efficient cows with extensive management could reduce emissions by 14–18%, elimination of non-milking animals could reduce emissions by 14–26% and a combination of both could reduce emissions by 28–33%. It was concluded that the evolution of the Irish dairy sector, driven by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), should result in reduced GHG emissions.     

Determination of optimum irrigation water amount for drip-irrigated muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) in plastic greenhouse

This study was conducted to determine the optimum irrigation water amounts for muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) in plastic greenhouse. The irrigation water amounts were determined based on the percentage of field water capacity. On the same basis of irrigation start-point of 60% (the percent to comparing to the field water capacity), there were four different irrigation water levels 100% (T100), 90% (T90), 80% (T80) and 70% (T70) as the four different treatments. The results showed that plant growth, fruit production and quality were significantly affected under different irrigation water amounts. Plant height and stem diameter decreased as well as fruit yield from treatment T100 to T70. Fruit quality was the best in the T90 treatment. The irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) values found in this experiment showed that the lower the amount of irrigation water applied, the higher the irrigation water use efficiency obtained.Hence, based on the quality and quantity of muskmelon yield, the regime for 90% of field water capacity is the suitable soil irrigation treatment (T90) which can save irrigation water and improve the quality of fruit. Combined the crop yield, quality and pan evaporation inside greenhouse, obtained Kcp = 1.00 values can be recommended for the most appropriate irrigation scheduling, irrigation water amount is better between T100 and T90. Therefore, applying water by drip irrigation in relation to the amount of water evaporated from a standard 0.2 m diameter pan is a convenient, simple, easy, and low cost method inside a plastic greenhouse.     

基于插值方法的温室温度场可视化仿真分析

温室自身的结构特点导致其内部温度分布并不均匀,在不同区域的温度存在相对较大的差异,了解温室内部温度分布情况对于优化温室结构、调控温室环境具有重要的意义.在传感器采样的基础上对数据插值,对比不同插值数据数量对温度分布图像的影响,选择出适宜的插值数据数量,利用插值结果与传感器采集数据对比计算误差,并通过实际运算测试不同插值...     

漳河灌区农田地表排水中磷素流失特征分析

:为了揭示农田面源污染的机理及其成因,该文选取湖北省漳河灌区的典型试验田作为试验对象,在田间试验结果进行分析的基础上,研究了水稻和玉米2种作物在不同处理方式下农田排水磷素流失的影响因子及其规律。试验结果表明,降雨强度、作物类型、农业耕作管理方式（包括灌溉施肥方式等）是农田磷素流失的主要影响因素;另外,土壤物理化学特性和地形地势等也在一定程度上影响农田磷素的流失。     

介质损耗测量值影响因素的分析及应用

分析介绍对影响介质损耗角测量值的因素,简述了介质损耗测量的基本原理,指出对试验结果的正确分析方法,并举例分析比较证明,以实现对试验结果的准确分析从而保证对设备状况进行正确的判断.