高原哺乳动物低氧感受器的研究进展

目前,已发现了许多与氧感受器相关的基因,如血红素蛋白、NADPH氧化还原酶、线粒体电子传递链成分、天冬酰胺羟化酶及HIF1等。虽然低氧研究在哺乳动物的器官水平及分子水平取得了很大的进展,但是低氧信号传导机制并不是很清楚。作者综述了高原地区哺乳动物低氧感受器方面的进展,通过对高原地区哺乳动物机体对低氧适应的机制进行总结,帮助人们了解哺乳动物对高原低氧环境的适应机制。     

miRNA在哺乳动物性腺发育中的功能

MicroRNA(miRNA)作为一种内源性的非编码RNA,以影响靶基因表达的方式来调节机体功能。miRNA能调控哺乳动物性腺(睾丸和卵巢)的发育,促进精子与卵母细胞的分化成熟,影响受精卵的发育过程,并可能作为诊断生殖疾病卵巢癌的重要指标。本文对miRNA的生物合成过程,miRNA在哺乳动物性腺发育以及卵巢癌变过程中的调控功能进行了综述,提出该领域主要发展方向是miRNA在哺乳动物性腺发育中的体内功能研究,希望以分子生物学和生物信息学手段,从分子、系统等不同角度阐明单一某种miRNA在哺乳动物性腺发育及卵巢癌变过程中的具体调节机制和信号通路情况。这为研究哺乳动物生殖疾病,选育畜牧生产中优质品种提供了新的思路和途径。     

哺乳动物乳腺上皮细胞体外培养研究进展

由于具有合成和分泌乳汁的特殊生理功能,哺乳动物乳腺上皮细胞是进行乳腺生物反应器研究的重要细胞模型。用乳腺上皮细胞建立的模型,能真实反映哺乳动物乳腺生长发育及泌乳的各项生物学机制,验证乳腺特异性表达载体的构建是否合理有效,涉及到细胞生物学、发育生物学、内分泌学、生物化学与分子生物学等多个领域,对于乳腺生物反应器、乳蛋白基因表达的研究有重要意义。作者主要从培养方法方面介绍了近年来哺乳动物乳腺上皮细胞体外培养方法。     

胃肠道微生态的分子生物学技术研究进展

哺乳动物胃肠道中的小型生物群被赋予高种群密度、广泛的多样性及相互作用的复杂性等特性,它们在宿主营养、生理和免疫等方面起着主要作用。作者综述了研究动物胃肠道微生物的现代分子生物学技术的原理及应用,并展望随着分子生物学技术的飞速发展,对胃肠道微生物的研究将会更加深入,从而为指导实践提供可靠的理论依据。     

哺乳动物早期胚胎性别鉴定技术研究进展

哺乳动物早期胚胎性别鉴定是人们实现性别控制的重要途径。随着科学技术的发展和各种新的研究工具在性别鉴定中的应用,性别鉴定已越来越接近于能够在生产实践中应用。目前应用较多、重复性较好的性别鉴定方法主要有细胞遗传学方法、生物化学方法、免疫学方法和分子生物学方法等。文章主要综述了哺乳动物早期胚胎性别鉴定技术的研究现状,并分析了这些方法存在的问题及发展前景,为哺乳动物早期胚胎性别鉴定的研究提供借鉴。     

哺乳动物卵泡生长发育相关分子通路研究进展

生殖发育关系到一个物种的繁衍生息。哺乳动物的雌性生殖细胞,也就是卵母细胞,其生殖能力的获得需要同时经历两个过程:卵子发生和卵泡发育,而这两个相互依存的过程将为雌雄配子相互结合及新一代个体发育的起始奠定基础。随着分子生物学技术的发展,许多与卵泡发育相关的基因表达调控机制逐渐被揭示出来,新观点纷纷涌现。作者将对哺乳动物卵泡生长发育各阶段的主要分子通路研究进展进行综述,旨在为卵子干细胞的研究、治疗性克隆的发展、卵子减少不孕症等人类疾病的治疗和研究提供理论依据;此外,本综述还将对畜牧业中加快卵泡的发育进程、充分利用早期卵母细胞资源、缩短世代间隔、提高繁殖率等产生重要的指导意义。     

昆明动物所等揭示哺乳动物温度感知元件TRPV1的热失活分子机制

<正>TRPV1是哺乳动物重要的温度感知元件,可以被40℃以上的高温激活。然而TRPV1高温激活后会迅速发生高温介导的失活。由于TRPV1热失活和热激活两个变构过程紧密偶联,难以有效对TRPV1热失活的分子机制进行研究,进而无从得知其在哺乳动物生命活动中的功能。为揭示哺乳动物TRPV1热失活的分子机制     

哺乳动物性别决定相关基因研究进展

性别控制技术在畜牧生产中具有很强的应用性,其基础主要来源于性别决定。哺乳动物性别决定是一个复杂的过程,其主要以Sry基因为主效基因,同时,还受其他基因级联作用调控。主要性别决定的基因有Sf1基因、Wt1基因、Wnt4基因、Dax1基因等,对哺乳动物性别决定机制及其相关基因研究进展进行综述,以期为哺乳动物性别决定相关基因及分子机理研究提供参考。     

杨梅分子生物学研究现状

杨梅分子水平上的研究经过10多年的发展取得了一些成绩,本文主要从分子标记、转录组学、功能基因挖掘等方面综述杨梅分子生物学研究现状。同时,对杨梅分子生物学存在的问题进行讨论。认为应重视野生杨梅种质资源的收集与研究,开发新型分子标记、遗传图谱及指纹图谱的构建、功能基因的挖掘是今后发展的方向。此外,RNA-seq对杨梅分子生物学研究具有广阔的应用前景。     

Wnt信号通路调控哺乳动物卵泡颗粒细胞生长发育的研究进展

Wnt信号通路在多种生物和细胞中高度保守,其广泛存在于各类哺乳动物中,并参与调节卵泡颗粒细胞的生长发育过程。有研究发现,Wnt信号通路中的一些关键因子能促进颗粒细胞增殖,且多个信号通路与Wnt信号通路存在复杂的调控网络以调控颗粒细胞的生长发育。文章综述了Wnt信号通路的组成、Wnt信号通路对颗粒细胞的调控作用以及与其他信号通路共同对颗粒细胞生长发育的调控,以期为进一步阐明Wnt信号通路在哺乳动物卵泡颗粒细胞中的分子生物学机制提供参考。     

Review and Update: Genomic and Molecular Advances in Sex Determination and Differentiation in Small Animals

Inherited disorders of sexual development are important to identify as a cause of inherited infertility or sterility in humans and animals. Investigation of these disorders in dogs and cats can identify new mutations, allowing us to eliminate inherited disorders from breeding populations, while contributing to the understanding of mammalian sexual development and differentiation. This review updates an overview of normal mammalian sexual development while discussing disorders of sexual development at three consecutive levels, as errors in sex chromosome constitution, gonadal sex determination or phenotypic sexual development. The molecular mechanisms controlling sexual development and current molecular methods to identify causative mutations are illustrated in three specific examples of abnormal sexual development reported in small animals: XX sex reversal, Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome and cryptorchidism. Identification of causative mutations and development of practical tests to identify carrier and affected animals will provide effective mechanisms to reduce the prevalence of these disorders in small animals.     

哺乳动物性别控制研究进展

为哺乳动物性别,从哺乳动物性别控制的机理、性别控制的方法及现状进行简要综述,控制技术在生产实践广泛应用提供理论指导。     

Exclusion of DMRT1 as a candidate gene for canine SRY-negative XX sex reversal

DMRT1, which encodes a zinc finger-like DNA binding motif, is a well-conserved gene that is involved in testis differentiation in a variety of mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates. The objective of this study was to determine whether a DMRT1 microsatellite marker allele is associated with the affected phenotype in a pedigree of canine SRY-negative XX sex reversal generated from an American Cocker spaniel founder. Ten affected dogs and their parents and grandparents were genotyped. Four alleles at this locus and five different genotypes were found in this pedigree. All affected dogs inherited this trait from the foundation sire of this colony. Thus, the disease-causing mutation should be identical by descent in all affected dogs. Six affected dogs were found to have genotypes at this locus that were different from those of the founder sire. These results indicate that DMRT1 is an unlikely candidate gene for SRY-negative XX sex reversal in this model.     

Male heterogametic sex determination in Rana dybowskii based on sex-linked molecular markers

Identifying the mechanism for sex determination in amphibians is challenging. Very little is known about sex determination mechanisms of Rana dybowskii, a species of importance to evolutionary and conservation biology. We screened for sex-linked molecular markers in R. dybowskii in China using target region amplification polymorphism with 2 fixed primers against the sequences of Dmrt1. We found 2 male-linked molecular markers in R. dybowskii, which were 222 bp and 261 bp long. The detection rates of 222 bp marker in males form Xinglong, Huadian, and Dandong were 93.79%, 69.64%, and 13.64%, respectively, while the rate in females from Huadian was 27.50%. Besides, the detection rates of 261 bp marker in the above 3 regions were only observed in males at the rate of 93.79%, 87.50%, and 32.73%, respectively. The inheritance patterns of sex-linked molecular markers showed that the 2 sex-linked molecular markers were heterozygous. Compared to the XY-male parent, progeny from XX-pseudo-male parent possessed lower sex reversal ratio at the same rearing temperature, and the proportion of female froglets from an XX-pseudo-male parent was more than 95% at low rearing temperature (15°C). Our findings suggest that R. dybowskii displays male heterogamety, and the 2 sex-linked molecular markers may have a guiding significance for the protection and utilization of R. dybowskii.     

哺乳动物配子操作过程中各种耗材的选择使用

哺乳动物配子操作的实验如卵母细胞或卵泡的体外成熟,体外受精,以及胚胎的体外培养等等,都要用到很多消耗性器材,包括培养器皿、离心管、吸头和吸卵管等,这些耗材产品型号多,用途广,用量大,而国产和进口产品质量和价格差别很大,合理选用这些耗材,在保证实验顺利进行和获得可靠实验结果的基础上,尽可能节约开支用费,这对于各高校或科研院所的实验室都十分必要。本文根据实验室工作的经验积累,总结了主要耗材的选择使用情况,为实验室耗材的合理使用提供参考。     

Research Progress on the Composition and Production Regulatory Mechanism of Pigeon Milk

Pigeon milk (PM) is a semi-solid nutrient substance produced and secreted by the crop of pigeon and it is the only nutritional source of squab. Squabs should be fed by their parents because they could not eat by themselves, so PM is very important for their growth and development. The production and secretion of PM is a special physiological process, which is rare in birds and different from the lactation process of mammals. PM is mainly composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and minerals. Synthesis and secretion of PM are regulated by numerous hormones such as prolactin, insulin and relaxin. The signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt/TOR, AMPK and Wnt are activated by these hormones and then the expression of related genes are regulated. The processes of crop epithelial cell proliferation, degeneration, nutrient synthesis and enrichment are regulated. The composition of pigeon milk and its production regulatory mechanism are reviewed, we compare these characteristics of PM with mammalian milk, and the physiological mechanism of pigeon milk production by crop and its similarities and differences with mammalian mammary lactation are further clarified. Research on the composition of PM will provide reference for the formulating of breeding pigeon nutrition requirements and research of artificial PM. The regulation mechanism of PM production will further find out genes regulating lactation and select breeding populations with high yield of PM by using molecular marker-assisted breeding technology.     

鸽乳的组成及其生成调控机制的研究进展

鸽乳是由鸽嗉囊组织生成并分泌的半固态营养物质,是乳鸽唯一的营养来源。乳鸽出生后不能自主觅食,需由亲鸽哺育,鸽乳对其生长发育极为重要。鸽乳的生成及分泌是一种特殊的生理过程,在禽类中极为少见,也不同于哺乳动物的泌乳过程。鸽乳主要由蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物和矿物质等物质组成,其合成与分泌受催乳素、胰岛素和松弛素等多种激素共同调控,通过激活JAK/STAT、PI3K/Akt/TOR、AMPK和Wnt等信号通路,调控相关基因的表达,进而调节嗉囊上皮细胞增殖、变性和营养物质合成、富集等过程。本文综述了鸽乳的组成及其生成调控机制,并与哺乳动物进行了比较,进一步明确了嗉囊产生鸽乳的生理机制及与哺乳动物乳腺泌乳的异同。通过研究鸽乳的组成,可为种鸽营养需要标准制定及人工鸽乳研发提供参考;通过研究鸽乳生成的调控机制,进一步深入挖掘调控泌乳的基因,结合分子标记辅助育种技术,应用于提高种鸽的泌乳能力。     

家蚕成虫雌雄差异的基因表达分析

研究家蚕成虫雌雄差异的基因表达,可为探究家蚕以及鳞翅目昆虫雌雄差异的分子机制提供线索。利用家蚕全基因组芯片检测家蚕成虫雌雄差异基因表达谱,并采用聚类及功能注释对芯片检测结果进行分析。结果显示有11677个基因在家蚕成虫中表达,其中有3312个基因在雄性个体表达上调,4254个在雌性个体表达上调。雌雄个体中表达上调基因的GO分类比较显示这2类基因在分子伴侣调控、电子载体等功能方面差异较大。在雌雄差异基因的功能注释中发现了与性腺特异性、发育繁殖及选择拼接因子等相关的基因。家蚕成虫存在的与雌雄个体特异相关的差异表达基因,可作为家蚕雌雄个体性别相关的生物遗传学标志。     

Intersexuality in dogs: causes and genetics

Failures in the establishment of chromosomal, gonadal and phenotypic sex can cause intersexuality in dogs. Thus, diagnosis of chimaerism, mosaicism, sex reversal syndrome, and male or female pseudohermaphroditism in intersex individuals has to be based on the inspection of the chromosomes, gonads and the phenotypic appearance of the reproductive organs. In a study over two years, seven dogs of different breeds suspected to be intersexes were cytogenetically investigated. A sry-negative XX-sex reversal syndrome was diagnosed in a Jack Russel Terrier. In a mixbred dog a persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) was found and a Border Terrier Dog showed an XX/XY chromosomal chimaerism. In further four dogs of different breeds, a female constitution of sex chromosomes was seen. As a sign of intersexuality each of these dog showed an enlarged clitoris. A differentiation between XX-sex reversal syndrome and female pseudohermaphroditism was not possible because there was no information on the internal genital tract and gonads available.