厌氧发酵牛粪对浮萍生长和养分吸收的影响

养分从牛粪到农田的循环利用是养牛场可持续发展、资源利用和环境保护的重点研究内容。利用奶牛场废水种植水生植物被认为是一种有效的废水处理及养分循环的方法。本文研究了3种浮萍[少根紫萍0128（Landoltia punctata 0128）、膨胀浮萍7589（Lemna gibba 7589）和小浮萍9517（Lemna minuta 9517）]在厌氧发酵过的奶牛场废水中种植时的养分吸收和生物质变化。在28 d的测试期间,种植在稀释比例为1：18的厌氧发酵过的牛奶场废水中的少根紫萍01283获得最高的总氮吸收率（11.6%±1.6%）,种植在稀释比例为1：27厌氧发酵过的牛奶场废水中的少根紫萍0128获得最高的总磷吸收率（15.4%±4.4%）;相应地少根紫萍鲜重的增长率分别为0.11 g·d^-1和0.17 g·d^-1。3种浮萍中,少根紫萍最具有吸收牛奶场废水氮、磷并获得较高生物质的潜力。     

浮萍对不同氮肥用量下稻田水中氮含量动态的影响

为探究不同施氮量下2种浮萍[青萍(Lemma minor)和紫萍(Spirodela polyrrhiza)]对稻田田面水氮含量动态的影响,设置5个氮梯度(0、90、180、270、360 kg N·hm^-2),研究浮萍对稻田田面水氨态氮(${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N)、硝态氮($NO_{3}^{-}$-N)及全氮含量动态的影响。结果表明,田面水${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N和全氮含量随着施氮量的增加而增加,添加2种浮萍的稻田田面水${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N含量随培养时间延长呈逐渐降低的趋势。通过对不同氮梯度下${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N含量进行比较分析,发现添加紫萍的田面水${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N含量较青萍低,表明添加紫萍更有利于减少稻田${NH_{4}}^{+}$-N的流失。在N270和N360处理下,全氮含量在整个培养期间呈先降低后升高再降低的趋势,表明高氮量输入(270 及360 kg N·hm^-2)下,添加的浮萍在前期氮素浓度较高时可吸收氮素,而在后期浓度较低时可通过自身腐解向田面水中释放氮素,从而提高后期(培养30 d)田面水氮含量,对于降低施肥初期田面水氮素径流流失风险和保证施肥后期作物的氮营养供应具有重要的作用。本研究为通过放养浮萍优化稻田氮素利用、减少稻田氮素流失提供了理论依据。     

浮萍覆盖对稻田杂草群落组成及多样性的影响

在农业可持续发展的背景下,稻田杂草防控需要兼顾生物多样性的保护。为了解浮萍覆盖对稻田杂草群落组成及物种多样性的影响,运用群落生态学的方法,研究了多根紫萍覆盖(SP)、少根紫萍覆盖(LP)和不投放浮萍(CK)3种处理下稻田杂草发生量和群落多样性在水稻4个生育期(分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期和成熟期)的动态变化,并对水稻产量进行分析。结果表明:SP和LP处理在前两生育期分别比CK显著降低杂草密度60.3%～75.8%和81.1%～90.4%,在整个水稻生育期能分别降低杂草鲜重生物量48.0%以上和81.3%以上,杂草群落中阔叶类杂草比例明显下降。不同处理下,稻田最主要杂草类别均是莎草科杂草;不同处理的杂草群落中重要杂草的种类和相对重要程度都有较大差异,SP和LP处理重要值较高的杂草均为莎草科的萤蔺和碎米莎草,CK处理重要值较高的杂草则为阔叶类的鸭舌草;在多数生育期,两种浮萍覆盖下的杂草群落的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数均与CK无显著差异。SP和LP处理水稻的每穗粒数和穗重均有不同程度显著提高, SP处理的水稻产量显著提高28.0%。综合上述分析,稻田投放初始覆盖面积70.0%的多根紫萍和少根紫萍都能在降低稻田杂草密度和生物量的同时维持杂草群落的多样性,且多根紫萍覆盖能促进水稻产量增长,对保护稻田生物多样性和促进农业可持续发展有重要意义。     

浮萍对富营养化水体中磷的去除规律

磷是藻类增殖的限制因子,引起水体富营养化的关键营养物质。修复富营养化水体的重点在于磷的去除。通过对三种浮萍的磷吸收动力学特征和动态吸收特点研究,选择适合不同富营养化程度水体的修复植物。吸收试验结果表明,浮萍吸收磷的动力学特征可用Michaelis-Menten方程来描述。青萍对磷有较大的亲和力,适宜修复轻度富营养化水体;紫萍对磷有较大的最大吸收速率,适宜修复重度富营养化水体;而少根紫萍由于吸收速率小,生长速度慢,不适宜作为水体生态修复植物使用。     

太湖地区高效除氮浮萍品种的筛选及其除氮机理的初步研究

农业面源污染是引起太湖水体富营养化的重要因素,而植物生态工程技术在面源污染的治理中起到了很大的作用。本文调查和收集了太湖地区13个稻田浮萍种质资源,研究了不同浮萍品种对低浓度稻田排水中氮（N）素的去除效果及其初步除N机理。结果表明,在实验营养条件下,4种浮萍品种中紫背浮萍（Spirodela polyrrhiza）具有最高的N去除效率,其次是少根紫萍（Spirodela oligorrhiza）或稀脉浮萍（Lemna perpusilla）,而除N效果最低的品种是青萍（Lemna minor）。供试材料对水体中总N的去除率范围为57.3% ~ 85.2%,其中紫背浮萍HZ1具有最高的去除效果,15天后总N去除率可达到85%,青萍WX3去除效果最低,15天后去除率仅为57%。两个浮萍品种进行比较发现,HZ1生物量增长速度慢,鲜重和干重平均倍增时间分别为7.96天和7.82天,而WX3的鲜重和干重倍增时间分别为5.20天和4.73天。另一方面,HZ1和WX3的含N量分别为4.9% 和5.7%。由此可以推知,紫背浮萍HZ1高效除N的主要机理不是通过生物体吸收,而更可能是微生物或化学作用共同引起。     

水稻田浮萍草综合防治技术

浮萍草耐寒、耐热、适应能力强,常见于水稻田,生长传播快,长势繁茂,覆盖水面,造成水中缺光、缺氧、水温低,严重影响禾苗正常生长发育。介绍浮萍草常见种类及形态特征,综述了防治水稻田浮萍草的几种方法。     

两种浮萍根系分泌物对荧光假单胞菌脱氮影响的差异及其剂量效应研究

本研究对太湖地区高效除氮紫背浮萍Spirodela polyrrhiza(HZ1)和低效除氮青萍Lemna minor(WX3)的根系分泌物进行了连续收集和分离,并考察了根系分泌物剂量与成分对反硝化细菌荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescens脱氮效率的影响。结果发现,两种浮萍根系分泌物总组分均能显著促进P.fluorescens的脱氮效率,但对P.fluorescens的生长无影响。HZ1根系分泌物总组分(HO)促进作用显著高于WX3根系分泌物总组分(WO),这与HZ1对水体的除氮效率高于WX3的结果一致。两种浮萍根系分泌物各组分也有不同的效果,其中仅WX3根系分泌物酸性组分(WA)显著抑制了P.fluorescens的脱氮效率,HZ1根系分泌物不同组分是促进或无作用。总体上,P.fluorescens的脱氮效率随浮萍根系分泌物及其各组分添加剂量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,而WA组分先下降后基本不变,各组分在剂量为1.0%(v/v)时起最大效果。总之,根系分泌物与浮萍–微生物耦合系统的除氮效率密切相关,酸性组分是两种浮萍根系分泌物促进P.fluorescens脱氮效果差异的主要原因。     

沼液施用条件下添加浮萍对稻田氮素流失和Cu、Pb变化的影响

养分流失和重金属积累是沼液还田资源化利用过程中的主要问题。为探讨利用浮萍吸收氮磷、富集重金属的能力调控沼液施用中环境污染问题的可行性,在上海市金山区开展了水稻田间试验,研究沼液施用条件下添加浮萍对稻田氮素流失和Cu、Pb的影响。试验设置4个处理:常规化肥、常规化肥+浮萍、沼液全量替代化肥和沼液全量替代化肥+浮萍,测定并比较了不同处理下稻田田面水氮素浓度变化、径流水氮素流失负荷,土壤、水稻籽粒及秸秆中Cu和Pb含量差异。结果表明:不同处理田面水总氮、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)浓度变化趋势基本一致,均在每次施肥后第1d达到峰值,此后逐日递减,在施肥后第5d降至峰值的30%以下;硝态氮(NO_3~–-N)浓度峰值滞后3～7 d。稻田中添加浮萍能够显著降低田面水TN含量,沼液全量替代化肥+浮萍处理的TN总径流流失负荷为3.67 kg·hm~(-2),比常规化肥处理显著降低37.2%。沼液全量替代化肥+浮萍处理土壤Cu和Pb含量为22.65mg·kg~(-1)和49.05mg·kg~(-1),与其他处理间无显著差异;但土壤有效态Cu和Pb含量较常规化肥处理显著提高18.6%和17.5%。不同处理水稻秸秆Cu和Pb、籽粒Pb含量无显著差异,但沼液全量替代化肥+浮萍处理水稻籽粒Cu含量较沼液全量替代化肥处理显著减少41.1%。综上,沼液施用条件下添加浮萍可以降低稻田氮素流失,在控制土壤、籽粒和秸秆中重金属Cu和Pb含量增加方面具有一定效果,在短期内可以作为沼液还田模式下水体和土壤污染有效的调控手段。     

3种水生漂浮植物处理富营养化水体的研究

对紫萍、大和凤眼莲3种水生漂浮植物处理富营养化水体的研究结果表明,3种漂浮植物对去除富营养化水体中的全N和全P、增加水体中的溶解氧有明显效果,且能有效抑制藻类生长,处理效果大>凤眼莲>紫萍。大和凤眼莲均具有较强的环境适应能力,但大生长繁殖较易控制,且对富营养化水体治理效果佳和改善水质,有综合利用价值。     

大豆品种对毛霉豆豉传统发酵过程中营养成分的影响

以重庆本地大豆和东北大豆为原料进行传统毛霉豆豉的制作,研究2种豆豉发酵过程中营养成分的变化。结果表明:2种豆豉在发酵过程中水分和总酸含量变化趋势相似;本地大豆蛋白质含量高于东北豆,在发酵过程中随着蛋白质的水解,其含量开始下降;2种大豆在发酵过程中氨基酸态氮呈先下降后上升的趋势,其中重庆本地大豆制作的豆豉成品的氨基酸态氮含量远远高于东北大豆,这说明本地大豆的蛋白水解程度更高,所产生的鲜味物质较多,其营养物质更易于被人体吸收。     

浮萍吸收不同形态氮的动力学特性研究

吸收试验结果表明,浮萍(Spirodela oligorrhiza)吸收铵态氮和硝态氮的动力学特性可用M ichaelis-M enten方程来描述。浮萍对铵态氮的亲和力大于对硝态氮的亲和力,证实了浮萍“优先吸收净化铵态氮”的观点。研究还发现,浮萍吸收硝态氮的最大速率大于吸收铵态氮的最大速率,基于浮萍吸收不同形态氮的动力学特性,提出了构建物理作用(增氧工艺)—微生物(硝化作用)—植物(浮萍)复合污水净化体系的见解。     

Uptake and phytotransformation of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT by axenically cultivated aquatic plants

The uptake and phytotransformation of o,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDT were investigated in vitro using three axenically cultivated aquatic plants: parrot feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), duckweed (Spirodela oligorrhiza), and elodea (Elodea canadensis). The decay profile of DDT from the aqueous culture medium followed first-order kinetics for all three plants. During the 6-day incubation period, almost all of the DDT was removed from the medium, and most of it accumulated in or was transformed by these plants. Duckweed demonstrated the greatest potential to transform both DDT isomers; 50-66% was degraded or bound in a nonextractable manner with the plant material after the 6-day incubation. Therefore, duckweed also incorporated less extractable DDT (32-49%) after 6 days than did the other plants. The capacity for phytotransformation/binding by elodea is between that of duckweed and parrot feather; approximately 31-48% of the spiked DDT was degraded or bound to the elodea plant material. o,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDD are the major metabolites in these plants; small amounts of p,p'-DDE were also found in duckweed (7.9%) and elodea (4.6%) after 6 days. Apparently, reduction of the aliphatic chlorine atoms of DDT is the major pathway for this transformation. This study, which provides new information on plant biochemistry as related to pollutant accumulation and phytotransformation, should advance the development of phytoremediation processes.     

Uptake and phytotransformation of organophosphorus pesticides by axenically cultivated aquatic plants

The uptake and phytotransformation of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides (malathion, demeton-S-methyl, and crufomate) was investigated in vitro using the axenically aquatic cultivated plants parrot feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum), duckweed (Spirodela oligorrhiza L.), and elodea (Elodea canadensis). The decay profile of these OP pesticides from the aqueous medium adhered to first-order kinetics. However, extent of decay and rate constants depended on both the physicochemical properties of the OP compounds and the nature of the plant species. Malathion and demeton-S-methyl exhibited similar transformation patterns in all three plants: 29-48 and 83-95% phytotransformation, respectively, when calculated by mass recovery balance during an 8-day incubation. No significant disappearance and phytotransformation of crufomate occurred in elodea over 14 days, whereas 17-24% degraded in the other plants over the same incubation period. Using enzyme extracts derived from duckweed, 15-25% of the three pesticides were transformed within 24 h of incubation, which provided evidence for the degradation of the OP compounds by an organophosphorus hydrolase (EC 3.1.8.1) or multiple enzyme systems. The results of this study showed that selected aquatic plants have the potential to accumulate and to metabolize OP compounds; it also provided knowledge for potential use in phytoremediation processes.     

Flumequine Uptake and the Aquatic Duckweed, Lemna minor L.

Phytotoxicity of Flumequine (F) on the aquatic duckweed, Lemna minor L., and plant drug uptake were evaluated by a simple ecotoxicological test. Flumequine, at all concentrations between 50 and 1000 μg L^-1 tested, affected the plant growth: leaves and roots were damaged, but duckweed continued to grow on a five weeks period. Furthermore, increasing drug concentrations decreased the chlorophyll b content in plants. These effects depend on F uptake by plants, which is quite high (from 0.72 to 13.93 μg g^-1 plant dry weight). Based on this activity, Lemna can be taken into consideration as a tool for in situ remediation of drug contaminated waters: the presence of Lemna significantly lower the F concentration in culture media on a five weeks period. Results strongly support its remediation capability.     

Purification and partial characterization of an acid phosphatase from Spirodela oligorrhiza and its affinity for selected organophosphate pesticides

An acid phosphatase from the aquatic plant Spirodela oligorrhiza (duckweed) was isolated by fast protein liquid chromatography and partially characterized. The enzyme was purified 1871-fold with a total yield of 40%. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the pure acid phosphatase resolved a single protein band that migrated to approximately 60 kDa. Nondenaturing SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed a single protein band around 120 kDa after staining with Coomassie Brilliant blue. Quantitative gel filtration chromatography estimated a native molecular mass of this enzyme to be 120 kDa. Thus, this acid phosphatase likely functions as a homodimer, consisting of two similar 60 kDa subunits. An electrophoretic technique using the flourogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate enabled visualization of an acid phosphatase activity that corresponded to the protein band at 120 kDa on a nondenaturing PAGE gel. It was determined that the acid phosphatase had a pH optimum of 6.0 at 25 degrees C. The enzyme activity appeared to be stable over a broad range of temperatures (10-40 degrees C) and in the presence of the metals Zn2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+ as well as the chelating agents ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid and ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid. It was shown that this acid phosphatase could hydrolyze a variety of physiological organophosphate compounds including beta-glycerophosphate, phosphoserine, adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monphosphate, and pyrophosphate. Furthermore, analysis using capillary electrophoresis demonstrated that this hydrolytic enzyme could transform a wide array of organophosphate pesticides including S-2-ethylthioethyl O,O-dimethylphosphorothioate (demeton-S-methyl); S-1,2-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethyl O,O-dimethylphosphorodithioate (malathion); O,O-dimethyl O-4-nitrophenyl (paraoxon); O,O,O,O-tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate (sulfatep); O-2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl O,O-dimethylphosphorothioate (dicapthon); and 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethylphosphate (dichlorvos).