食用豆类抗性育种研究进展

笔者从食用豆抗性种质资源的筛选与鉴定、抗性机制、抗性遗传规律研究及基因标记3个方面对食用豆抗性育种研究进行了综述,回顾并总结了前人在食用豆抗性育种方面所取得的成果,重点阐述了抗性相关基因(Br)的研究动态,指出今后的研究方向主要集中在抗性相关基因(Br)的定位及功能验证方面,并就目前所遇到的困难进行了讨论与分析,探讨了抗豆象育种的重要性,并对今后的研究方向进行了规划。以期对促进国内食用豆抗性育种研究有所裨益。     

陕西省汉台区粮食供需平衡及其对策研究

本文对汉台区粮食生产的现状、粮食消费与需求进行了研究,探索粮食供需变化趋势,分析影响粮食安全的因素,提出和探讨保障汉台区粮食安全的对策和措施。+     

减少农户储粮损失技术的研究

本文主要探讨减少农户小麦储藏损失的方法。研究了农户各种储粮装具的性能、采用了各种简便易行的储粮方法进行农户实仓储粮试验。结果表明,传统的农户储粮装具性能较差,不能有效地利用储粮技术,年均储粮损失在6％以上;新型储粮装具,尤其是PVC储粮囤,气密程度高,隔潮性能好,适合农户使用,配合适宜的储粮技术,可使年均储粮损失减少到1％以下。     

Research achievements in plant resistance to insect pests of cool season food legumes

Plant resistance to at least 17 field and storage insect pests of cool season food legumes has been identified. For the most part, this resistance was located in the primary gene pools of grain legumes via conventional laboratory, greenhouse, and field screening methods. The use of analytical techniques (i.e., capillary gas chromatography) to characterize plant chemicals that mediate the host selection behavior of pest insects offers promise as a new, more rapid way to differentiate between insect-resistant and susceptible plant material. Examples of research achievements in mechanisms of resistance and host-plant resistance within the context of integrated control programs are discussed. Accelerating the development and subsequent releases of insect-resistant cultivars to pulse farmers requires more involvement from interdisciplinary teams of plant breeders, entomologists, plant pathologists, plant chemists, molecular biologists, and other scientists.     

新型农户专用粮仓储粮品质变化研究

采用PVC软体仓作为新型农户专用仓,小麦在10个月储存期内水分含量变化≤0.6%,与原始水分无显著差异。小麦容重损失率均值为1.96%,干容重损失率均值2.1%,虫蚀粒率≤0.3%,霉变粒率≤0.1%,面筋吸水率变化率均值9.4%,平均储粮损失率为0.506%,干物质平均损失率为0.318%。由此可见PVC仓具有良好的防潮、防鼠、密闭、隔热等性能,能够有效地减少农户储粮过程中由粮食生虫、发热霉变、鼠咬等因素引起的储粮损失,起到减损保质的效果。     

Site Productivity, the Key to Crop Productivity

If we call a significant yield increase in single crops a ‘green revolution’, then the first green revolution took place about 10 000–12 000 years ago, when humans started to cultivate land. This was also the beginning of civilization. Since then, humans have increasingly transformed the land and natural vegetation and have risen to be the main creators of the biogeosphere. Today, there is hardly any ecosystem around the globe that has not been influenced by humans. It was only in 1930 that the world population reached 2 billion, and since then it has increased to 6 billion in the year 2000. Because of this rapid increase, the demand for food, feed and industrial crops has grown enormously. Half of the 1.5 billion ha of arable land – 18 % of the biologically productive land area of the earth – was first cultivated only in the 20th Century, and mostly forest was sacrificed to meet this requirement. The second green revolution started only in the late 1960s when high‐yielding varieties of wheat and rice were designed to overcome the predicted hunger crisis. Great achievements were made, especially in relation to irrigated agriculture, while rain‐fed farming was hardly affected by this revolution. World agriculture today faces two major constraints to which not enough attention is paid by scientists and decision makers. First, we increasingly restrict our food basis to a limited number of plant species. Today, 65 % of the world's arable land is reserved for only 21 annual crops. Even more worrying is the fact that 60 % of our food energy and protein comes from only three cereals – wheat, rice and corn. Designing ‘functional’ food using gene technology to improve food quality, for example in rice, will speed up this process of constriction since diversified ingestion is no longer necessary to meet the daily required balance of food types. Secondly, arable land resources are under‐utilized because of poor management. Yields of rice, for example, are below the world average of 3.8 t ha^?1 (1998) in 70 countries. If those countries achieved only the average level for their continent, for example 2.2 t ha^?1 in Africa, world rice production could be increased by 17 %. There is a need to invest in better management of arable land to prevent further loss in productivity and simultaneously to investigate under‐explored plants to broaden our future food basis.     

通过引入参与式绩效评估体系，充分发挥以工代赈的社会效益

参与式绩效评估是在绩效评估中引入参与式的理念,使用参与式的方法和工具,实现最大限度的公众参与。在以工代赈项目中实施参与式绩效评价,通过农户的参与,可以真实地评价项目是否达到了建设和赈济的双重目的,并对政府提供的公共服务做出评估。在参与的过程中,可以充分调动农户的积极性和主动性,提高农户自我发展的意识和能力,同时对政府部门工作绩效做出客观的评估,使政府和农户间形成良好的互动。     

食物安全的内涵、指标与评价方法综述

食物安全问题一直是国内外研究的热点。目前,全球食物安全面临严重挑战,前景并不乐观。作为世界上人口和食物消费最大的国家,中国的食物安全面临更大挑战,但对其认识学术界还存在争论。为了准确把握食物安全的内涵,科学评价中国食物安全的状况,首先分析了食物安全概念的演变,然后总结了评价食物安全状况的供需平衡指标、消费指标、营养指标、综合指标,以及评价粮食安全状况的常用指标。随着人民生活水平的提高,中国的食物结构发生了根本的改变,因此,今后食物安全的研究应由单纯的粮食安全转向包括所有食物种类的食物安全,内容应更注重食物综合保障能力及营养安全。     

农户储粮损失调查研究

本文就河南省农户储粮采用的不同方式、不同粮种、不同储存时间与科学储粮进行了对比试验研究，针对农户储粮存在的问题，提出了有效措施和建议。     

试对中国粮食自给率实现95%的目标之分析

中国是世界粮食生产和消费的大国,粮食自给率水平的高低不仅仅关系到国内粮食的生产、消费乃至农业的发展方向,而且对于世界粮食市场的稳定和繁荣也有极为重要的影响。在此,在前人研究的基础上首先对中国粮食自给率现状进行了分析;进一步从粮食的需求量、供给量出发,分析了中国粮食自给率存在的隐患,最后提出了稳定粮食自给率的对策建议。     

我国三大平原农户储粮减损集成技术

针对我国三大平原气候条件,结合稻谷、小麦、玉米三大主要粮食作物储藏特点,分别提出了适合我国东北、华北和长江中下游三大平原农户储粮减损的集成技术,旨在解决目前我国农村储粮损失巨大的问题,为农户安全储粮提供了技术保障,从而达到农户储粮减损增收的目的.     

中国农业新发展与食物安全新动态

新中国建立50多年来,特别是改革开放20多年来,中国农业发展取得显著成就,但是目前仍然面临诸多新的挑战,应该进一步推进现代农业建设的进程。中国2003年人均国民生产总值首次超过1000美元,面临着加强食物与营养工作的战略机遇。食物安全涉及到食物的数量、质量、营养、资源以及食品工业等多方面内容,应该树立以人为本的思想和科学发展观。14年来,中国绿色食品事业的发展为食物安全做出了重要贡献,但在绿色食品的发展规模、技术支撑、管理体制等方面还要进一步扎实工作,促进绿色食品事业的更大发展,为新时期的食物安全、为全面小康社会的建设做出更大贡献。