副溶血弧菌现场快速检测方法的建立及初步应用

为了实现副溶血弧菌的现场快速筛查,降低副溶血弧菌引起的食品安全问题,保障食品安全,试验利用副溶血弧菌tdh基因建立了可以快速检测水产品中副溶血弧菌的恒温环介导扩增(LAMP)方法,并通过添加钙黄绿素实现现场快速判定水产品中是否存在副溶血弧菌,同时利用建立的方法对螃蟹及贝类共40份水产品进行检测。结果表明:试验建立的方法具有良好的特异性,灵敏度可达7.92×10~(-3) ng/μL,实时浊度仪观察只有副溶血弧菌扩增出曲线,采用钙黄绿素法观察只有副溶血弧菌的扩增体系见到黄绿色。检测方法初步应用结果显示,从1例板蟹和1例蛤蜊中检测到副溶血弧菌核酸,证实2例水产品中存在副溶血弧菌。说明试验建立的方法可用于水产品中副溶血弧菌的现场检测。     

基于toxR基因的SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量PCR检测病原副溶血弧菌方法的建立

基于副溶血弧菌toxR基因保守序列设计1对特异性引物,建立了SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量PCR检测副溶血弧菌的方法。常规PCR检测,副溶血弧菌扩增出大小为368bp的目的片段,其他4种病原细菌均为阴性;SYBRGreenⅠ实时定量PCR扩增曲线反映了PCR的指数增长阶段和平台阶段;在Tm为85℃,扩增产物的熔解曲线分析只出现1个单特异峰,无引物二聚体;所制作的标准曲线在2.7×108～2.7×102拷贝数之间有较好的线性关系,相关系数为0.998,能对副溶血弧菌进行准确的定量分析;该方法检测时间从核酸抽提到结果分析仅需4～5h,较传统方法敏感、操作简单,耗时短,是副溶血弧菌引起的水产动物疾病的快速诊断及食品中针对副溶血弧菌安全检测的有效手段。     

副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌双重荧光定量PCR快速检测方法的建立与应用

建立一种基于TaqMan探针法同步定量检测副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌的双重荧光定量PCR方法。根据副溶血弧菌toxR基因和霍乱弧菌ompW基因设计特异性引物与TaqMan探针。toxR和ompW探针5'端分别标记FAM、CY5荧光报告基团,3'端均标记BHQ1荧光淬灭基团。结果显示:该方法的副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌最低检测限均达到10 CFU/m L,灵敏度高;特异性试验表明这两种细菌与其他病原菌(大肠杆菌O157、沙门氏菌、拟态弧菌、创伤弧菌)无交叉反应;批间和批内重复性实验表明变异系数均小于1.5%,说明重复性好。采用人工染菌虾肉样品,副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌的最低检测限分别为100 CFU/m L和50 CFU/m L,人工染菌贝类样品的最低检测限分别为50 CFU/m L和50 CFU/m L。两种细菌在虾肉中富集2 h后的最低检出限均为1 CFU/m L。结论:本研究所建立的双重荧光PCR检测方法具有灵敏度高、特异性强和重复性好的特点,包括DNA提取的整个检测过程可在1至3 h内完成,是同时快速检测副溶血弧菌和霍乱弧菌的有效手段。     

副溶血弧菌主要毒力因子三重荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立快捷、准确、高效检测副溶血弧菌的方法,以副溶血弧菌种属特异性基因toxR和毒力因子tdh、trh基因序列,分别设计3对特异性引物及相应TaqMan探针,并在toxR、tdh和trh基因的3个探针的5'端分别标记FAM、HEX、CY5荧光报告基团,3'端标记BHQ1淬灭荧光基团,通过优化反应体系和反应参数,确定最佳反应体系,建立一种基于Taq Man探针定量检测副溶血弧菌的三重荧光定量PCR方法。结果:本试验所建立三重荧光定量PCR方法与其他菌株无交叉反应,其最低检出限达到了10 CFU/m L,重复性试验中每组变异系数均小于1%;检测人工染菌的虾肉和贝类样品时,最低检出限亦达到10 CFU/m L,且整个检测扩增时间大约为1 h。结果表明,本研究建立的三重荧光PCR检测方法,特异性强、敏感性高、重复性好且耗时短,是高通量检测致病性副溶血弧菌的有效手段。     

犬细环病毒SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立犬细环病毒(TTCV)的快速检测方法,本研究根据GenBank中登录的TTCV ORF7基因设计合成一对特异性引物,并对反应条件和反应体系进行优化,建立了检测TTCV的SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR方法。结果显示:建立的荧光定量PCR方法 Ct值与标准品模板在5.82×10~9拷贝/μL~5.82×10~3拷贝/μL范围内呈良好的线性关系。该检测方法仅对TTCV检测为阳性,而对狂犬病病毒、犬冠状病毒、犬细小病毒、犬瘟热病毒和犬副流感病毒均无特异扩增;该检测方法灵敏度可达5.82×103拷贝/μL。对27份犬血清样品检测结果显示,建立的荧光定量PCR阳性检测率为11.11%,而普通PCR方法检测阳性率为3.7%。本实验建立了TTCV SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法,对TTCV诊断及致病机制的研究提供了高通量的定量检测方法。     

小鹅瘟病毒SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

采用PCR方法扩增GPV VP1基因173 bp的基因片段,克隆到PMD18-T载体上,将纯化后的质粒做为模板,建立扩增反应的标准曲线,最终建立了小鹅瘟病毒(GPV)SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法。该方法检测灵敏性高,可检测2×101拷贝/μL的模板量;特异性好,与鹅副黏病毒、鹅流感病毒、鹅源鸭瘟病毒、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、曲霉菌均不发生交叉反应。建立的GPV荧光定量PCR具有特异性好、敏感度高、检测时间短、结果重复性好等优点,可用于小鹅瘟的临床诊断和流行病学调查。     

鸡减蛋综合征病毒Hexon基因SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

用PCR方法扩增出鸡减蛋综合征病毒（EDSV）Hexon基因保守片段,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳及序列测定分析扩增产物的特异性。以构建的阳性重组质粒作为标准品,建立SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR反应的扩增曲线和溶解曲线,并绘制标准曲线。结果表明,建立的EDSV荧光定量PCR标准曲线Ct值与1×10^1～1×10^6拷贝/μL的基因拷贝数呈现良好线性关系,灵敏度可达10拷贝,且特异性及重复性良好;说明本试验建立的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR检测方法可用于EDSV的诊断及病原的定量分析。     

猪细小病毒7型SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立猪细小病毒7型(PPV7)的快速定量检测方法,本研究根据PPV7(KU563733.1)基因序列设计一对特异性引物,扩增155 bp的PPV7衣壳蛋白基因,构建重组质粒pClon007-PPV7,以其作为标准品建立了PPV7的SYBR GteenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法。结果显示,该方法在5.00×10~9拷贝/μL~5.00×10~3拷贝/μL范围内呈良好的线性关系。该方法对猪圆环病毒2型、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、伪狂犬病毒、乙脑病毒、口蹄疫病毒常见病原的检测均无特异性扩增,仅PPV7出现特异性扩增;该方法检测灵敏度可达5.00×10~1拷贝/μL;批内和批间变异系数均低于1%,具有较高的重复性和稳定性。对临床样品的检测结果显示,所建立的荧光定量PCR阳性检测率为71.88%,比普通PCR法检测的阳性率提高了约4.55%。该研究方法的建立为PPV7提供了一种新的快速定量检测技术。     

基于TaqMan探针的虎制品实时荧光定量PCR的特异性鉴定

根据虎线粒体细胞色素b核苷酸保守序列设计引物和探针,建立了一种快速鉴定虎制品的TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR方法。以梯度稀释的含有目的扩增片段的重组质粒作为标准品,进行定量PCR反应。结果显示,5.0×10⁵~ 5.0×10¹拷贝/μL范围内定量PCR均有"S"型扩增曲线,检测灵敏度为50拷贝/μL。对豹、狮子、猫等7种非虎哺乳动物DNA样本的检测结果均为阴性。本研究建立的实时荧光定量PCR方法具有灵敏度高、特异性和重复性好、方便经济的特性,在虎制品的检测与鉴定中具有良好的应用前景。     

致对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病弧菌SYBR Green I荧光定量PCR方法的建立及应用

为了建立一种敏感、特异的致对虾急性肝胰腺坏死病(AHPND)的一类弧菌(Vp_AHPND)的荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测方法,本研究根据Gen Bank中该类弧菌(本研究所用的Vp_AHPND为副溶血弧菌变异株,下同) PirB毒素基因(KU145397),设计q PCR扩增引物,并采用该引物经PCR扩增PirB基因片段,构建重组质粒p MD18-T-PirB并经PCR和测序鉴定正确后作为质粒标准品。以10倍倍比稀释的重组质粒标准品进行q PCR扩增,建立标准曲线,并经反应条件优化初步建立了检测该类Vp_AHPND的SYBR Green I q PCR方法。以白斑综合征病毒、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒、虾虹彩病毒、虾肝肠胞虫及该Vp_AHPND的基因组DNA为模板,采用本研究建立的SYBR Green I q PCR方法检测,评估该方法的特异性;以8.3×10¹拷贝/μL～8.3×10⁸拷贝/μL的质粒标准品作为模板,利用本研究建立的SYBR Green I ...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in