南美蓝对虾养殖技术

南美蓝对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ　ｓｔｙｌｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ）自然产于拉丁美洲的太平洋沿岸，以墨西哥沿岸为主。南美蓝对虾对养殖环境的适应能力方面远不如南美白对虾（Ｐ．Ｖａｎｎｕｍｅｉ），但对Ｔａｕｒａ综合症这一病毒性虾病表现出较强的抵抗能力，目前已成为拉丁美洲的第二大养殖虾种，正逐渐引起世界各国的重视。１ 生态习性及特征 南美蓝对虾常栖息在泥质海底，白昼多匍匐爬行或潜伏在海底表层，夜间活动频繁，喜静怕惊。精养至６ｃｍ以上时，夜间常腾跳频繁。自然情况下，幼体随海流浮游，仔虾常聚于河口附近。长至幼虾之后，逐渐…     

南美蓝对虾人工繁殖技术

南美蓝对虾又名红额角对虾，属甲壳纲、十足目、游泳亚目、对虾科、对虾属，为广盐性、热带虾种。现将人工繁殖育苗技术介绍如下：     

南美蓝对虾养殖技术试验

为实现对虾养殖“二次创业”,胶南市充分发挥现有虾池的作用,加快新品种引进步伐,加大品种调整力度,在经过多方考察论证的基础上,于2000年首次引进了具有养殖发展前途的优良虾种——南美蓝对虾进行养殖试验,并取得了较好的效果。     

南美蓝对虾和南美白对虾混养试验

南美蓝对虾 ( Penaeus stylirostris)原产于拉丁美洲太平洋沿岸水域 ,它具有生长速度快、适应盐度范围广、人工繁殖较南美白对虾容易、抗病毒能力较强 ,易于集约化饲养等优点。 2 0 0 1年 4～ 5月 ,福建省漳州市出现了大规模的南美白对虾流行性虾病 ,其中海水养殖的南美白对虾发病率达60 %以上 ,兑淡养殖的南美白对虾发病率也在30 %以上 ,严重制约对虾养殖业的发展。为了探索南美蓝对虾的兑淡养殖技术 ,我场于今年 6月 5日开始进行南美蓝对虾和南美白对虾混养试验 ,并取得较好的经济效益 ,平均单产为 2 34kg/1 0 0 0 m2。一、池塘条件利用…     

池养南美白对虾卵巢促熟技术

４５ｄ对比试验 结果表明,采用控温,控光,投喂贝肉和活沙蚕组成的混合饲料,摘除眼柄等综合技术,可有效地促进池养南美白对虾亲虾的卵巢成熟,卵巢成熟率达９２．１％,对成活率亦无明显影响,显著优于各单一促熟效果。这一综合技术是有效而实用的。     

海捕长毛对虾暂养和性腺促熟技术研究

长毛对虾(Penaeus penicillatus Alcock)在每年清明前后,随水温逐渐升高,从越冬海区向内湾、河口作索饵、产卵洄游。由于没有采取禁捕措施,资源破坏严重。如果能把这段时期捕获的亲虾通过人工暂养,用人工的办法促进亲虾性腺成熟,那么,自然海区有限的亲虾资源就能得到较充分利用,亲虾紧张局面可望得到缓解,育苗成本就会降低。鉴于上述认识,我们于1986年4月至1987年8月,在漳浦县水产开发中心开展此项研究,连续两年获得成功。现将试验情况报告于下。     

长毛对虾室外越冬和性腺促熟试验

福建闽南地区地处亚热带,冬季室外虾池底层平均水温15℃,选择条件较好的深水冬闲养虾池进行室外长毛对虾越冬,从当年11月至翌年5～6月,经5～6个月堵育,亲虾性腺相继成熟,其产卵率、孵化率、育苗率均可达到生产要求。     

南美蓝对虾工厂化养殖技术

南美蓝对虾为广盐性热带虾种。原产于拉丁美洲的太平洋沿岸 ,原产地全年均可养殖 ,多与白对虾混养 ,并以生长速度快、饵料成本低、适温耐盐范围广、耐低溶氧、抗病能力强、出肉率高等优点著称。我国于 2 0 0 0年后开始引进与推广养殖 ,并获得人工育苗和养殖成功 ,现已成为我国又一个新的养殖虾种。1生态习性与特征1 .1适温范围大在池水温度渐变条件下 ,可承受温度为 1 0～37℃ ,生长温度为 2 0～ 34℃ ,最适生长温度为 2 4～ 32℃ ,接近白对虾的适宜生长温度。1 .2耐盐度广南美蓝对虾在海水盐度渐变条件下 ,可承受的盐度范围为 0 .5～ 5 0 ,…     

南美蓝对虾池塘养殖技术探讨

南美蓝对虾(P．stylirostris)自然产地在拉丁美洲太平洋沿岸，以秘鲁、墨西哥沿岸为主，是世界养殖产量最高的优质对虾品种之一。它与南美白对虾形态相似，生活习性相近。我国现有的养殖中国对虾和日本对虾(车虾)的虾池都适合养殖这种虾。南美蓝对虾最大的优点是适应性好、生长迅速、抗病能力强。     

Maturation and Spawning of Blue Shrimp Penaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) under Hypersaline Conditions

Maturation and spawning of blue shrimp Penaeus stylirostris were obtained in hypersaline and turbid water. Results indicate that number of spawnings per female and percentage of viable spawnings are similar to those reported under "standard" conditions by other investigators. However, the number of nauplii produced was 50 to 75% less. A significant correlation was observed between reproductive activity and lunar cycles, showing peak activity at three to four days following new moon. Additionally, working with records of individual females, the number of spawnings per female was found to be extremely variable, with intervals between consecutive spawnings non-uniform. Instead, they tended to group in pairs with less than six days between spawnings, followed by a variable period of time (usually more than 12 days) before the paired spawnings were repeated.     

对虾育苗过程中异养菌群的研究

试验结果表明:从无节幼体到糠虾幼体阶段水体中细菌的正常数量范围为1.0×105~6.9×1017cfu/ml。超过这个数量水平将使幼体发病。用药物控制和降低育苗期间水体中细菌数量是预防虾病发生的有效措施。     

Allozyme genetic analysis in hatchery strains and wild blue shrimp, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) stylirostris (Stimpson), from the Gulf of California

We conducted a population genetic analysis of Penaeus stylirostris to describe the genetic variability in two wild samples (Guaymas and Peñasco) and in two cultivated strains (A and B), and to determine the relationship among samples. Seventeen enzymatic systems and general proteins were used to visualize 31 loci. Of the 31 loci, 11 polymorphic loci (35%) were detected in all the organisms, with an average heterozygosity of 0.10 and an average of 1.8 per locus. There were no significant differences among the four samples of observed heterozygosity or percentage of polymorphic loci. According to Hardy–Weinberg, both cultivated strains showed disequilibrium in more loci than the wild samples. Guaymas showed linkage disequilibrium in five pairs of polymorphic loci, Peñasco samples in two pairs, A in seven pairs, and B in nine pairs. Peñasco and both cultivated lineages showed evidence of recent reductions in their effective populations size. Based on the comparisons of F_st values, and the distribution of the allelic frequencies, the cultivated strains were significantly different from the two wild populations. There is evidence that strain B originated from A and the discrepancies between the strains are probably the result of genetic drift and a founder effect.     

中国对虾体外人工授精方法研究

研究了中国对虾的人工授精，实验表明：解剖亲虾后取卵的时间不应超过５ｍｉｎ，精子在海水中的时间不应超过１５ｍｉｎ，卵子接触海水的时间不应超过１ｍｉｎ，本文介绍了中国对虾外人工授精技术，并对影响人工授精成功的因素以及体外人工授精的意义进行了讨论。     

中国对虾和三疣梭子蟹混养试验

于1999－2000年进行了中国对虾（Penaeus chinensis)和三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatas)的混养试验。1999年的产量对虾为388．92kg/hm^2，梭子蟹为909．31kg/hm^2，纯收入和投入产出比为3．64万元／hm和1：1．98；2000年的产量对虾为412．50kg/hm^2,梭子蟹为722．25kg/hm^2。纯收入和投入产出比为2．55万元／hm^2和1：1．23，两个年度的实验都取得了较好经济效益，混养的纯利润比对虾单养提高了7－10倍，投入产出比提高1－2．5倍。     

斑节对虾封闭式育苗技术研究

斑节对虾封闭式育苗的主要技术措施：育苗池中密布气石５．５个／ｍ２;抽取大潮期海水经砂滤后入池,育苗过程中不添水换水;调节苗池光照强度约０．６～１μＥ／ｍ－２·Ｓ－１;投喂优质饵料６次／ｄ,混投优质中肋骨条藻和亚心形扁藻,掌握适当的投饵量;每天定时投放１０×１０－６的光合细菌等。试验结果,平均单位水体出苗量为５．７万尾／ｍ３,成活率５６．３％。     

Nauplii Production from Wild,Cultivated, and Mixed Populations of Blue Shrimp,Penaeus stylirostris

ABSTRACT

Due to the low nauplii production of cultivated broodstock, and to reduce the dependence on the wild stock, an experiment was carried out with 400 adult blue shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris, from wild and cultivated (F6) populations. Four treatments, each in duplicate, were applied: (1) wild females and males (W-W); (2) wild females and cultivated males (W-C); (3) cultivated females and wild males (C-W); and (4) cultivated females and males (C-C). More than 300 individual spawns were monitored to evaluate the egg and nauplii production per female. Mixed model ANOVA for factorial arrangements (4 × 3 × 2³ and 3 × 2³) were conducted. The factors considered besides the treatments were: rematuration (number of successive spawnings for a female), ovarian maturity, integrity of the spermatophore attached (complete spermatophore, “wings,” or “remnant”) and condition of spawning (partial or complete). The introduction of both wild females and males was a successful measure to improve the overall egg and nauplii production. Both mixed populations outperformed the cultivated broodstock, but were inferior to the wild stock (average production of eggs and nauplii: W-W-l 12,713 and 34,682, respectively; W-C-l 13,215 and 22,038, respectively; C-W-82,702 and 11,715, respectively; C-C-66,948 and 7,653, respectively). Populations with wild females produce a larger number of eggs, and wild males contribute to higher hatching rates. Other observations indicate the need to select for spawning only those females showing an advanced degree of ovarian maturity, having a complete spermatophore attached to the thelycum, and spawning completely.     

切除单侧眼柄对不同体质量养殖斑节对虾卵巢发育及产卵的影响

在盐度31、水温28~29℃下,进行了4次卵巢诱导试验,研究了切除单侧眼柄对体质量56.4~105.4g的养殖斑节对虾卵巢发育和产卵的影响及卵巢发育、产卵与体质量之间的关系。结果显示,切除单侧眼柄诱导养殖斑节对虾卵巢发育成熟,成功率(y)与雌虾体质量(x)显著相关(P0.05),雌虾体质量越小,诱导成功率越低,回归方程为:y=133.92lnx-535.63(r2=0.9297)。养殖斑节对虾眼柄手术后,最快10d产卵,部分雌虾能重复产卵。产卵量(y)与雌虾体质量(x)显著正相关(P0.05),雌虾体质量越小,产卵量越小,回归方程为:y=122.22lnx-472.2(r2=0.9738)。雌虾累积死亡率、卵子直径和卵子孵化率与雌虾体质量无显著相关性(P0.05)。建议用体质量80g以上的养殖斑节对虾雌虾作为亲虾。