用RAPD技术研究9个家猪群体的遗传结构

利用RAPD技术对9个家猪群体的遗传多样性进行研究，包括13／17罗伯逊易位纯合子猪、易位杂合子猪及正常核型猪的3个群体、丹系长白猪群体、加系双肌臀杜洛克猪群体、加系双肌臀大约克猪群体、加系双肌臀长白猪群体、及欧洲猪与易位杂合子猪产生的2个杂交后备猪群体。用17条已筛选出的产生多态性的随机引物对模板DNA进行扩增，共得到384条清晰稳定的多态型片段，片段长度在200～4000bp之间。根据多态性结果计算出群体间的共有带率F及遗传距离指数D，并以此绘制出群体的亲缘关系树状聚类图，确定了它们间的亲缘关系。     

麦洼牦牛的随机扩增多态性DNA遗传多样性分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)分子标记对麦洼牦牛粉嘴和纯黑2个选育群共100头个体进行遗传多样性分析,并用DCFA、Popgen1.32等软件分析了群体间和群体内的基因频率、群体分化指数(Gst)和基因流(Nm)等参数。结果表明:8个RAPD随机引物共检测到65种清晰谱带,其中具有多态性的谱带57条,多态频率为87.7%。在粉嘴群中,多态位点有45个,多态频率为69.23%,Nei氏基因多样性指数(H)为0.245;纯黑群中,多态位点有52个,多态频率为80.00%,H为0.260,显示2个群体遗传多样性均较丰富,且多样性相近。麦洼牦牛2个群体总的多样性指数(Ht)为1.877,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.455,H为0.280,表明麦洼牦牛的遗传多样性较丰富。纯黑群体与粉嘴群体间的遗传距离(D)为0.073,群体内遗传变异大于群体间。     

昆明裂腹鱼两地理群体遗传多样性的随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析

应用随机扩增DNA多态性(RAPD)技术对昆明裂腹鱼盘大河群体和昆明裂腹鱼泥猪河群体的遗传多样性进行分析.从38个10 bp引物中选取20个用于群体遗传多样性分析,在两群体中分别检测到121、125个位点,多态位点数分别为57、73个,平均多态位点比例分别为47.11%、58.40%;两群体内个体间平均遗传距离分别为0.174 5、0.1963,群体间遗传距离为0.250 3.研究表明:因地理隔离的两昆明裂腹鱼群体间存在一定的遗传分化;两群体内和群体间的遗传变异较大,具有丰富的遗传结构;泥猪河群体的遗传多样性要比盘大河群体的遗传多样性丰富,其群体内遗传变异较盘大河群体大.     

河南省4种地方品系鸡的RAPD分析

应用随机扩增多态性DNA(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD) 技术分析河南省4个地方鸡的品系,固始鸡快羽G_K系、固始鸡慢羽G_M系、矮小型绿壳蛋鸡、黄麻羽丝毛乌骨鸡的遗传变异。用186个随机引物对4个鸡种基因组DNA池扩增筛选,40个引物产生多态性。此40个引物经重新优化反应体系后,对120个个体的基因组DNA 进行RAPD分析。40个引物共产生387种扩增片段,扩增产物片段的长度大小在100～2220 bp范围内。利用电泳分析数据分别计算4个品系群体之间的遗传相似系数和遗传距离指数,结果4个鸡种的亲缘关系与它们的引种情况基本一致。同时也证明了RAPD技术可以作为分子标记,很好地检测鸡种群内的遗传变异及区分不同鸡品系。     

16个天然冰草种群遗传多样性RAPD分析

采用57个10 bp随机引物,对16个天然冰草(Agropyron cristatum)种群352个单株的基因组DNA进行RAPD多态性检测。结果表明:从57个RAPD引物中选出多态性标记的引物11个;检测出125个位点,102个显多态性;用Shan-non多样性指数量化的遗传多态度为2.19,种群内和种群间遗传变异比例分别为60%和40%,种群间的遗传相似度在0.7702~0.9776之间,遗传距离的变化范围为0.0226~0.2611;聚类分析结果表明:16个种群大致可分为4类,生境和表型相近的种群基本聚为一类,和形态学研究的结果基本一致,证明物种变异与生境密切相关。     

苦豆子种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

为深入研究并充分利用野生苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroides）资源,本研究利用RAPD技术对22个苦豆子居群进行研究,从DNA水平探讨苦豆子种质资源的遗传多样性。结果表明,筛选得到的31条RAPD随机引物共检测出314条扩增DNA片段,其中多态性条带285条,多态性比率为90.76%。Nei’s遗传多样性指数（H）为0.301 5,Shannon信息指数（I）为0.453 1,遗传距离变化范围为0.114～0.709,所研究的苦豆子居群间具有丰富的遗传多样性。UPGMA聚类分析和主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,22个苦豆子居群聚为6类,不同居群间出现了一定的遗传分化。     

皖北猪的随机扩增多态DNA研究

为保护和开发地方品种猪的遗传资源,采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)法分析皖北猪个体之间的遗传多样性。试验方案采用L(35)正交法,优化RAPD反应条件;筛选7条特异引物对皖北猪进行RAPD分析,计算带谱相似率、平均杂合度和遗传相似度,UPGMA法进行聚类分析。试验结果表明,优化的皖北猪RAPD反应体系为Mg2+浓度3 mmol/L,Taq酶1.50 U,dNTPs浓度0.40 mmol/L,引物浓度0.50μmol/L,模板浓度1 mg/L。皖北猪群处于亲缘关系不清的遗传非均衡状态。     

偃麦草种质资源遗传多样性的RAPD分析

通过对DNA提取方法及RAPD反应体系进行探讨,建立了适应偃麦草基因组DNA提取的方法及优化的RAPD反应体系。在此基础上,依据Jaccard相似系数,采用UPGMA方法进行聚类,判定32份偃麦草种质材料间的亲缘关系及遗传多样性。结果表明:(1)改良常规CTAB法,即对样品先进行洗涤并提高CTAB含量到3%可提高偃麦草DNA的提取质量。(2)对100条随机引物进行筛选,共筛选出18条多态性高、重复性好的随机引物,以此对32份材料进行PCR扩增,共扩增出264条带,多态性条带为93.7%。(3)以遗传相似系数为依据,对32份偃麦草材料进行聚类分析,在相似系数为0.373处可将供试偃麦草种质资源划分为5大类群。     

皖北黄牛随机扩增多态DNA研究

选取10条随机引物对皖北黄牛进行RAFD分析，从中筛选出3条可得到稳定扩增产物的多态性引物。根据RAPD结果分别计算了两两个体间的带纹相似率、平均带纹相似率、带纹的平均等位基因频率和平均带纹杂合度及遗传多样性指数，作亲缘关系的类平均聚类并绘制了相关关系聚类图。结果表明，皖北黄牛的基因杂合度较高，带纹总的平均等位基因频率、平均杂合度分别为0．55和0．57，群体内存在着较高的遗传变异。     

昆明裂腹鱼两地理群体遗传多样性的随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）分析

应用随机扩增DNA多态性（RAPD）技术对昆明裂腹鱼盘大河群体和昆明裂腹鱼泥猪河群体的遗传多样性进行分析。从38个10bp引物中选取20个用于群体遗传多样性分析,在两群体中分别检测到121、125个位点,多态位点数分别为57、73个,平均多态位点比例分别为47．11％、58．40％;两群体内个体间平均遗传距离分别为0．1745、0．1963,群体间遗传距离为0．2503。研究表明：因地理隔离的两昆明裂腹鱼群体间存在一定的遗传分化;两群体内和群体间的遗传变异较大,具有丰富的遗传结构;泥猪河群体的遗传多样性要比盘大河群体的遗传多样性丰富,其群体内遗传变异较盘大河群体大。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -