低豆腥味大豆新品种中黄18的选育有配套技术技术

大豆新品种中黄18（原名中作95－888）是中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所利用高产，抗花叶病毒病（SMV），适应性强的中品661作母本，美国引进的优良品种Century近等基因系，脂肪氧化酶（Lipoxygenase，简称Lox)缺失的优质材料Century-lx2lx2作父本进行有性杂交，采用等电聚焦聚丙烯酰胺电泳（IEF－PAGE）技术，对杂种后代脂肪氧化酶（Lox)进行缺失检测及多年辅助选择育成。该品种于2001年通过北京市农作物品种审定委员会审定，其突出特点为早熟，矮秆、高产、稳产，优质（Lox-2)，抗病，综合性状优异，同时对中黄18的配套栽培技术进行了探讨。     

缺失Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂和脂肪 氧化酶2的大豆新品种中黄31的选育

大豆新品种中黄31是中国农业科学院作物科学研究所利用缺失Kunitz胰蛋白酶抑制剂的高产、优质、 抗花叶病毒病( SMV)的高代材料ti15176作母本,美国引进优良品种Century近等基因系、脂肪氧化酶缺失的优质 材料Century - 2. 3作父本进行有性杂交,采用未变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Native - PAGE)技术及等电聚焦聚丙烯 酰胺凝胶电泳( IEF - PAGE)技术,对杂种后代胰蛋白酶抑制剂( Ti) 、脂肪氧化酶(Lox)进行缺失检测及多年辅助选 择育成。该品种于2005年通过北京市品种审定委员会审定。其突出特点是高产、稳产、优质(蛋白质品质优异% 缺失Ti和Lox2) 、抗病、抗倒、综合性状优良。     

高异黄酮低豆腥味大豆新品种中黄68的选育

高异黄酮大豆品种中黄68系中国农业科学院作物科学研究所以缺失脂肪氧化酶-2基因(lx-2)的低豆腥味大豆品种中黄18为母本,日本引进的7S蛋白亚基缺失(α’亚基缺失和β亚基含量低)的大豆材料7S3(Karikoi-434)为父本,经有性杂交,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术检测后代籽粒的异黄酮含量,等电聚焦聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(IEFPAGE)技术检测脂肪氧化酶基因缺失,并进行多年生化标记辅助选择而成。该品种2013年通过北京市品种审定委员会审定,其突出特点是高产、稳产、异黄酮含量高(5 135.86 mg·kg-1)、缺失脂肪氧化酶-2基因(lx-2)、商品性好、综合性状优良,属高异黄酮含量低豆腥味的特用大豆新品种。     

优质大豆新品种

低豆腥味、早熟、高产大豆新品种 - -中黄 18中黄 18原名中作 95 - 888,是中国农业科学院作物育种栽培研究所经有性杂交结合酶学检测选育而成。该品种组合为中品 6 6 1×Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ - 2 ,母本中品 6 6 1为黄淮海地区主栽优良品种 ,具有高产、抗花叶病毒病、适应性强等优点 ;父本Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ -2为美国的优良品种Ｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ(不含脂肪氧化酶 -Ｌｏｘ)近等基因系。 2 0 0 1年经北京市农作物品种审定委员会审定为品种。其突出特点是品质好 (低豆腥味 )、早熟、高产、稳产、抗病 ,是我国培育的第一个低豆腥味的优质大豆新品种。1　品种…     

黔南山区大豆脂肪氧化酶类型及活性鉴定

采用等电聚焦凝胶电泳法对贵州黔南山区68份大豆地方品种的脂肪氧化酶进行了测定，发现了17份Lox－3缺失体。通过脂肪氧化酶漂白胡萝卜素试验，发现这17份材料的脂肪氧化酶活性均较低，其中荔波二月豆等4份材料与日本、美国的同类材料水平相当。     

利用Native-PAGE鉴定大豆Lox同工酶

以Lox缺失体五星1号、3号、4号和非缺失类型大豆中黄13种子为材料,采用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Native-PAGE),通过改变分离胶浓度、电泳电压、样品浓度、电泳时间和染色方法等,探索大豆Lox同工酶电泳最佳条件。结果表明:浓缩胶浓度5%,分离胶浓度13%,浓缩胶电泳电压90 V、分离胶电泳电压190 V,样品浓度40%,电泳时间7 h,采用pH8.0、pH6.5两种不同的酶染液结合热考马斯亮蓝染色,4种Lox同工酶(Lox1、Lox2、Lox3a和Lox3b)的分辨清晰度最高。该方法简便安全、经济有效,可用于大豆种质资源Lox缺失体的筛选鉴定。     

糯稻新品种版纳糯18号特征特性及栽培技术

版纳糯18号是西双版纳州农业科学研究所1996年早季采用滇引313号作母本与勐腊糯作父本杂交选育而成的中熟白糯稻品种,具有高产、优质、适口性好、千粒重大等特点,2014年通过云南省农作物品种审定委员会审定。本文详细介绍了该品种的特征特性和高产优质栽培技术。     

优质、高产大豆育种的研究

1991至2005年先后作大豆有性杂交620个,同时结合辐射育种、分子育种等共育成13个大豆品种在黄淮海地区、内蒙古自治区东南部、辽宁省南部、陕西省和四川省推广,其中中黄13、中黄17、中黄19、中黄20和中黄22等5个品种被全国品种审定委员会审定推广,累计推广面积在30多万公顷.2004年中黄13在山西省襄垣县良种场经专家组实收667m2产量达312.4kg.     

好品种GS鄂早18

鄂早18是黄冈市农科院于1998年春季用“中早81“作母本,与“嘉早935“作父本有性杂交.经系谱法多年选择育成的优质、高产、抗病的早稻品种,原代号“20257“.2003年2月15日由湖北省农作物品种审定委员会审定定名,品种审定编号为鄂审稻002-2003.2005年5月,通过农业部国家农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号为国审稻2005003.……     

脂肪氧化酶缺失品种豆腐的感官和质构评价

豆制品的豆腥味与大豆中的脂肪氧化酶活性有关,为了降低豆腥味,培育出了脂肪氧化酶缺失类型的大豆品种。本研究分析了脂肪氧化酶缺失品种大豆(北农103)和普通大豆的脂肪氧化酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、蛋白质亚基组成、Ca、Mg和植酸磷的含量等理化性质,并以这两种大豆为原料分别用卤水、石膏和内酯为凝固剂加工豆腐,对其豆腐产品进行了感官和质构评价。感官分析结果表明,脂肪氧化酶缺失品种(北农103)豆腐的豆腥味明显弱于普通大豆豆腐,由北农103大豆品种加工成的内酯和卤水豆腐的质构特性好于普通品种大豆,而石膏豆腐则相反。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.