农业生态系统服务价值评估研究进展

农业生态系统提供的服务对人类的可持续发展至关重要.该系统的一些服务价值因在市场上未能反映出来而往往被人类所忽略, 正确评价此类系统服务价值具有重要意义.本文在系统回顾该领域研究进程的基础上, 从研究方法、研究内容、研究尺度、支撑学科等方面总结了现有研究的特点, 从所揭示的生态服务价值的完全程度、研究视角的广泛程度、研究方法的完善程度、研究领域的涵盖程度等方面分析了国内研究中存在的基本问题, 进而指出, 学术界在林地生态系统、草地生态系统以及价值评估方法的研究方面已经取得了众多成果, 在农田生态系统服务价值的研究方面也取得了一定进展, 但农田生态系统和渔业生态系统服务价值、非市场价值评估方法研究等方面需要重点突破, 对林地生态系统、草地生态系统的研究也需要在价值构成、生态服务价值的时空变化等方面进一步探讨.     

内蒙古地区级生态与农业气象监测评估服务系统的设计与实现

根据生态与农业气象业务需求,以气象通信网络为依托,采用Client/Server(C/S)体系结构,对生态与农业气象实时监测数据实现快速传输、有效存储和查询分析,及时将资料应用于生态与农业气象评估业务,为地方政府及有关生产部门提供农业气象决策服务.客户端运行县级生态与农业气象监测服务系统,负责信息监测、采集、传输;服务器端运行地市级的生态与农业气象评估服务系统,负责数据存储管理、综合分析、业务服务和产品制作等任务.     

生态承载力与生态系统生产总值耦合的生态系统服务评估—以福建省长汀县为例

生态系统质量是区域探索生态优先、绿色发展为导向的高质量发展的重要基础。开展区域生态系统服务评估可获取国土空间生态本底特征,为生态系统保护格局构建提供现状底图,明确生态系统修复重点、国土空间优化提供导向。以长汀县为例,基于地区生态典型性、区域生物量差异及公众支付意愿与能力构建特色评价指标,采用生态承载力与生态系统生产总值耦合研究方法,对长汀县生态系统服务进行县域、镇域、村域及系统斑块等多尺度评估。结果表明:长汀县生态系统服务等级空间分布符合区划规律,大致呈中间低、四周高的特征;尺度细化使结果分布异质性更强,可为开展生态修复、空间优化提供更具针对性的建议;长汀县生态系统较为脆弱,低生态等级乡镇个数占比高达38.89%,影响因素多样,水土流失及森林覆盖率影响显著;地形地势、人类活动、政策实施影响生态承载力的空间分布,地势平坦的人口稠密区系生态承载力低值集中区;森林生态系统在生态系统生产总值评估中扮演重要角色,生态系统生产总值均值等级极高的4个乡镇,其森林生态系统面积皆占89%以上。通过对生态承载力与生态系统生产总值耦合的方法进行探究,有利于推进"两山"理论的应用实践,将为地区生态系统服务提升与空间发展提供参考建议。     

秋浦河流域生态补偿标准实证研究

流域生态补偿标准是流域生态补偿研究的核心内容,国内外对此观点不一。以秋浦河为例,以2007年为基准,采用国家林业局发布的"森林生态系统服务功能评估规范(LY/T1721-2008)",评估了其上游生态服务价值为5.47亿元。并基于"外部性理论"提出了流域生态补偿标准应本着因地而宜原则,视生态服务的空间差异而定。补偿的上限为外部经济性行为的全部,即生态服务价值的全部5.47亿元,补偿的下限为生态系统服务功能中主导效应因子的价值,即直接使下游受益的水源涵养及土壤保育价值2.16亿元。     

兰州市城郊农业生态系统的服务功能及可持续发展对策

城郊农业生态系统是一个由社会、经济、自然等多种因素组成的复合生态经济系统,不仅提供经济产品,还以巨大的生物多样性提供多类型的生态服务功能,因此,必须合理地调整和分配土地资源,建立稳定可持续的城郊农业生态系统,实现城郊农业资源开发利用与城市生态环境建设的协调可持续发展。本文通过对兰州市城郊的农田、草地、林地和水体4种生态类型服务功能价值的分析,测算出兰州市城郊农业生态系统的年服务价值量为56.14×108元。从农业资源特征和城市生态安全要求出发,提出了适宜于兰州市城郊农业的耦合发展模式及产业化经营机制。     

怀来县农田生态系统服务价值分类评估

农田生态系统可以为人类提供各种农产品及多种间接生态服务功能。以河北省怀来县为例,借助GIS工具,从微地貌形态、土壤状况和土地利用类型3个方面选取相应指标,将怀来县农田生态系统分为3个生态类及6个生态亚类,并且从生产服务、调节服务、文化服务和支持服务4个方面选取7个指标构建评估模型,分别对6种农田生态亚类进行生态系统服务价值测算和分析。结果显示,怀来县农田生态系统服务总价值为225 311.90万元,4种农田生态系统服务价值大小为生产服务文化服务调节服务支持服务;不同农田生态亚类的价值差异明显,其中Ⅱ—Ⅱ总价值最高,Ⅰ—Ⅰ最低;根据不同农田生态亚类价值功能组成比例,将6种农田生态亚类分为生产服务主导型和文化服务主导型两种类型,为怀来县未来因地制宜地发展区域农业、保护生态环境提供了参考。     

基于生物多样性和生态系统服务的生态农场景观设计

近年来随着民众对良好生态环境和优质食品需求的增加,生态农场在我国蓬勃兴起。如何设计和建造生态农场成为新的研究领域。其中将生物多样性和生态系统服务整合到生态农场设计被认为是保障生态农场可持续生产的关键。本研究在回顾生态农场发展历程,分析生态农场中生物多样性的内涵,总结生态农场的景观结构、生物多样性和生态系统服务的关系及其应用的基础上,提出了以提升和利用生物多样性和生态系统服务为目标的生态农场景观结构优化的设计原则。研究建议生态农场的景观设计应主要包括农场与周围景观的关系、种植系统设计和有益生物栖息地的保护和重建3方面的内容,并具体提出了每个方面需遵循的一般设计原则。同时,研究以我国南方水稻主产区新建水稻生态农场设计为例,印证了上述原则和方法在实践中的可行性。研究表明,为了更好地将生物多样性整合到生态农场建设中,未来需要深入认识生物多样性及其生态功能,认识生物多样性与农业产量和收益的关系,开发利用能够促进有益生物多样性和生态系统服务的功能植物,并推动生态农场实施生物多样性保护的生态补偿政策的制定。本研究对推动将生物多样性保护和生态服务管理整合到生态农场设计提供了方法指导和实证,对生态农场的发展建设具有参考借鉴意义。     

生态连清理论在森林生态系统服务功能评估中的实践

当前,国际上生态系统服务功能研究体系框架已相对完善,但缺少一套针对森林生态系统服务功能评估体系.中国森林生态连清体系创建及完善,填补了这一空白.该体系巧妙地将森林资源清查体系和森林生态系统定位观测研究网络(CFERN)有机结合,通过森林资源清查体系直接获取森林资源信息,CFERN生态站获取生态系统各个生态过程的机制及参数,实现了森林生态系统服务功能的科学化评估.通过CFERN生态站连续观测对生态参数的纠偏,森林生态系统服务各项指标评估过程中所需的生态参数得以实时更新,使森林生态连清体系对森林生态系统服务评估具备了连续监测的功能.这一体系已在国家、林业重点工程、省级及地区等层面广泛应用,将森林生态系统服务功能评估工作推进了一大步,为我国森林经营管理、森林水土保持功能评估、生态恢复等提供科学的数据支撑.     

基于生物量的森林生态功能修正系数的应用——以辽宁省退耕还林工程为例

为了对同一生态单元同一目标林分类型中没有生态监测数据的林分进行准确的生态服务功能评估,以辽宁省退耕还林工程为例,基于生物量的森林生态功能修正系数对其生态服务功能进行评估。结果表明:2013年,辽宁省退耕还林工程生态系统服务功能总价值量为491.94亿元,在涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护6个生态系统服务功能中,涵养水源和生物多样性保护的生态系统服务功能价值量占退耕还林生态系统服务功能总价值量的比例最大,分别为26.84%和26.30%。研究结果可为《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》的修订和区域尺度森林生态系统服务功能的精确核算提供参考。     

农业生态系统服务及其管理学要义

农业生态系统作为联系人类社会系统与自然生态系统的界面(Interface), 其服务功能的健康发挥对整个农业系统稳定及人类生存与社会可持续发展具有现实和长远意义。本文综述了农业生态系统服务的研究现状、内涵与内容, 从现有农业生态系统服务功能的量化评估指标和方法着手, 提出了农业生态系统服务的量化难、研究技术相对滞后、研究机制缺位和研究力量薄弱成为农业生态系统服务研究的瓶颈, 以及意识问题制约农业生态系统服务的研究进程等国内外研究中存在的主要问题, 并展望了未来农业生态系统服务的研究趋势。最后, 从概念层面、机制层面和技术层面提出促进农业生态系统服务功能健康发挥的管理学要义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.