Response of Triticale Grain Yield and Yield Components to Number of Cuttings in a Mediterranean Environment

In six field experiments conducted over 2 years, the effect of one or two cuttings on grain yield of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) were investigated. In addition, the relationships between triticale grain yield its components were analysed.
Grain yield of the uncut plots invariably exceeded the plots with one or two cuttings, regardless of the environment or year. The reductions in grain yield caused by one cutting ranged from 27 % to 60 % under rainfed conditions and 18 % to 20 % under irrigation. With two cuttings the reduction was 45 % to 70 % for rainfed, and 35 % to 48 % for irrigated conditions.
The yield components which most influenced grain yield of triticale under cutting treatment were the number of ears m⁻² in all six experiments and the number of grains per ear under rainfed conditions. At the rainfed sites in 1989 cuttings diminished the number of ears m⁻² mainly by increasing plant mortality. Nevertheless, at the rainfed sites of 1990 and at the irrigated site of both years, the reduction in the number of ears m⁻² with cuttings was due principally to a lower survival of tillers per plant.     

Leaf Area, Grain Yield and Yield Components Following Forage Removal in Triticale

Triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) is a cereal that can be simultaneously used for forage and for grain, but this dual purpose is currently limited by a lack of information concerning the effects of forage removal on grain production. Thus, the effect of one or two successive cuttings (simulated grazing) on grain yield, yield components in the main stem and tillers, leaf area and biomass development were studied in four hexaploid triticales grown under irrigation and with high soil fertility. Forage removal reduced grain yield and grain weight per plant in proportion to the number of cuttings, mainly by reducing the number of tillers with spikes at harvest. Whereas foliage reduction did not affect the number of spikelets per spike, kernels per spike, or floral fertility in the main-stem spike, these yield components were drastically reduced in the spikes of tillers. Forage removal affected mean weight per kernel to approximately the same extent in the main stem as in the tillers. The Leaf Area Index (LAI) at anthesis showed significant loss due to cutting, mainly because of a decrease in the number of leaves per plant and in the green area per leaf. This caused similar decreases in the Leaf Area Duration (LAD) from anthesis to maturity. A strong inverse relationship was found between the percent of loss in LAI at anthesis and the final grain yield, suggesting that grain yield was largely dependent upon the ability of the crops to produce new leaf tissue rapidly in the time between cutting and anthesis.     

Effects of Temporary Water Stress After Anthesis on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Different Tiller Categories of Two Spring Wheat Varieties

Water stress might limit grain yields of cereals under humid conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a temporary water shortage at three different stages after anthesis on the grain yield and yield components of different tiller categories in two spring wheat varieties. A pot experiment with controlled water supply and rain shelters was conducted in 1984 and 1985 in Kiel, N. W. Germany. The water stress (pF 2.9 to 3.4) was imposed either between anthesis to early milk development of the caryopsis (WS1) (EC 65 to EC 72 according to Z adoks scale), early milk development to late milk development of the caryopsis (WS2) (EC 72 to EC 77) and late milk development to maturity (WS3) (EC 77 to EC 92). The control had a constant water supply throughout the growing season of between pF 2.2 to 2.5.
The water stress treatment WS1 significantly reduced the single plant yield by 10 % (1984) and 15 % (1985) in one variety (Selpek), whereas the other variety was unaffected. The response of both varieties to the two later treatments was smaller and insignificant.
In the first year the yield decrease in the variety Selpek after the WS1 treatment was mainly caused by a lower number of ears per plant compared with the untreated control (WS0). In the second year (1985) additionally a lower grain weight of the second category shoots caused by a reduction of the number of kernels per ear contributed to the decrease of the single plant yield. The yield component thousand grain weight could not compensate for the reduction in the number of kernels per ear.     

IAA和ABA对小麦籽粒灌浆过程的影响

采用3个粒重有较大差异但生育期基本相同的基因型,对它们籽粒发育过程中IAA和ABA水平的变化及其与充实速率的关系进行了研究。结果表明,IAA的含量和浓度与小麦籽粒的充实速率有显著的正相关;这种相关性不仅表现在籽粒的发育进程中,而且表现在基因型间充实速率的差异上。IAA含量较高的基因型,其充实速率也较高。ABA与小麦籽粒的充实速率也呈显著正相关,但在灌浆高峰期,当充实速率大幅度变化对,ABA却保持在一定的水平上。IAA和ABA在基因型间的差异主要表现在灌浆中后期。     

Differences in Wheat Cultivar Response to N Supply. I: Differences in Grain Yield Formation

Two-year field trials with winter wheat cultivars Batis and Toronto were conducted in Southern Bavaria, Germany, to investigate the possible causes of cultivar differences in response to N supply varying in total amount and time of application. Cultivar-related differences in grain yields were observed in treatments with low and medium N supply. High doses of N supply resulted in grain yield adjustment or grain yield advantage for cv. Toronto. The results of this study revealed a consistent, genotypic pattern in response to N fertilization in spite of strong seasonal effects. Systematic modifications in canopy growth rates in response to N supply were of particular relevance and a main factor for differences in tillering intensity resulting in modified stand densities. In the present study, cultivar differences in spike development and interactions with N supply related more to abortion than to initiation processes for number of spikelets and number of flowers per spikelet. High grain density (grains per m²) of cv. Toronto was evident during reproduction stages even under conditions of medium N supply. However, decreased growth rates during the later part of grain filling in combination with low 1000 grain weight, which was barely modified by N fertilization, allowed only partial utilization of this potential. It is assumed that sink limitations were of particular relevance for grain yield development in cv. Toronto, while cv. Batis combined a less intense response to N supply with more stability in the development of grain yield components.     

氨基多糖水溶肥对小麦生理特性、产量及籽粒品质的影响

为了探明氨基多糖水溶肥对小麦生理特性、产量及籽粒品质的影响,以'淮麦33'为试验材料,研究小麦不同生育期叶面喷施氨基多糖水溶肥1次、2次和3次对小麦产量和品质的影响,并在处理后12天测定小麦旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs),叶绿素(Ch1)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛...     

耕作和培肥对豫中区冬小麦生长和产量性状的影响

以‘百农矮抗58’为试验材料,在2007-2008年度深耕土壤的基础上,于2008-2009年度研究了深耕（耕深40 cm）和浅耕（耕深20 cm）2种耕作方式和底施专用复合肥（B1）、专用复合肥+鸡粪（B2）及专用复合肥+饼肥（B3）3种培肥模式对豫中区冬小麦生长和产量性状的影响。结果表明：浅耕模式下小麦的株高、群体数量、叶片叶绿素含量及地上部单株干物质积累量均高于深耕模式。B3培肥模式下,小麦叶片的叶绿素含量和植株地上部分干物质积累量较高。浅耕+B3模式下成穗数和穗粒数极显著高于其它模式,产量较高。综上,深耕基础上,浅耕配施复合肥和饼肥是豫中区适宜的种植模式。     

不同灌水处理对强筋小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质组分含量的影响

在小麦全生育期降水47.9 mm的条件下,对7个强筋小麦品种,采用二因素裂区设计,研究了不同灌水处理对籽粒产量、蛋白质组分和沉降值的影响。结果表明,籽粒产量和千粒重均以春季灌3水(春2叶露尖、春5叶露尖和开花期分别灌水40 m³)处理最高,与灌1水（春5叶露尖灌水40 m³）处理差异显著。烟农19的产量最高,与其他品种差异显著。不同灌水处理对醇溶蛋白含量的影响较大,以灌3水处理最高,与灌1水和2水（春5叶露尖和开花期分别灌水40 m³）处理差异显著。不同品种各蛋白质组分差异均显著,品种间谷蛋白含量的变异系数最大。不同品种在不同灌水条件下均表现为谷蛋白含量>醇溶蛋白>清蛋白>球蛋白,其比例约为3.6∶2.7∶1.7∶1。不同灌水处理间沉降值差异不显著,品种间差异极显著。综合考虑小麦产量和品质,在本试验条件下,以春季灌3次水为宜。     

水杨酸和脱落酸对低温下寒地冬小麦种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度的水杨酸(SA)和脱落酸(ABA)单独及组合处理对寒地冬小麦种子进行浸种,在低温(4℃)下测定种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数等萌发指标,种子芽长和根长,芽和根鲜重及干重以及丙二醛含量等生理指标,研究SA和ABA对低温胁迫下冬小麦种子萌发的影响.结果表明:低温胁迫下,一定浓度的SA和ABA浸种处理冬小麦的种子,可显著促进种子的萌发,并且,SA的抗寒效果比ABA更明显,二者配比组合(10-4 mol/L SA和10-5 mol/L ABA)具有最显著的缓解低温的效果.     

小麦植株器官光合作用与籽粒产量的研究

采用剪去叶片和芒及穗部、茎秆和叶鞘遮光处理,植株各器官对单穗粒重的影响依次为穗→芒和叶片→茎秆和叶鞘,不同叶序的叶片对单穗粒重的影响为倒2叶→旗叶→倒3叶→倒4叶。     

江苏省小麦参试品种(系)产量与产量构成因素分析

旨在明确江苏淮南和淮北麦区小麦产量构成因素对产量影响的相对重要性,采用相关和通径分析法,对江苏省2019-2020年度预备试验101个小麦品种(系)的产量及其构成因素进行分析.结果 表明,淮南和淮北小麦品种(系)的平均产量分别为7739.1 kg/hm2和8560.3 kg/hm2.相关分析表明,淮南小麦产量构成因素与...     

播期和密度对江苏淮北强筋小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响

旨在为江苏淮北地区小麦优质高产栽培提供参考,以优质强筋品种‘瑞华麦506’为材料,研究了播期（10月5日、15日、25日、11月4日和14日）和密度（2.1×10⁶、2.7×10⁶和3.3×10⁶/hm²）对温光利用、籽粒产量和籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,播期延迟减少了出苗至越冬始期累积积温和日照时数以及花后累积日照时数。迟播显著降低了茎蘖数和穗数,但不同程度增加了每穗粒数和千粒重,籽粒产量以10月15日播种最高。每晚播种10天,生育期、积温、日照时数和穗数分别减少8.5天、108℃、38 h和3.85×10⁵/hm²,产量损失700 kg/hm²。推迟播期降低了面粉吸水率,但增加了籽粒容重、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间。增加密度对籽粒品质影响不显著。综合而言,10月15日播种、采用2.7×10⁶/hm²密度是江苏淮北强筋小麦协同高产优质的适宜组合。     

氮肥运筹对强筋小麦旗叶生理性状及产量的影响

以优质强筋小麦品种‘郑麦9023’为材料,进行了等氮量不同追氮时期对其旗叶生理性状与产量调控作用的研究。结果表明,等氮量不同追氮时期对旗叶叶绿素和全氮含量及产量均存在明显影响。小麦旗叶叶绿素和全氮含量以及穗粒数、千粒重和产量均以孕穗期追施氮肥（60%）最好,而穗数以拔节期追施氮肥最多,并且,孕穗期追肥与较拔节期追肥、返青期追肥和氮肥全部底施相比,小麦产量分别提高了1.8%、6.2%和9.9%,由此表明,小麦生长发育初期少施氮肥,中后期重追施氮肥,不仅能够为小麦生长快速期提供充足的氮肥供应,提高旗叶叶绿素和全氮含量以及氮素转运率,防止叶片早衰,而且对于增加小麦穗粒数,促进大穗形成、提高千粒重和产量均具有积极的作用。     

The Effect of Moisture Stress on the Yield and Yield Components of Several Wheat Cultivars and their F1 Hybrids

The effect of moisture stress on yield and yield components of five winter wheats and their F₁, hybrids were investigated by maintaining the material at 80 % and 50 % field capacity respectively. Yield, kernel number, and kernel mass of the secondary tillers were affected severely by moisture stress. Kernel number and kernel mass of both primary and secondary tillers were correlated to yield significantly (r > 0.75) at both moisture levels. The rankings of the characters most significantly correlated to yield remained much the same at moisture levels despite a significant cultivar X moisture level interaction.     

不同播期对冬小麦粒重形成及产量的影响

以4个冬小麦品种为材料,研究了不同播期条件下籽粒灌浆特征参数、粒重和产量的差异。结果表明:播期对千粒重的影响存在差异,洛旱6号、洛麦21号和豫麦49不同播期之间的籽粒千粒重存在显著差异,但播期对偃展4110的千粒重影响不大。在不同播期下,灌浆过程中平均灌浆速率、快增期灌浆速率对粒重的影响较大。播期对不同品种灌浆高峰出现的日期影响基本一致,早播期>晚播期>中播期.但较早播种时,洛旱6号、洛麦21号和豫麦49灌浆高峰出现较早,灌浆速率大,晚播时偃展4110灌浆高峰出现较早,灌浆速率大。播期对4个品种产量的影响均以中播最高,在河南旱区生态条件下,似偃展4110的春性品种适宜播期为10月中下旬,洛旱6号、洛麦21号等似豫麦49的半冬性品种适宜播期为10月中旬。     

水分运筹对豫北冬小麦生育后期光合特性及产量的影响

为探讨豫北地区冬小麦合理的水分运筹模式,以‘周麦18’为供试材料,设置了全生育期不浇水（CK）、越冬水（W1）、越冬水＋拔节水（W2）和拔节水（W3）4种水分运筹方式,研究了水分运筹对冬小麦生育后期旗叶光合特性及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,W3处理下,小麦生育后期,旗叶气孔导度和光合速率较高,蒸腾作用和胞间CO2浓度较低。从产量因素来看,W3处理下的有效穗数及穗粒数均较高,最终产量（10183.4 kg/hm2）显著高于其它处理。因此,在豫北地区,足墒播种的基础上,小麦生育期灌拔节水有利于提高籽粒的产量和水分利用效率。     

Effects of Nitrogen and Foliar Sulphur Interaction on Grain Yield and Yield Components in Barley

In this study, conducted from 1979 to 1986 in southern Spain, the objective was to analyze the effects of a possible interaction between soil-applied N and foliar S applied to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) during tillering on grain yield and to identify the mechanism involved. From 1979 to 1982, we used rates of 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg a.i. N ha^?1, together with 12.5 or 25 kg foliar a.i. S ha^?1 during tillering. The results demonstrated that foliar S at both dosages acted as a partial (but not total) substitute for N, when the latter was applied at levels of 40 to 60 kg ha^?1. These effects of S did not appear to result only from a nutritive mechanism, but rather from a hormonal mechanism through the increase in ethylene biosynthesis. Therefore, during 1983 to 1986, we used 40, 60 and 80 kg a. i. N ha^?1, together with 12.5 a. i. S ha^?1 and 0.55 kg a.i. ethrel (2-chloroethyl-phosphonic acid) ha^?1. The results showed that the effects of S and ethrel on yield were practically the same. Assayed with 40 and 60 kg N ha^?1, S and ethrel acted as partial (but not total) substitutes for N, exceeding the yield of the control without S or ethrel, and equalling the yield obtained with 20 kg more of N ha^?1. The S or ethrel applied with 80 kg N ha^?1 presented an additive effect with the N. The increases in yield using S or ethrel were in all cases due to the increased final number of spikes m^?2, which was principally a consequence of the higher number of tillers formed but also a result of increased survival of tillers to form a viable spike. In addition, the positive effects of S on yield were greater the smaller the N dosage and the lower the annual yield. Finally, we present a possible mechanism of hormonal action, to explain how foliar S applied during tillering affects grain yield in barley.     

山东省区试小麦产量与产量构成因素的相关和通径分析

采用相关和通径分析法,对山东省2008～2009年度小麦高肥组区试165个小麦品种（系）的产量及其构成因素进行统计分析。结果表明：产量构成因素的变异系数大小为：666.7m2穗数＞穗粒数＞千粒重;产量构成因素与产量的相关程度为：666.7m2穗数＞穗粒数＞千粒重;偏相关分析,666.7m2穗数和千粒重均与产量呈极显著正相关,穗粒数与产量呈显著正相关,产量构成因素之间的偏相关均极显著负相关;三个产量构成因素对产量的直接通径系数都为正值,这与偏相关分析的结果是一致的。根据分析结果和山东省生态条件及目前种植条件特点,小麦高产育种和高产栽培应以选育和选用多穗型大群体品种为主,同时要稳定穗粒数,提高千粒重。     

Analysis of Wheat Cultivar Differences in Grain Yield, Grain Nitrogen Yield and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency.

More detailed information on the causes of yield variability among wheat cultivars is needed to further increase wheat yield. Field studies were conducted in Northern Greece over the two cropping seasons of 1985—1986 and 1986—1987 to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and application timing of the various component traits that determine grain yield, grain nitrogen yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of two bread ( Triticum aestivum L.) and two durum ( Triticum durum Desf.) wheat cultivars, using yield and yield component analysis. Nitrogen at a rate of 150 kg ha^-1 was applied before planting or 100 N kg ha^-1 before planting and then 50 N kg ha^-1 top dressed at early boot stage. Nitrogen and cultivars affected all traits examined, while split nitrogen application affected only some of the traits. Grain yields in the most cases were correlated with number of grains per unit area and grain weight and grain nitrogen yields in all cases with grain number per unit area. The contribution of the number of grains per spike to total variation in grain yield among cultivars was almost consistent (37 to 55 %), while the contribution of grain weight was more significant (up to 55 %) in high yields (>6.500kg ha^-1) and number of spikes per unit area (>500). The number of grains per spike contributed from 60 to 83 % to the total variation in grain nitrogen per spike. Increased grain nitrogen concentration resulted in a reduction of its contribution in grain nitrogen yield variation. Nitrogen utilization efficiency was higher during grain filling than during vegetative biomass accumulation. The contribution of nitrogen harvest index to the variation of utilization efficiency for grain yield was higher in plants receiving nitrogen application.     

Yield Components of Apical and Subapical Ear Contributing to the Grain Yield Responses of Prolific Maize at High and Low Plant Populations

Subapical ears are largely responsible for grain yield variations in prolific maize (Zea mays L.) grown under conditions favourable for the expression of prolificacy trait, but limited information exists on yield components contributing to yield responses. A field experiment was conducted to determine the yield components of apical and subapical ear in prolific maize after various pollination treatments at two plant populations. Hybrid Pioneer 3733 was grown in the perfect stands of 71 428 and 35 714 plants ha^?1. Three pollination treatments were carried out: (i) free pollination; (ii) subapical earshoots were covered to prevent pollination; and (iii) apical earshoots were covered to prevent pollination. Grain yields of free pollinated plants were by 50.1 % larger at low plant population (265 g per plant) than at high plant population (177 g per plant) due to a 45.3 % increase in kernels per plant, whereas 1000‐kernel weight slightly increased by 3.3 %. These increased kernels per plant at low plant population were, in part, the result of kernel increments on apical ear (10.1 %), and mainly associated with kernels from subapical ears that did not occur at high plant population. At low plant population, the total grain yield per plant was reduced by 94 g (35.5 %) after the apical ear was bagged to prevent pollination, but only 52 g (19.6 %) when the subapical ear was bagged. When subapical ear development was stopped at low plant population, grain yield on apical ears increased by only 3.9 % as a result of heavier 1000‐kernel weights, clearly demonstrating limitations in kernel set and size. After grain development on apical ear was prevented, subapical ear enlarged to 80.3 % of maximum apical ear yield because the former had, on average, 2.5 % lighter 1000‐kernel weight and 17.5 % fewer kernels than the latter. Ears did not differ in row number when only apical or subapical ear was developed on plant, whereas subapical ears tended to have fewer rows than apical ears when both were present on the same plant. Our results showed that: (i) plant population affected all yield components on both apical and subapical ear except row number; (ii) the occurrence of subapical ear is triggered by achieving maximum potential kernel set on apical ear; and (iii) subapical ear is inferior in potential grain yield to apical one even when the latter was prevented from pollination.