中国北方部分冬麦区猪殃殃对苯磺隆的抗性水平

采用温室盆栽法和培养皿法分别测定7省14个县市14块麦田的猪殃殃潜在抗药性生物型和临近非耕地敏感生物型对苯磺隆的抗性水平。温室盆栽法试验结果表明,除河北省石家庄、山西省太原、陕西省周至、山东省泰安采集点麦田猪殃殃生物型对苯磺隆仍处于敏感状态外,其它地区麦田猪殃殃均产生了不同程度的抗药性,抗性倍数在1.6～4.3之间,其中河南省许昌采集点抗药性最高,达4.3倍,安徽省太和、陕西省华县采集点抗药性最低,抗性倍数均为1.6;培养皿法试验结果表明,河南省许昌采集点抗药性较高,抗性倍数为2.2,而安徽省太和、陕西省华县采集点抗药性较低,抗性倍数分别为1.9和1.7。两种方法的抗性趋势基本一致。     

河南省猪殃殃对苯磺隆的抗性检测

为了明确河南省猪殃殃对苯磺隆的抗性水平及分布现状,通过温室整株生物测定法,测定了河南省境内36个猪殃殃种群对苯磺隆的敏感性。结果表明,河南省大部分猪殃殃种群已经对苯磺隆产生了不同程度的抗性,所测样品中,高抗种群3个,中抗种群9个,低抗种群13个,共25个,占总采样数的69.44%;敏感种群11个,占30.56%。说明苯磺隆在河南多地存在高抗性风险,同类乙酰乳酸合成酶抑制剂类除草剂需科学施用。     

Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas) cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides

BACKGROUND: Papaver rhoeas (L.) has evolved resistance to tribenuron in winter wheat fields in northern Greece owing to multiple Pro₁₉₇ substitutions. Therefore, the cross‐resistance pattern to other sulfonylurea and non‐sulfonylurea ALS‐inhibiting herbicides of the tribenuron resistant (R) and susceptible (S) corn poppy populations was studied by using whole‐plant trials and in vitro ALS catalytic activity assays. RESULTS: The whole‐plant trials revealed that tribenuron R populations were also cross‐resistant to sulfonylureas mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron, chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron. The whole‐plant resistance factors (RFs) calculated for pyrithiobac, imazamox and florasulam ranged from 12.4 to > 88, from 1.5 to 28.3 and from 5.6 to 25.4, respectively, and were lower than the respective tribenuron RF values (137 to > 2400). The ALS activity assay showed higher resistance of the ALS enzyme to sulfonylurea herbicides (tribenuron > chlorsulfuron) and lower resistance to non‐sulfonylurea ALS‐inhibiting herbicides (pyrithiobac > florasulam ≈ imazamox). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that Pro₁₉₇ substitution by Ala, Ser, Arg or Thr in corn poppy results in a less sensitive ALS enzyme to sulfonylurea herbicides than to other ALS‐inhibiting herbicides. The continued use of sulfonylurea herbicides led to cross‐resistance to all ALS‐inhibiting herbicides, making their use impossible in corn poppy resistance management programmes. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

山东省小麦田荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性测定

为了明确山东省小麦田荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性水平及分布现状,在温室中采用整株剂量-反应测定法测定了51份荠菜样本对苯磺隆的敏感性。结果表明,山东省小麦田荠菜已普遍对苯磺隆产生抗性,所测样本中,抗性种群29个,占总样本数的56.86%,其中,中、高抗种群27个,占总样本数的52.94%。鲁南山区和鲁西北平原区采集点的荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性水平较高,胶潍河谷平原区的荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性水平则相对较低。     

Multiple resistance of Papaver rhoeas L. to 2,4‐D and acetolactate synthase inhibitors in four European countries

The issue of cross‐ or multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors and the auxinic herbicide 2,4‐D was investigated in Papaver rhoeas L., a common and troublesome weed in winter cereals, in a broad‐scale study across four European countries. A combination of herbicide sensitivity bioassays and molecular assays targeting mutations involved in resistance was conducted on 27 populations of P. rhoeas originating from Greece (9), Italy (5), France (10) and Spain (3). Plants resistant to the field rate of 2,4‐D were observed in 25 of the 27 populations assayed, in frequencies ranging from 5% to 85%. Plants resistant to ALS‐inhibiting herbicides (sulfonylureas) were present in 24 of the 27 populations, in frequencies ranging from 4% to 100%. Plants resistant to 2,4‐D co‐occurred with plants resistant to sulfonylureas in 23 populations. In four of these, the probability of presence of plants with cross‐ or multiple resistance to 2,4‐D and sulfonylureas was higher than 0.5. ALS genotyping of plants from the field populations or of their progenies, identified ALS alleles carrying a mutation at codon Pro197 or Trp574 in 2,4‐D‐sensitive and in 2,4‐D‐resistant plants. The latter case confirmed multiple resistance to 2,4‐D and ALS inhibitors at the level of individual plants in all four countries investigated. This study is the first to identify individual plants with multiple resistance in P. rhoeas, an attribute rarely assessed in other weed species, but one with significant implications in designing chemical control strategies.     

山东省小麦田播娘蒿对苯磺隆的抗性测定

为明确山东省冬小麦田播娘蒿对苯磺隆的抗性水平及分布现状,在温室中采用整株剂量-反应测定法测定了山东省各小麦主产区的37份播娘蒿对苯磺隆的敏感性。结果显示,山东省播娘蒿对苯磺隆的抗药性已非常普遍,所测样品中,抗性生物型有29个,占总采样数的78.38%,敏感生物型仅8个,占21.62%。抗性生物型中,中抗性生物型最多占51.72%,低抗性生物型占31.03%,高抗性生物型占17.24%。鲁西南平洼区和鲁西北平原区播娘蒿抗性水平普遍较高,鲁南山区、胶潍河谷平原区和鲁北滨海区抗性水平相对较低。     

Effects of some chemical factors,prechilling treatments and interactions on the seed dormancy‐breaking of two Papaver species

Seed dormancy is a common strategy of many plants to survive in natural and agricultural ecosystems. This study examined the effects of some chemical factors, including gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate, the prechilling temperature, duration and conditions and the light regimes on the seed dormancy‐breaking of Papaver rhoeas L. and Papaver dubium L. The results showed that all the tested seed dormancy‐breaking treatments significantly stimulated the germination of the two Papaver species. The seed germination was significantly influenced in relation to the seeds that were treated with 0–1250 p.p.m. of gibberellic acid. The maximum germination was observed in P. rhoeas L. at 750 p.p.m. and in Pa. dubium L. at 500 p.p.m. in the light/dark regime. There was a significant increase in the germination with an increase in the potassium nitrate concentration. The greatest germination was achieved at the lowest potassium nitrate concentration (0.5 g L^?1) in the light/dark regime. The wet prechilling was more effective than the dry prechilling in the dormancy‐breaking of both P. rhoeas L. and Pa. dubium L. The highest germination percentage was found in the wet prechilling condition after 45 days' prechilling duration. The combination of gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate was more successful than their separate application in the stimulation of germination in both Papaver species. Among the combined treatments of prechilling and gibberellic acid, the highest germination of P. rhoeas L. was recorded in the seeds that were treated with wet prechilling for 45 days with 750 p.p.m. gibberellic acid, while in Pa. dubium L., the maximum germination was recorded with wet prechilling for 45 days with 500 p.p.m. of gibberellic acid.     

小麦田麦家公对苯磺隆的抗性机理

为明确麦田阔叶杂草麦家公Lithospermum arvense L.对苯磺隆的抗性机理,以苯磺隆抗性和敏感型麦家公为材料,比较分析这2个生物型麦家公靶标酶乙酰乳酸合成酶（acetolactate synthase,ALS）、解毒酶谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（glutathione-S-transferase,GST）以及保护酶过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）和过氧化氢酶（catalase,CAT）对苯磺隆的响应差异性。结果表明,抗性麦家公ALS对苯磺隆的敏感性较敏感型麦家公显著下降,苯磺隆的抑制中浓度分别为0.187、0.036 μmol/L。苯磺隆胁迫后,抗性和敏感型麦家公ALS活性都出现下降,但抗性麦家公ALS活性可恢复,而敏感型麦家公ALS活性则不能恢复;2个生物型麦家公GST活性都能被苯磺隆诱导,但抗性麦家公GST累计活性为29.31 U,高于敏感型麦家公（25.90 U）;抗性麦家公SOD累计活性为24.49 U,较敏感型麦家公（19.31 U）高,且具有较强的恢复能力;抗性麦家公POD和CAT累计活性分别为126.92~550.68 U和41.41~77.19 U,也高于敏感型麦家公的93.75~271.04 U、42.17~57.28 U。因此,靶标酶ALS对苯磺隆敏感性减弱是麦家公产生抗性的一个重要原因,解毒酶GST、SOD、POD和CAT活性升高可能与抗性有关。     

河南省部分地区麦田荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性水平及抗性靶标分子机制

为明确河南省部分地区麦田荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris对苯磺隆的抗性水平及抗性靶标分子机制,采用整株生物法测定了12个荠菜种群的抗性水平,并对乙酰乳酸合成酶(acetolactate synthase,ALS)离体活性和ALS基因突变进行了测定分析。结果表明,商丘市民权县花园村(MQ)、周口市西华县小于楼村(XH)、平顶山市叶县穆寨村(YX)、许昌市长葛市董庄村(CG)采集的荠菜种群对苯磺隆产生了较高的抗性,GR_(50)分别为129.14、110.67、62.91和85.29 g/hm~2,抗性倍数分别为215.23、184.45、104.85和142.15倍;ALS离体活性测定所得I_(50)分别为5.85、4.87、1.38和3.83μmol/L,抗性倍数分别为83.57、69.57、19.71和54.71倍;其余8个种群的GR_(50)在0.60~2.86 g/hm~2之间,抗性倍数在1.00~4.77之间;I_(50)在0.07~0.37μmol/L之间,抗性倍数在1.00~5.29之间。荠菜种群MQ、XH的ALS基因Domain A区域第197位脯氨酸(CCT)均突变为丝氨酸(TCT),荠菜种群CG的第197位脯氨酸(CCT)突变为亮氨酸(CTT),表明靶标ALS基因突变是荠菜对苯磺隆产生抗性的重要原因之一,但荠菜种群YX的ALS基因保守区内暂未发现突变位点,其抗药性可能由其它原因造成。     

中国北方部分地区麦田荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性水平

为明确北方地区冬小麦田荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性水平,运用培养皿法和温室盆栽法分别测定了山东、山西、河南、河北、陕西5省13个地区采集点麦田潜在抗药性生物型对苯磺隆的抗性水平,并分别测定了驻马店梁祝镇采集点荠菜潜在抗药性生物型和敏感生物型乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)对苯磺隆的敏感性。培养皿法测定结果表明:驻马店梁祝镇采集点荠菜抗药性生物型对苯磺隆的抗性水平最高,抗性倍数为6.17倍,其他采集点荠菜抗性倍数在0.94～2.04倍之间,仍处于较为敏感状态。温室盆栽法测定结果表明:驻马店梁祝镇采集点荠菜抗性倍数仍为最高,达到233倍, 其他地区采集点荠菜抗性倍数在1.23～3.73倍之间,尚未产生明显的抗药性。离体条件下,苯磺隆对荠菜抗药性和敏感生物型ALS的抑制中浓度(IC50)分别为0.664 μmol/L和0.053 3 μmol/L,抗药性生物型的抗性倍数达12.5倍。结果表明,驻马店梁祝镇采集点荠菜已对苯磺隆产生了较高水平的抗药性,而其体内ALS敏感性降低可能是抗药性产生的原因之一。     

Selection for resistance to the herbicide imazethapyr in somaclones of soyabean

Cultivars of soyabean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] resistant to the herbicide imazethapyr were identified by suspending the roots of 5-day-old seedlings in nutrient culture containing 2.5 mg a.i. L^–1 imazethapyr and then comparing the inhibitory effect on root length and shoot dry weight. The four most resistant cultivars were subsequently screened as regenerating tissue cultures in a medium containing 2.0 mg a.i. L^–l imazethapyr to select somaclonal cells with increased resistance. Surviving portions of cultures were regenerated to give shoots, the plants isolated, allowed to flower and seed. These progeny were then used for further seed multiplication and seedlings from this latter generation were exposed to imazethapyr in vivo and callus and cell suspension cultures derived from these seedlings were exposed to imazethapyr in vitro . A reduction in the inhibitory effect of the imazethapyr was noted in the somaclone seedlings and tissue cultures. However, measurement of acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity showed no differences among the parent cultivars and in the selected somaclones in this trait.     

Modelling different cultivation and herbicide strategies for their effect on herbicide resistance in Alopecurus myosuroides

A single dominant mutation conferring resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) and cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides was incorporated into a quantitative model for the population development of Alopecurus myosuroide s Huds. The model predicts that from an initial seedbank of 100 seed m^–2, 10^–6 of which mutate to resistance each generation, and annual use of AOPP/CHD herbicides which kill 90% of susceptible but no resistant plants, a threshold of 10 plants m^–2 surviving herbicides ('field resistance') will develop: in 9–10 years if all tillage is by tine cultivation to 10 cm deep; after 28–30 years of annual ploughing; in 12 years if tine cultivations are interspersed with ploughing once every 4 years. If AOPP/CHD herbicides are alternated with herbicides with different modes of action, outcomes depend on the annual kill rate: with 95% kill (of susceptible plants by AOPP/CHDs and all plants by alternative herbicides) and tine cultivation, field resistance develops in 22 years; however, resistance can be delayed for 45 years if AOPP/CHDs are rotated with two additional herbicides, each with a different mode of action. The model predictions on the number of years required for field resistance to develop are not highly sensitive to the density of the seedbank or the initial frequency of resistance.     

A novel genomic approach to herbicide and herbicide mode of action discovery

A herbicide with a new mode of action has not been commercialized for more than 30 years. A recent paper describes a novel genomic approach to herbicide and herbicide mode of action discovery. Analysis of a microbial gene cluster revealed that it encodes genes for both the biosynthetic pathway for production of the sesquiterpene aspterric acid and an aspterric acid‐resistant form of dihydroxy acid dehydratase (DHAD), its target enzyme. Aspterric acid is weak compared with commercial synthetic herbicides, and whether DHAD is a good herbicide target is unclear from this study. Nevertheless, this genomic approach provides a novel strategy for the discovery of herbicides with new modes action. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

麦田抗性生物型荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性机制研究

为明确抗性生物型荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性机制,分别测定了苯磺隆对抗性和敏感生物型荠菜体内乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GSTs)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的影响。结果表明:离体条件下,抗性生物型荠菜体内ALS对苯磺隆的敏感性明显降低,苯磺隆对荠菜抗性和敏感生物型ALS的抑制中浓度(I50)分别为0.722 8和0.052 1 μmol/L,抗性与敏感生物型I50的比值为13.87;活体条件下,施用苯磺隆后,抗性和敏感生物型荠菜ALS活性均受到一定程度的抑制,但抗性生物型ALS活性受到抑制后能逐渐恢复,而敏感生物型则不能恢复;经苯磺隆处理后,抗性生物型GSTs相对活力明显高于敏感生物型,而抗性和敏感生物型体内POD、SOD和CAT相对活力无明显差异。研究表明,抗性生物型荠菜体内ALS对苯磺隆敏感性降低是其抗药性产生的原因之一,而GSTs对苯磺隆代谢能力的差异也可能与荠菜对苯磺隆的抗性有关。     

Evolving understanding of the evolution of herbicide resistance

A greater number of, and more varied, modes of resistance have evolved in weeds than in other pests because the usage of herbicides is far more extensive than the usage of other pesticides, and because weed seed output is so great. The discovery and development of selective herbicides are more problematic than those of insecticides and fungicides, as these must only differentiate between plant and insect or pathogen. Herbicides are typically selective between plants, meaning that before deployment there are already some crops possessing natural herbicide resistance that weeds could evolve. The concepts of the evolution of resistance and the mechanisms of delaying resistance have evolved as nature has continually evolved new types of resistance. Major gene target‐site mutations were the first types to evolve, with initial consideration devoted mainly to them, but slowly ‘creeping’ resistance, gradually accruing increasing levels of resistance, has become a major force owing to an incremental accumulation of genetic changes in weed populations. Weeds have evolved mechanisms unknown even in antibiotic as well as other drug and pesticide resistances. It is even possible that cases of epigenetic ‘remembered’ resistances may have appeared. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modelling spatio-temporal dynamics of herbicide resistance

A mathematical model has been developed for the risk assessment of the spread of genes conferring herbicide resistance in plant populations. The model combines an age-and-stage-structured population dynamic model, a population genetic model and a model of spatial spread. This is achieved by embedding a local matrix population model into a cellular automaton model with raster cells as spatial units. The dynamics of each cell is determined by both its local dynamics and the interaction with neighbouring cells. The model is applied to the evaluation of management strategies to delay or even to prevent long-term evolution of resistance in an annual grass weed. The results show that the appearance and spread of resistant genes is a highly non-linear process exhibiting threshold phenomena, which occur for a wide range of parameters. The properties of the seed survival curve constitute the `genetic memory' of the system and thus determine its long-term dynamics. It is possible to delay the evolution of resistance by suspension of treatment, reduction in herbicide application rate and introducing fallow periods. Spatial spread from an infested plot is inhibited by leaving untreated strips between adjacent fields.     

山东省部分市县麦田杂草麦家公Lithospermum arvense对苯磺隆的抗药性

采用温室盆栽法和培养皿法测定了山东省部分市县冬小麦田杂草麦家公Lithospermum arvense L.对苯磺隆的抗药性水平,以及其抗药性生物型乙酰乳酸合成酶(ALS)对苯磺隆的敏感性。温室盆栽结果显示,供试杂草对苯磺隆产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中胶州麦家公生物型抗性水平最高,抗性倍数为12.8倍;培养皿法测定结果也显示胶州麦家公生物型抗性水平最高,但抗性倍数为3.89倍。交互抗性测定结果表明,胶州抗性麦家公生物型对其他ALS抑制剂噻吩磺隆和苄嘧磺隆已产生不同程度的交互抗性,其中对噻吩磺隆的抗性倍数达到3.11倍。离体条件下,与敏感生物型ALS活力的抑制中浓度(IC50)相比较,胶州抗性麦家公生物型的IC50值是敏感麦家公的 2.65倍。表明ALS敏感性降低可能是山东部分市县麦家公对苯磺隆产生抗药性的重要原因之一。