蔗虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱卵的寄生适应性

稻飞虱(褐飞虱和白背飞虱)是为害水稻的最主要害虫。缨小蜂(Anagrus spp)是稻飞虱卵期的主要寄生性天敌,常年的寄生率为10％～70％。由于稻田生态环境的不稳定性(收割、喷施农药等)和寄生性天敌的滞后现象,稻田缨小蜂对稻飞虱的控制作用不稳定。有研究表明稻田边杂草及其有关非稻田飞虱对稻田卵寄生蜂起重要的保护和恢复作用[1-3]。我们在田间节肢动物的系统调查中发现,茭白上长绿飞虱[Saccharosydne procerus (Matsumura)]的卵寄生蜂中有大量的蔗虱缨小蜂[Anagrus optabilis(Perkins)],对茭白田周围的稻飞虱卵常常有较高的寄生率。为此,我们就蔗虱缨小蜂对褐飞虱卵的寄生选择性和功能反应进行了研究,以期提出有效的生境调节技术来提高蔗虱缨小蜂的自然控害功能。     

水分胁迫下水稻对褐飞虱转录组的影响

为明确褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)在稻田缺水条件下的发生和灾变规律,以感虫水稻品种TN1为材料,以取食无水分胁迫水稻的褐飞虱为对照组,取食水分胁迫(以15%PEG6000营养液处理48 h模拟)水稻的褐飞虱为处理组,采用Illumina转录组测序技术研究水分胁迫下水稻对褐飞虱转录组的影响。结果显示,测序序列经拼接后得到褐飞虱全部单基因unigene共47 335条,平均长度为1 234 bp;与对照组相比,处理组中表达量差异显著的基因共有1 331条,其中表达量上调的基因有712条,表达量下调的基因有619条;随机选取20条具有显著表达差异的基因,通过实时荧光定量PCR方法检测其表达量以进行验证,其中有13条基因的表达量与测序结果变化一致。对差异表达基因进行GO注释和KEGG代谢通路功能富集分析表明,能量代谢和水分代谢相关通路在水分胁迫处理的褐飞虱中显著富集,表明这几类基因在褐飞虱应答水分胁迫中发挥了重要作用。     

褐飞虱和白背飞虱在抗褐飞虱水稻品种上的行为反应

以ASD7、IR36、粳籼89(JX89)、Mudgo四个抗褐飞虱水稻品种和感性品种TN1为材料,比较了褐飞虱和白背飞虱在这些品种上的行为反应。褐飞虱对抗性品种表现出明显的非嗜好性。褐飞虱自4h、白背飞虱自8h以后,各品种上的着虫量与TN1差异显著,而其它各品种上的虫量无明显差异(Mudgo除外)。白背飞虱选择各抗性品种的百分率明显大于褐飞虱(Mudgo除外);同一水稻品种上的稻飞虱数量无时间上的规律性。两种稻飞虱在抗性品种和TN1上的取食量差异显著。取食同一品种时,白背飞虱在IR36、JX89上的取食量大于褐飞虱,且相互间差异显著。两种稻飞虱在四个抗性品种上的取食痕数量明显多于TN1;两种飞虱在ASD7和JX89上的取食痕数量差异显著,白背飞虱的数量明显少于褐飞虱。在所有水稻品种上的取食痕数量与取食量呈明显的负相关关系。     

模拟干旱胁迫对稻虱缨小蜂的影响

为明确干旱胁迫对稻虱缨小蜂Anagrus nilaparvatae Pang et Wang生态适应性的影响,采用不同浓度的聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol,PEG)6000模拟干旱生境,研究了干旱胁迫对稻虱缨小蜂生长发育、繁殖的影响,并观察了稻虱缨小蜂对感虫品种TN1和抗虫品种IR36水稻上褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens Stl卵的选择情况。结果表明,稻虱缨小蜂幼虫的发育历期随PEG6000浓度的升高而延长;成虫寿命则随着PEG6000浓度的升高而缩短,经20%PEG6000处理7 d后雌蜂寿命最短,在TN1和IR36水稻上分别为25.1 h和25.4 h;经20%PEG6000胁迫处理7 d后,在TN1、IR36水稻上稻虱缨小蜂的平均卵寄生量最低,分别为10.9粒和8.1粒。与20%PEG6000处理相比,稻虱缨小蜂对未经干旱胁迫处理水稻上的褐飞虱卵具有明显的选择性。研究表明,模拟干旱胁迫能降低稻虱缨小蜂生态适应性,且降低对褐飞虱卵的寄生力和选择性。     

沉默干旱应答元件结合蛋白基因OsDREB1A对高温下水稻中褐飞虱卵孵化的影响

干旱应答元件结合蛋白(dehydration responsive element binding protein,DREB)广泛参与调控植物抗非生物胁迫反应,如低温、高温等逆境(文锦芬等,2019),但是否参与植物抗虫反应目前尚无报道。水稻中该家族基因成员OsDREB1A在低温下被诱导表达,能增加水稻在低温、高盐和干旱胁迫下的存活率(Ito et al.,2006);本课题组前期研究发现水稻中OsDREB1A基因在害虫为害后会被诱导表达。     

短时高温对黑肩绿盲蝽捕食褐飞虱卵的影响

为明确夏季高温条件下, 黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的控害潜能, 本研究通过在人工气候箱内分别设置最高温度为30?33℃和36℃的渐进式变温处理, 测定黑肩绿盲蝽各龄若虫及成虫对褐飞虱卵的捕食量?捕食功能反应及搜寻效应?结果表明, 在提供充足食物的条件下, 不同温度处理间黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的日均捕食量无显著差异; 不同高温处理下, 黑肩绿盲蝽捕食功能反应均能与Holling Ⅱ模型较好拟合, 不同龄期若虫及成虫的瞬时攻击率和处理时间在不同温度之间均差异不显著, 其中1龄若虫和2龄若虫在36℃处理下日最大理论捕食量最大, 分别为2.924粒和12.195粒; 在不同高温处理下, 黑肩绿盲蝽对褐飞虱卵的搜寻效应均随着卵密度的增加而降低?本研究结果表明, 短时高温未对黑肩绿盲蝽的控害作用产生不利影响?     

溴氰菊酯对稻褐飞虱繁殖力的影响

用稻苗喷雾法测定了溴氰菊酯对褐飞虱的毒力,然后在亚致死剂量处理过的水稻植株上,放入3龄中期若虫饲养至羽化。存活的成虫按翅型分成单对转移到新鲜无药的孕穗初期的水稻上继续饲养,观察并记录其繁殖力。     

水稻品种对褐飞虱种群增长的影响

试验测定了8204、8533、农虎、测48、秀水620、秀水664、秀水678及汕优六号等8个品种对与褐飞虱种群发育、存活和生殖等有关的11项参数的影响。结果表明,秀水620、664和678等品种的抗褐飞虱性状与汕优六号相似,可使种群内禀增长力下降,平均世代历期和种群加倍时间延长,净增殖力较对照品种降低79.5%—88.1%。影响种群内禀增长力的主要原因是成虫生殖力和若虫存活率下降,引起世代时间延长的主要原因是若虫历期延长和成虫存活和产卵动态的改变。但是,在秀水620和664上连续饲养的第三代,若虫存活率明显提高。田间试验证实,秀水620和664对褐飞虱自然种群的增长有明显控制作用,其主害代高峰虫量分别较对照下降79.9%和72.5%,发生期亦有所推迟。     

褐飞虱协同纹枯病发生的观察

褐飞虱协同纹枯病发生的观察吴和生，李瑛（江苏省东台市农业局植保站２２４２００）范凤山，邹德良，崔世庆，常春，顾生权（东台市农业技术推广中心梁垛农技站）褐飞虱Ｎｉｌａｐａｒｖａｔａｌｕｇｅｎｓ（ｓｔａｌ）、纹枯病Ｐｅｌｌｉｃｕｌａｒｉａｓａｓａｋｉｉ是...     

褐飞虱侵害对不同水稻品种根及叶片赤霉素含量的影响

应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)研究褐飞虱若虫侵害分蘖期水稻超级培矮64S/E32和TN1后根及叶片赤霉素(gibberellin,GA)含量变化,以探讨褐飞虱侵害后水稻品种耐虫性与植物体内源激素的关系。结果显示:虫口密度60和90头/株侵害超级培矮64S/E323天后根GA含量显著上升;30、60和90头/株侵害TN13天后根、叶片GA含量显著上升。30、60和90头/株侵害超级培矮64S/E326天后叶片GA含量显著下降;30头/株侵害TN1后根GA含量显著下降。表明耐虫品种与感虫品种变化一致,根、叶片GA含量均在褐飞虱侵害3天后上升,6天后下降,但耐虫品种变化幅度较感虫品种大,持续期较感虫品种短;根冠比变化无明显规律。     

Effect of fenvalerate on the reproduction and fitness costs of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens and its resistance mechanism

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens Stål, is a primary insect pest of cultivated rice, and its effective control is essential for crop production. However, in recent years, outbreaks of the brown planthopper have occurred more frequently in China. In order to determine the causes and mechanisms of insecticide-induced BPH resurgence and perform population management, we conducted the following studies. By the topical application method, our results showed that, fenvalerate acted as stimulus of fecundity from 3.50 × 10⁻³ to 2.02 × 10⁻² μg/female in the BPH. Apart from 7.00 × 10⁻³ μg/female, the number of hatched nymphs was increased gradually with an increase in application dose from 3.50 × 10⁻³ to 1.74 × 10⁻² μg/female. After continuous selection with fenvalerate for 11 generations by the rice-stem dipping method, a resistant strain was achieved with medium resistance to fenvalerate (RR 39.22). Life table study indicated that the resistant strain (G4 and G8) showed reproductive advantages, including increased female ratio, copulation rate and fecundity. But the hatchability of resistant strain was lower. The survival rate and emergence rate were significantly lower in G4 and G8 resistant strain. Resistant strains in G4 and G8 showed a fitness advantage (1.04 and 1.11), and the number of offspring in G8 generation was higher than that in G4 generation. The significant difference detected between resistant insects (G4, G5, G8 and G9) and S-strain contains not only the effect of resistant selection but also the effect of continuous rearing itself. Hence it was concluded that the BPH had the potential to develop high resistance against fenvalerate and the induction of the nymphs by sublethal doses of fenvalerate was of importance in the BPH population management, particularly in the predicting. Further studies demonstrated that triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and diethyl maleate (DEM) had no synergism on fenvalerate. However, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) displayed significant synergism in susceptible strain (1.97) and resistant strain (2.73). We concluded that esterase and glutathione S-transferase play little role in fenvalerate detoxification. The increase of the P450-monooxygenases detoxification is an important mechanism for fenvalerate resistance. Because their resistant populations had a fitness advantage, we should pay close attention to the occurrence of BPH and use other functionally different insecticides to control the BPH.     

Molecular characterization of two acetylcholinesterase genes from the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is encoded by the ace gene, catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to terminate nerve impulses at the postsynaptic membrane. AChE is a primary target of many insecticides including organophosphates (OP) and carbamates (CB). In this study, full-length cDNA sequences of two ace genes (Nlace1 and Nlace2) were sequenced from the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, the most destructive insect pest of rice crops. Nlace1 cDNA is 2842 nucleotides long and contains an ORF potentially encoding a 790 amino acid peptide. Nlace2 cDNA is 2852 bp in length and contains an ORF that potentially encodes a 672 amino acid peptide. NlAChE1 has an identity of 40% with NlAChE2 at the amino acid sequence level. Phylogenetic analysis of 59 AChEs from 32 animal species showed that NlAChE1 is most closely related to AChE1s from Blattella germanica and Nephotettix cincticeps, while NlAChE2 is most closely related to AChE2 from N. cincticeps. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that Nlace1 is expressed at a much higher level than Nlace2 in all developmental stages and tissues, demonstrating that NlAChE1 may be the dominant AChE form of the two enzymes. This result will help reveal the resistance mechanism of N. lugens to organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides and promote development of more selective insecticides targeting the main NlAChE1.     

Characterisation of imidacloprid resistance mechanisms in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)

Effective control of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål, across rice-growing regions of Asia has been seriously compromised over the last 2 years by the appearance of widespread resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide, imidacloprid. Sequence analysis of the ligand-binding domain of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α1 subunit from two field-collected resistant strains (CHN-2 and IND-11) did not reveal the Y151S point mutation previously implicated in conferring target-site resistance in this species. This result was supported by ligand-binding studies with [³H]-imidacloprid that showed no significant change in insecticide binding to isolated membranes from susceptible and resistant strains. In contrast, there was an approximate 5-fold increase in the mixed function oxidase activity for the two resistant strains suggesting that imidacloprid metabolism by increased cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity is the major mechanism of resistance in these strains.     

Imidacloprid resistance and its mechanisms in field populations of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stål in China

Imidacloprid is a key insecticide universally used for control of brown planthopper (BPH), and its resistance had been studied previously with laboratory selected strains. When the failure in field control happened in China in 2005, imidacloprid resistance in field populations of BPH (AQ, NJ, GL and WJ) was monitored and studied. The results demonstrated that the BPH of field populations had developed moderate to high level of resistance to imidacloprid. This resistance is attributed mainly to the enhanced P450 monooxygenases detoxification and could be enhanced in the same growing season if the insecticide was sprayed over and over. Further studies revealed that imidacloprid resistant hoppers did not show cross-resistance to all the neonicotinoid insecticides and high level of imidacloprid resistance in BPH was very unstable. Thus, efficient substitute neonicotinoids could be selected and “window control” could be implemented in resistance management. For checking the resistance mutation previously reported in laboratory selected strains, new corresponding target subunit genes were cloned and sequenced, but no mutations were found associated consistently with resistance.     

Decrease of rice plant resistance and induction of hormesis and carboxylesterase titre in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) by xenobiotics

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is a serious threat to the rice production throughout Asia. The indiscriminate application of various xenobiotics in rice ecosystem is perceived as one of the factors for the frequent outbreak of BPH. The present study has critically analysed the secondary effects of some xenobiotics used in rice field on certain plant and insect parameters that subsequently favour BPH outbreak. Application of 2,4-D, carbendazim, deltamethrin and urea reduced the innate BPH resistance of PTB 33 rice variety due to favourable alterations in rice free amino acid and sucrose content. Similarly, these chemicals also induced hormesis and enhanced feeding in BPH. Alternatively, soil amendment with neem seed powder and Calotropis gigantea leaves improved plant innate resistance and showed no sign of hormesis or enhanced feeding in BPH. In addition, deltamethrin has the ability to stimulate BPH carboxylesterase titre. Native PAGE analysis of esterases from whole body homogenate of BPH revealed at least five esterase isozyme bands, prominent being E1 and E2. However, no difference in BPH esterase banding pattern was observed between different xenobiotic treatments. All these esterase bands are classified under carboxylesterase based on their inhibition by class specific esterase inhibitors.     

Effects of different treatment methods of the fungicide jinggangmycin on reproduction and vitellogenin gene (Nlvg) expression in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera:Delphacidae)

Jinggangmycin is an antibiotic fungicide against the rice sheath blight, Rhizoctonia solani, in China. Previous investigations have shown that jinggangmycin leaf spray stimulated the fecundity of Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera:Delphacidae), but the effects of different application methods and concentrations of jinggangmycin on the reproduction of N. lugens have not been investigated. Here, we investigated three treatment methods (foliar and stem sprays and topical treatment) and four concentrations (100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm) of jinggangmycin on the reproduction of adult female N. lugens. The results showed that leaf spray significantly stimulated the fecundity of N. lugens and increased the vitellin content in female ovaries and the gene expression level of vitellogenin (Nlvg), but there was no significant effect on reproduction found for stem spray. In four concentrations of jinggangmycin, leaf sprays at concentrations of 100, 200 and 400 ppm and topical treatments of 100 and 200 ppm significantly increased the number of eggs laid, the vitellin content and the gene expression level of Nlvg compared to the control. Therefore, we suggest that stem spray at high concentration should be applied (if possible) when jinggangmycin is used against rice sheath blight to facilitate harmonious control of rice pests.     

制霉菌素对褐飞虱取食行为、营养及共生菌数量的影响

为明确制霉菌素对褐飞虱取食行为、营养和共生菌数量的影响,用150、300和600 U/m L制霉菌素处理的水稻饲养褐飞虱,利用刺探电位图、高效液相色谱和镜检法监测其取食行为及体内必需氨基酸含量和类酵母共生菌(yeast-like symbiotes,YLS)数量。结果表明,取食300、600 U/m L制霉菌素处理水稻的褐飞虱3龄若虫体内YLS数量显著低于未处理水稻(对照),而150 U/m L处理与对照无显著差异;5龄若虫体内YLS数量随制霉菌素浓度的增加而显著降低,但600 U/m L与300 U/m L处理间差异不显著。褐飞虱于韧皮部吸食波出现次数在对照中显著多于制霉菌素处理,不同浓度间无明显差异;制霉菌素对褐飞虱的吸食时间影响不明显,但对其体内必需氨基酸含量影响较大,600 U/m L处理下均显著低于对照和其余处理,300 U/m L处理下除丙氨酸、脯氨酸、蛋氨酸和酪氨酸外均显著低于对照,150 U/m L处理下也均显著低于对照。表明制霉菌素能显著降低褐飞虱体内YLS数量和各种必需氨基酸含量,但对其吸食时间的影响不明显。     

广西兴安地区褐飞虱发生动态及迁飞轨迹分析

为明确广西兴安地区单双季稻混作模式下褐飞虱发生规律,采用灯光诱捕和田间系统调查的方法研究了该地区早、中、晚稻田褐飞虱发生动态,并运用大气质点轨迹分析平台HYSPLIT 4.8对2011年褐飞虱迁飞高峰进行了迁飞轨迹分析。广西兴安地区褐飞虱种群数量随季节变化明显,年发生6代,迁飞活动主要集中在7月上旬至9月上旬。褐飞虱发生高峰期与单季中稻生长期吻合,在单季中稻田的发生量最大。2011年广西兴安褐飞虱5—6月迁入虫源主要来自海南稻区以及泰国、越南和老挝中部稻区;7—8月迁入虫源来自广西南部、东南部和广东西部稻区;回迁虫源来自湖南西南部和江西西部;10月从本地迁出的虫群主要迁向广西中部和贵州南部。研究表明,偏南方向的低空急流为褐飞虱的大规模迁入提供了运载气流,降雨是迫使稻飞虱降落的主要原因。